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Covid-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Çalışan Bireylerin Depresyon ve Öfke Düzeyleri: Bir Nedensel Karşılaştırma Araştırması

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 177 - 188, 01.10.2022

Abstract

Çalışan bireyler; çalıştıkları ortamla ilgili olabilecek depresyon ve öfke gibi psikolojik sorunlardan büyük ölçüde muzdarip olabilmektedir. Bu durum özellikle Covid-19 koşullarında belirgin hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, özel ve kamu sektörü çalışanlarının depresyon ve öfke düzeylerini ve bu düzeylerin cinsiyet değişkeni ile karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışıyor olma kriteri gözetilerek basit seçkisiz örnekleme yöntemi ile kamu ve özel sektörden 288 katılımcı belirlenmiş ve nedensel karşılaştırma modeli kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların “Sosydemografik Veri Formu”, “Beck Depresyon Envanteri (BDE)”, “Sürekli Öfke İfade Envanteri (STAEI)”ne verdikleri yanıtlardan elde edilen veriler, aralarındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi adına, SPSS-17 ile Pearson Korelasyon Analizi, Bağımsız Örneklemler T-Testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, özel sektör çalışanlarının, depresyon ve öfke düzeylerinin kamu sektörü çalışanlarından daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Hem özel sektör hem de kamu sektörü çalışanlarının depresyon düzeyleri, öfke düzeyleri ile pozitif, öfke kontrol düzeyleri ile negatif bir ilişkiye sahiptir.

References

  • Akman, Y. & Abaslı, K. (2016). Investigation of Teachers' Depressive School Perceptions in Terms of Various Variables. Hitit University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 9 (2), 1111-1124. DOI: 10.17218/hititsosbil.280833
  • American Psychological Association, (2020). Anxiety. Address: https://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety, Accessed May 1, 2020.
  • Ani, C., Bazargan, M., Hindman, D., Bell, D., Farooq, M. A., Akhanjee, L., Yemofio, F., Baker, R., & Rodriguez, M. (2008). Depression symptomatology and diagnosis: discordance between patients and physicians in primary care settings. BMC family practice, 9(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-9-1
  • Ashford, S.J., Caza, B.B., Reid, E.M. (2018). From surviving to thriving in the gig economy: A research agenda for individuals in the new world of work. Res. Organ. Behav., 38: 23–41.
  • Aydemir, Ö. & Köroğlu, E. (2006). Clinical scales used in psychiatry. Beck Depression Inventory, (1st ed.). Ankara: Physicians Publication Association.
  • Barnes, L. L. B., Harp., D., & Jung, W. S. (2002). Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger State-Trait anxiety inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62 (4): 603-618.
  • Bayrı, F., Kelleci, M. (2009). Hemşirelerin sürekli öfke ve öfke ifade tarzları ile genel sağlık durumları arasındaki ilişki. Türkiye Klinikleri Hemşirelik Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2):65-70.
  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An Inventory fo Measuring Depression. Archives of general psychiatry, 4: 561-71. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
  • Bonicatto, S., Dew, A. M., & Soria, J. J. (1998). Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Beck Depression Inventory in Argentina. Psychiatry Research, 79(3), 277-285.
  • Carnevale, J. B., & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of business research, 116, 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
  • Chawla, N., MacGowan, R. L., Gabriel, A. S., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2020). Unplugging or staying connected? Examining the nature, antecedents, and consequences of profiles of daily recovery experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000423
  • Çiçek, B. & Almalı, V. (2020). The relationship between anxiety, self-efficacy and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic process: A comparison of private and public employees. Journal of Turkish Studies. 15 (4): 241-260. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.43492.
  • Davidson, K.W. (2008) Emotional predictors and behavioral triggers of acute coronary syndrome. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine; 75(2): 15–19.
  • De-la-Calle-Durán, M. C., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. L. (2021). Employee engagement and wellbeing in times of COVID-19: a proposal of the 5Cs model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5470. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020055
  • Deshpande, R., Farley, J., & Webster, F. (1993). Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation and Innovativeness. Journal of Marketing, 57(1): 23-37.
  • Erdem, M., Çelik, C., Yetkin, S. & Özgen, F. (2008). Anger level and anger expression style in generalized anxiety disorder. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry; 9(1): 203-207.
  • Erdem, R. (2007). Örgüt Kültürü Tipleri ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişki: Elazığ İl Merkezindeki Hastaneler Üzerinde Bir Çalışma. Osmangazi Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2): 63-79.
  • Erkek, N., Özgür, G. & Babacan-Gümüş, A. (2006). Trait anger and expression styles of patients with hypertension, C.Ü. Journal of the School of Nursing, 10(2): 9-18.
  • Ersoy, K. M. (2009). Being a Female Nurse in the Emergency Service: The Role of Anger in Burnout Syndrome. 21st century Women on the Verge, Change and Empowerment. International Multidisciplinary Women's Congress Proceedings Book, 147-157.
  • Ersoy‐Kart, M. (2009, July). Relations among social support, burnout, and experiences of anger: an investigation among emergency nurses. In Nursing Forum (Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 165-174). Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
  • Eryılmaz, İ. (2019). Örgüt kültürü ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkide sektörel değişkenlerin rolü: kamu ve özel sektör havacılık çalışanları üzerine Bir araştırma. Journal of Aviation Research, 1(1): 24-41.
  • Ferns, T. (2005). “Violence in the accident and emergency department – An international perspective”, Accident and Emergency Nursing, 13(3): 180-185.
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10’a ed.) Boston: Pearson Goh, L., Cameron, P.A. & Mark, P. (1999). “Burnout in emergency physicians and trainees in Australasia”. Emergency Medicine, 11: 250-257.
  • Gray, H. (2008). Work and depression in economic organizations: The need for action, Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 22(3): 9-11.
  • Gubler, T., Larkin, I., & Pierce, L. (2018). Doing well by making well: The impact of corporate wellness programs on employee productivity. Management Science, 64(11), 4967-4987.
  • Guest, D. E. (2017). Human resource management and employee well‐being: Towards a new analytic framework. Human resource management journal, 27(1), 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12139
  • Hamouche, S. (2020). COVID-19 and employees’ mental health: stressors, moderators, and agenda for organizational actions. Emerald Open Research, 2(15): 1-11.
  • Hendriksen, I. J., Snoijer, M., de Kok, B. P., van Vilsteren, J., & Hofstetter, H. (2016). Effectiveness of a multilevel workplace health promotion program on vitality, health, and work-related outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(6), 575-583. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000747
  • Hisli, N. (1988). A study on the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Psychology, 6 (22): 118-126
  • Hisli, N. (1989). Validity and reliability of the beck depression inventory for university students. Journal of Psychology, 23: 3-13.
  • IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Karataş, Z. (2020). COVID-19 Social effects of the pandemic, change and empowerment. Turkish Journal of Social Work Research, 4(1): 3-15.
  • Keskin, G., Gümüş, A. B., & Engin, E. (2011). Anger and temperament traits in a group of health workers: A relational review. The Thinker: Journal of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences, 24: 99-208.
  • Lakshmi, K. S., Ramachandran, T., & Boohene, D. (2012). Analysis of work life balance of female nurses in hospitals- comparative study between government and private hospital. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance; 3(3): 213-218.
  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety ınventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3): 335–343.
  • Modi, D. & Thingujam, N. S. (2007). Role of anger and irrational thinking on minor physical health problems among marries couples. Journal of The Indian Academy of Applied Psychology;13: 119-128.
  • Öner, N. & Le Compte, A. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory handbook. Istanbul: Bogazici University Press.
  • Özer, A. K. (1994). Preliminary study of Trait Anger (TA-ANGRY) and Anger Expression Style (ANGRY-STYLE) Scales. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 9(31): 26-35.
  • Ozminkowski, R.J., Seth S., Karen M., Rohit K., Erin R., & Jennifer Van de M. (2016). Beyond ROI: Using Value of Investment to Measure Employee Health and Wellness. Population Health Management 19: 227–229.
  • Öztan, G., & İşsever, H. (2020). Molecular structure and genomic characterization of the new coronavirus (Covid-19). Journal of Advanced Studies in Health Sciences, 3: 61-71
  • Papandrea, D., & Azzi, M. (2020). Managing work-related psychosocial risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Labour Organization. http://hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/592025.
  • Powell, B. J., Waltz, T. J., Chinman, M. J., Damschroder, L. J., Smith, J. L., Matthieu, M. M., Proctor, E. K., & Kirchner, J. E. (2015). A refined compilation of implementation strategies: results from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project. Implementation science, 10(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0209-1
  • Rockville, M. D. (2007). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. The NSDUH Report: Depression among Adults Employed Full-Time, by Occupational Category.
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1988). Manual for the state-trait anger expression inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., Jacobs, G. A. (1970). Manual for the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA.
  • Spiers, C. (2003). Accuracy Clarity Value Tolley’s Managing Stress In The Work Place, Wilmington: Reed Elsevier.
  • Szabo, A., & Peter J. (2019). Possibilities of Measuring the Value Creation of Workplace Health Programs (in Hungarian). Vezetéstudomány 50: 59–71
  • Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty, appraisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3): 592–605.
  • Teğin, B. (1980). Depresyonda bilişsel şemalar. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Tekin, M., & Tekin, A. (2014). Anksiyete bozukluklarında dissosiyatif belirtiler. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 6(4): 330-339.
  • Türk, F., Buğa, A., Çekiç, A. & Hamamcı, Z. (2018). Effect of group interventions based on cognitive behavioral approach on dysfunctional thinking of children and adolescents: A meta-analysis study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 8(49): 45-61.
  • Upadhyay, N. & Sharma, S. (2020). A comparative study of stress, anxiety and depression among private and government sector employee. The International Journal of Indian Psychology. 8(3), 64-76. DOI: 10.25215/0803.009.
  • Valenstein, M., Vijan S., Zeber J. E., Boehm K., Buttar A. (2001). The cost-utility of screening for depression in primary care. Ann Intern Med; 134: 345-360
  • Van Kleef, G.A. & Côté, S. (2007). Expressing anger in conflict: when it helps and when it hurts, Journal Applied Psychology; 92: 1557-1569.
  • Yılmaz, Z. Ü. (2014). Sağlık çalışanlarının tükenmişlik, depresyon ve iş doyumu düzeylerinin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi,İstanbul.

Depression and Anger Levels of Individuals Working During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Causal Comparative Research

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 177 - 188, 01.10.2022

Abstract

Employees may suffer greatly from psychological issues such as depression and anger as a result of their workplace environment. This has become particularly evident in the conditions of Covid-19. Whit this study is aimed to compare the levels of depression and anger among employees of the private and public sectors. 288 participants from the public and private sectors were determined by the simple random sampling method, considering the criterion of being employed, and the causal comparative model was used. The data which optained from the answers of participants to “Sociodemographic Data Form” “Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)”, “State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAEI)” analized by SPSS-17 with Pearson Correlation Analysis, Independent Samples T-Test and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the relationship variables. According to the results of the study, private sector employees compared to public sector employees; depression and anger levels were found to be higher. Depression levels of both private and public sector employees has a positive correlation with anger levels but a negative correlation with their anger control levels.

References

  • Akman, Y. & Abaslı, K. (2016). Investigation of Teachers' Depressive School Perceptions in Terms of Various Variables. Hitit University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 9 (2), 1111-1124. DOI: 10.17218/hititsosbil.280833
  • American Psychological Association, (2020). Anxiety. Address: https://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety, Accessed May 1, 2020.
  • Ani, C., Bazargan, M., Hindman, D., Bell, D., Farooq, M. A., Akhanjee, L., Yemofio, F., Baker, R., & Rodriguez, M. (2008). Depression symptomatology and diagnosis: discordance between patients and physicians in primary care settings. BMC family practice, 9(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-9-1
  • Ashford, S.J., Caza, B.B., Reid, E.M. (2018). From surviving to thriving in the gig economy: A research agenda for individuals in the new world of work. Res. Organ. Behav., 38: 23–41.
  • Aydemir, Ö. & Köroğlu, E. (2006). Clinical scales used in psychiatry. Beck Depression Inventory, (1st ed.). Ankara: Physicians Publication Association.
  • Barnes, L. L. B., Harp., D., & Jung, W. S. (2002). Reliability generalization of scores on the Spielberger State-Trait anxiety inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62 (4): 603-618.
  • Bayrı, F., Kelleci, M. (2009). Hemşirelerin sürekli öfke ve öfke ifade tarzları ile genel sağlık durumları arasındaki ilişki. Türkiye Klinikleri Hemşirelik Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2):65-70.
  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An Inventory fo Measuring Depression. Archives of general psychiatry, 4: 561-71. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
  • Bonicatto, S., Dew, A. M., & Soria, J. J. (1998). Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Beck Depression Inventory in Argentina. Psychiatry Research, 79(3), 277-285.
  • Carnevale, J. B., & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of business research, 116, 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.037
  • Chawla, N., MacGowan, R. L., Gabriel, A. S., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2020). Unplugging or staying connected? Examining the nature, antecedents, and consequences of profiles of daily recovery experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000423
  • Çiçek, B. & Almalı, V. (2020). The relationship between anxiety, self-efficacy and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic process: A comparison of private and public employees. Journal of Turkish Studies. 15 (4): 241-260. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.43492.
  • Davidson, K.W. (2008) Emotional predictors and behavioral triggers of acute coronary syndrome. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine; 75(2): 15–19.
  • De-la-Calle-Durán, M. C., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. L. (2021). Employee engagement and wellbeing in times of COVID-19: a proposal of the 5Cs model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5470. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9020055
  • Deshpande, R., Farley, J., & Webster, F. (1993). Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation and Innovativeness. Journal of Marketing, 57(1): 23-37.
  • Erdem, M., Çelik, C., Yetkin, S. & Özgen, F. (2008). Anger level and anger expression style in generalized anxiety disorder. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry; 9(1): 203-207.
  • Erdem, R. (2007). Örgüt Kültürü Tipleri ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişki: Elazığ İl Merkezindeki Hastaneler Üzerinde Bir Çalışma. Osmangazi Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2): 63-79.
  • Erkek, N., Özgür, G. & Babacan-Gümüş, A. (2006). Trait anger and expression styles of patients with hypertension, C.Ü. Journal of the School of Nursing, 10(2): 9-18.
  • Ersoy, K. M. (2009). Being a Female Nurse in the Emergency Service: The Role of Anger in Burnout Syndrome. 21st century Women on the Verge, Change and Empowerment. International Multidisciplinary Women's Congress Proceedings Book, 147-157.
  • Ersoy‐Kart, M. (2009, July). Relations among social support, burnout, and experiences of anger: an investigation among emergency nurses. In Nursing Forum (Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 165-174). Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing Inc.
  • Eryılmaz, İ. (2019). Örgüt kültürü ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkide sektörel değişkenlerin rolü: kamu ve özel sektör havacılık çalışanları üzerine Bir araştırma. Journal of Aviation Research, 1(1): 24-41.
  • Ferns, T. (2005). “Violence in the accident and emergency department – An international perspective”, Accident and Emergency Nursing, 13(3): 180-185.
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10’a ed.) Boston: Pearson Goh, L., Cameron, P.A. & Mark, P. (1999). “Burnout in emergency physicians and trainees in Australasia”. Emergency Medicine, 11: 250-257.
  • Gray, H. (2008). Work and depression in economic organizations: The need for action, Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 22(3): 9-11.
  • Gubler, T., Larkin, I., & Pierce, L. (2018). Doing well by making well: The impact of corporate wellness programs on employee productivity. Management Science, 64(11), 4967-4987.
  • Guest, D. E. (2017). Human resource management and employee well‐being: Towards a new analytic framework. Human resource management journal, 27(1), 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12139
  • Hamouche, S. (2020). COVID-19 and employees’ mental health: stressors, moderators, and agenda for organizational actions. Emerald Open Research, 2(15): 1-11.
  • Hendriksen, I. J., Snoijer, M., de Kok, B. P., van Vilsteren, J., & Hofstetter, H. (2016). Effectiveness of a multilevel workplace health promotion program on vitality, health, and work-related outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(6), 575-583. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000747
  • Hisli, N. (1988). A study on the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Psychology, 6 (22): 118-126
  • Hisli, N. (1989). Validity and reliability of the beck depression inventory for university students. Journal of Psychology, 23: 3-13.
  • IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Karataş, Z. (2020). COVID-19 Social effects of the pandemic, change and empowerment. Turkish Journal of Social Work Research, 4(1): 3-15.
  • Keskin, G., Gümüş, A. B., & Engin, E. (2011). Anger and temperament traits in a group of health workers: A relational review. The Thinker: Journal of Psychiatry & Neurological Sciences, 24: 99-208.
  • Lakshmi, K. S., Ramachandran, T., & Boohene, D. (2012). Analysis of work life balance of female nurses in hospitals- comparative study between government and private hospital. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance; 3(3): 213-218.
  • Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety ınventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3): 335–343.
  • Modi, D. & Thingujam, N. S. (2007). Role of anger and irrational thinking on minor physical health problems among marries couples. Journal of The Indian Academy of Applied Psychology;13: 119-128.
  • Öner, N. & Le Compte, A. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory handbook. Istanbul: Bogazici University Press.
  • Özer, A. K. (1994). Preliminary study of Trait Anger (TA-ANGRY) and Anger Expression Style (ANGRY-STYLE) Scales. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 9(31): 26-35.
  • Ozminkowski, R.J., Seth S., Karen M., Rohit K., Erin R., & Jennifer Van de M. (2016). Beyond ROI: Using Value of Investment to Measure Employee Health and Wellness. Population Health Management 19: 227–229.
  • Öztan, G., & İşsever, H. (2020). Molecular structure and genomic characterization of the new coronavirus (Covid-19). Journal of Advanced Studies in Health Sciences, 3: 61-71
  • Papandrea, D., & Azzi, M. (2020). Managing work-related psychosocial risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Labour Organization. http://hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/592025.
  • Powell, B. J., Waltz, T. J., Chinman, M. J., Damschroder, L. J., Smith, J. L., Matthieu, M. M., Proctor, E. K., & Kirchner, J. E. (2015). A refined compilation of implementation strategies: results from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project. Implementation science, 10(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0209-1
  • Rockville, M. D. (2007). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. The NSDUH Report: Depression among Adults Employed Full-Time, by Occupational Category.
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1988). Manual for the state-trait anger expression inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., Jacobs, G. A. (1970). Manual for the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA.
  • Spiers, C. (2003). Accuracy Clarity Value Tolley’s Managing Stress In The Work Place, Wilmington: Reed Elsevier.
  • Szabo, A., & Peter J. (2019). Possibilities of Measuring the Value Creation of Workplace Health Programs (in Hungarian). Vezetéstudomány 50: 59–71
  • Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty, appraisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3): 592–605.
  • Teğin, B. (1980). Depresyonda bilişsel şemalar. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Tekin, M., & Tekin, A. (2014). Anksiyete bozukluklarında dissosiyatif belirtiler. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 6(4): 330-339.
  • Türk, F., Buğa, A., Çekiç, A. & Hamamcı, Z. (2018). Effect of group interventions based on cognitive behavioral approach on dysfunctional thinking of children and adolescents: A meta-analysis study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 8(49): 45-61.
  • Upadhyay, N. & Sharma, S. (2020). A comparative study of stress, anxiety and depression among private and government sector employee. The International Journal of Indian Psychology. 8(3), 64-76. DOI: 10.25215/0803.009.
  • Valenstein, M., Vijan S., Zeber J. E., Boehm K., Buttar A. (2001). The cost-utility of screening for depression in primary care. Ann Intern Med; 134: 345-360
  • Van Kleef, G.A. & Côté, S. (2007). Expressing anger in conflict: when it helps and when it hurts, Journal Applied Psychology; 92: 1557-1569.
  • Yılmaz, Z. Ü. (2014). Sağlık çalışanlarının tükenmişlik, depresyon ve iş doyumu düzeylerinin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi,İstanbul.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Haydeh Faraji 0000-0001-5306-6546

Pırıl Bilger 0000-0001-9763-5704

Kübra Utar 0000-0002-3517-8795

Early Pub Date September 30, 2022
Publication Date October 1, 2022
Acceptance Date September 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Faraji, H., Bilger, P., & Utar, K. (2022). Depression and Anger Levels of Individuals Working During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Causal Comparative Research. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi, 3(2), 177-188.