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INVESTIGATION OF NOMOPHOBIA LEVELS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ACCORDING TO INTELLIGENT PHONE USE: A CASE OF THE COMU FACULTY OF EDUCATION

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 106 - 118, 21.12.2019

Ümit Demir

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to
determine the nomophobia level of education faculty students according to their
personel characteristics and intelligent phone usage status. The sample group
of the study consisted of 429 students of the Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University
Education Faculty Department. Nomophobia scale and demographics data
questionnaire form were used in the data collection process. It was concluded that the smartphone addiction points of the students
differed according to gender, education department, general arithmetic grade
point average, daily and instant use time, pre-sleep use, and the availability
of a bedside telephone during the sleep process. Accordingly; women and the
participants having education at the pre-school education department, having
low academic achievement score, checking frequently smartphones,  carrying their charge device/power bank
besides, having the habit of using smartphones before sleep and leaving smartphones
at the bedside during sleep process had higher addictive scores.

Keywords

Nomophobia Intelligent Phone Phone Addiction

References

  • Adnan, M., & Gezgin, D. M. (2016). Modern yüzyılın yeni olgusu nomofobi ve üniversite öğrencileri arasında yaygınlık düzeyi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(1), 141-158.
  • Akıllı, G. K., & Gezgin, D. M. (2016). Examination of the Relationship Between Nomophobia Levels and Different Behavior Patterns of University Students. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(40), 51-69.
  • Argumosa-Villar, L., Boada-Grau, J., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2017). Exploratory investigation of theoretical predictors of nomophobia using the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). Journal of adolescence, 56, 127-135.
  • Arpaci, I. (2019). Culture and nomophobia: The role of vertical versus horizontal collectivism in predicting nomophobia. Information Development, 35(1), 96-106.
  • Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (2017). The social life of information: Updated, with a new preface. Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 290-297.
  • Choi, Y. S. (2019). A Study on Mobile Phone Addiction and Physical Pain Based on Characteristics of Mobile Phone Usage. Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, 9(6), 1191-1195.
  • Chou, H. L., & Chou, C. (2019). A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Related to Taiwan Teenagers’ Smartphone Addiction Tendency Using a Random Sample of Parent-child Dyads. Computers in Human Behavior.
  • Datta, S., Nelson, V., & Simon, S. (2016). Mobile phone use pattern and self-reported health problems among medical students. J Evol Med Dent Sci, 5, 1116-9.
  • Dixit, S., Shukla, H., Bhagwat, A. K., Bindal, A., Goyal, A., Zaidi, A. K., & Shrivastava, A. (2010). A study to evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of central India. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 35(2), 339.
  • Erdem, H., Kalkin, G., Turen, U., & Deniz, M. (2016). The Effects of No Mobile Phone Phobia (Nomofobi) on Academic Performance among Undergraduate Students. Süleyman Demirel University. The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 21(3), 923-936.
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publication.
  • Gezgin, D. M. (2017). Explorıng the ınfluence of the patterns of mobıle ınternet use on unıversıty students’nomophobıa levels. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(6), 29-53.
  • Gezgin, D. M., & Çakır, Ö. (2016). Analysis of nomofobic behaviors of adolescents regarding various factors. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(2), 2504-2519.
  • Gezgin, D. M., Şumuer, E., Arslan, O., & Yıldırım, S. (2017). Nomophobia prevalence among pre-service teachers: A case of Trakya University. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 86-95.
  • Gligor, Ș., & Mozoș, I. (2019). Indicators of smartphone addiction and stress score in university students. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 131(5-6), 120-125.
  • Gokcearslan, S., Mumcu, F. K., Haslaman, T., & Cevik, Y. D. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 639-649.
  • Gupta, N., Garg, S., & Arora, K. (2016). Pattern of mobile phone usage and its effects on psychological health, sleep, and academic performance in students of a medical university. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(2), 132.
  • Han, L., Geng, J., Jou, M., Gao, F., & Yang, H. (2017). Relationship between shyness and mobile phone addiction in Chinese young adults: Mediating roles of self-control and attachment anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 363-371.
  • Hong, F. Y., Chiu, S. I., & Huang, D. H. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2152-2159.
  • Hoşgör, H., Tandoğan, Ö., & Gündüz-Hoşgör, D. (2017). Nomofobinin günlük akıllı telefon kullanım süresi ve okul başarısı üzerindeki etkisi: Sağlık personeli adayları örneği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(46), 573-595.
  • Jena, R. K. (2015). Compulsive use of smartphone and its effect on engaged learning and nomophobia. Smart Journal of Business Management Studies, 11(1), 42-51.
  • Kanmani, A., Bhavani, U., & Maragatham, R. S. (2017). NOMOPHOBIA–An Insight into Its Psychological Aspects in India. Int J Indian Psychol, 4(2), 5-15.
  • King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., Silva, A. C. O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2013). Nomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments or social phobia?. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 140-144.
  • King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., Silva, A. C., Sancassiani, F., Machado, S., & Nardi, A. E. (2014). “Nomophobia”: Impact of cell phone use interfering with symptoms and emotions of individuals with panic disorder compared with a control group. Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health: CP & EMH, 10, 28-35.
  • Lee, K. E., Kim, S. H., Ha, T. Y., Yoo, Y. M., Han, J. J., Jung, J. H., & Jang, J. Y. (2016). Dependency on smartphone use and its association with anxiety in Korea. Public Health Reports, 131(3), 411-419.
  • Levitas, D. (2013). Always connected: How smartphones and social keep us engaged. International Data Corporation (IDC). https://www.nu.nl/files/IDC-Facebook%20Always%20Connected%20(1).pdf
  • Li, L., & Lin, T. T. (2019). Smartphones at work: a qualitative exploration of psychological antecedents and impacts of work-related smartphone dependency. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 1609406918822240.
  • Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R.,Tseng, H. W., Yen, L. Y., Yang, C. C. H. & Kuo, T. B. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of psychiatric research, 65, 139-145.
  • Matoza-Báez, C. M., & Carballo-Ramírez, M. S. (2016). Nivel de nomofobia en estudiantes de medicina de Paraguay, año 2015. FELSOCEM: Ciencia que integra Latinoamérica, 21(1), 28-30.
  • Mail Online (2008). Nomophobia is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact - and it’s the plague of our 24/7 age. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-550610/Nomophobia-fear-mobile-phone-contact--plague-24-7-age.html
  • McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016). “Technoference”: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(1), 85.
  • Okaz, A. A. (2015). Integrating blended learning in higher education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 600-603.
  • Pavithra, M. B., Madhukumar, S., & Mahadeva, M. (2015). A study on nomophobia-mobile phone dependence, among students of a medical college in Bangalore. National Journal of community medicine, 6(3), 340-344.
  • Pinheiro, M. (2016). Moovy: Sensorial Communication Device.
  • Pourrazavi, S., Allahverdipour, H., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Matlabi, H. (2014). A socio-cognitive inquiry of excessive mobile phone use. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 84-89.
  • Rosen, L., Carrier, L. M., Miller, A., Rokkum, J., & Ruiz, A. (2016). Sleeping with technology: cognitive, affective, and technology usage predictors of sleep problems among college students. Sleep Health, 2(1), 49-56.
  • Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321-325.
  • SecurEnvoy (2012). 66% of the population suffer from Nomophobia the fear of being without their phone. https://www.securenvoy.com/blog/2012/02/16/66-of-the-population-suffer-from-nomophobia-the-fear-of-being-without-their-phone/
  • Sharma, N., Sharma, P., Sharma, N., & Wavare, R. R. (2015). Rising concern of nomophobia amongst Indian medical students. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 3(3), 705-707.
  • Slaih, M. A., Khader, Y. S., Amarneh, B. H., Alyahya, M. S., & Al-Adwan, N. T. (2019). Patterns of Smartphone Use among University Students in Jordan. The Editorial Assistants–Jordan, 30(1), 54-61.
  • Spitzer, M. (2015). M-Learning? When it comes to learning, smartphones are a liability, not an asset. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 4(4), 87-91.
  • Tamura, H., Nishida, T., Tsuji, A., & Sakakibara, H. (2017). Association between excessive use of mobile phone and insomnia and depression among Japanese adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(7), 701.
  • Tavolacci, M. P., Meyrignac, G., Richard, L., Dechelotte, P., & Ladner, J. (2015). Problematic use of mobile phone and nomophobia among French college students. European Journal of Public Health, 25(3), 206.
  • Uysal, Ş., Özen, H., & Madenoğlu, C. (2016). Social phobia in higher education: the influence of nomophobia on social phobia. The Global e-learning Journal, 5(2), 1-8.
  • Yang, Y. S., Ryu, G. W., & Choi, M. (2019). Methodological Strategies for Ecological Momentary Assessment to Evaluate Mood and Stress in Adult Patients Using Mobile Phones: Systematic Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(4), e11215.
  • Yildirim, C., & Correia, A. P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 130-137.
  • Yildirim, C., Sumuer, E., Adnan, M., & Yildirim, S. (2016). A growing fear: Prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students. Information Development, 32(5), 1322-1331.

INVESTIGATION OF NOMOPHOBIA LEVELS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ACCORDING TO INTELLIGENT PHONE USE: A CASE OF THE COMU FACULTY OF EDUCATION

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 106 - 118, 21.12.2019

Ümit Demir

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, kişisel
özelliklerine ve akıllı telefon kullanım durumlarına göre eğitim fakültesi
öğrencilerinin nomofobi seviyelerini belirlemektir. Araştırmanın örneklem
grubu, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Bölümü'ndeki 429
öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama sürecinde nomofobi ölçeği ve demografik
veri anket formu kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin akıllı telefon bağımlılık
paunlarının cinsiyet, öğrenim görülen bölüm, genel aritmetik not ortalaması,
günlük ve anlık kullanım süresi, uyku öncesi kullanım, uyku sürecinde başucunda
telefon bulundurma durumuna göre farklılaştığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Buna göre
kadınların, okul öncesi öğretmenliği öğrencilerinin, akademik başarı puanı
düşük olan öğrencilerin, sık kontrol edenlerin, yanında sarj aleti/güç birimi
bulunduranların, uyku öncesi akıllı telefon kullanma alışkanlığı olanların ve
uyku sürecinde başucunda akıllı telefon bulunduranların bağımlılık puanları
daha yüksektir. 

Keywords

Nomofobi Akıllı Telefon Telefon Bağımlılığı

References

  • Adnan, M., & Gezgin, D. M. (2016). Modern yüzyılın yeni olgusu nomofobi ve üniversite öğrencileri arasında yaygınlık düzeyi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(1), 141-158.
  • Akıllı, G. K., & Gezgin, D. M. (2016). Examination of the Relationship Between Nomophobia Levels and Different Behavior Patterns of University Students. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(40), 51-69.
  • Argumosa-Villar, L., Boada-Grau, J., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2017). Exploratory investigation of theoretical predictors of nomophobia using the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ). Journal of adolescence, 56, 127-135.
  • Arpaci, I. (2019). Culture and nomophobia: The role of vertical versus horizontal collectivism in predicting nomophobia. Information Development, 35(1), 96-106.
  • Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (2017). The social life of information: Updated, with a new preface. Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 290-297.
  • Choi, Y. S. (2019). A Study on Mobile Phone Addiction and Physical Pain Based on Characteristics of Mobile Phone Usage. Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, 9(6), 1191-1195.
  • Chou, H. L., & Chou, C. (2019). A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Related to Taiwan Teenagers’ Smartphone Addiction Tendency Using a Random Sample of Parent-child Dyads. Computers in Human Behavior.
  • Datta, S., Nelson, V., & Simon, S. (2016). Mobile phone use pattern and self-reported health problems among medical students. J Evol Med Dent Sci, 5, 1116-9.
  • Dixit, S., Shukla, H., Bhagwat, A. K., Bindal, A., Goyal, A., Zaidi, A. K., & Shrivastava, A. (2010). A study to evaluate mobile phone dependence among students of a medical college and associated hospital of central India. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 35(2), 339.
  • Erdem, H., Kalkin, G., Turen, U., & Deniz, M. (2016). The Effects of No Mobile Phone Phobia (Nomofobi) on Academic Performance among Undergraduate Students. Süleyman Demirel University. The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 21(3), 923-936.
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publication.
  • Gezgin, D. M. (2017). Explorıng the ınfluence of the patterns of mobıle ınternet use on unıversıty students’nomophobıa levels. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(6), 29-53.
  • Gezgin, D. M., & Çakır, Ö. (2016). Analysis of nomofobic behaviors of adolescents regarding various factors. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(2), 2504-2519.
  • Gezgin, D. M., Şumuer, E., Arslan, O., & Yıldırım, S. (2017). Nomophobia prevalence among pre-service teachers: A case of Trakya University. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 86-95.
  • Gligor, Ș., & Mozoș, I. (2019). Indicators of smartphone addiction and stress score in university students. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 131(5-6), 120-125.
  • Gokcearslan, S., Mumcu, F. K., Haslaman, T., & Cevik, Y. D. (2016). Modelling smartphone addiction: The role of smartphone usage, self-regulation, general self-efficacy and cyberloafing in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 639-649.
  • Gupta, N., Garg, S., & Arora, K. (2016). Pattern of mobile phone usage and its effects on psychological health, sleep, and academic performance in students of a medical university. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(2), 132.
  • Han, L., Geng, J., Jou, M., Gao, F., & Yang, H. (2017). Relationship between shyness and mobile phone addiction in Chinese young adults: Mediating roles of self-control and attachment anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 363-371.
  • Hong, F. Y., Chiu, S. I., & Huang, D. H. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2152-2159.
  • Hoşgör, H., Tandoğan, Ö., & Gündüz-Hoşgör, D. (2017). Nomofobinin günlük akıllı telefon kullanım süresi ve okul başarısı üzerindeki etkisi: Sağlık personeli adayları örneği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(46), 573-595.
  • Jena, R. K. (2015). Compulsive use of smartphone and its effect on engaged learning and nomophobia. Smart Journal of Business Management Studies, 11(1), 42-51.
  • Kanmani, A., Bhavani, U., & Maragatham, R. S. (2017). NOMOPHOBIA–An Insight into Its Psychological Aspects in India. Int J Indian Psychol, 4(2), 5-15.
  • King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., Silva, A. C. O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2013). Nomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments or social phobia?. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 140-144.
  • King, A. L. S., Valença, A. M., Silva, A. C., Sancassiani, F., Machado, S., & Nardi, A. E. (2014). “Nomophobia”: Impact of cell phone use interfering with symptoms and emotions of individuals with panic disorder compared with a control group. Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health: CP & EMH, 10, 28-35.
  • Lee, K. E., Kim, S. H., Ha, T. Y., Yoo, Y. M., Han, J. J., Jung, J. H., & Jang, J. Y. (2016). Dependency on smartphone use and its association with anxiety in Korea. Public Health Reports, 131(3), 411-419.
  • Levitas, D. (2013). Always connected: How smartphones and social keep us engaged. International Data Corporation (IDC). https://www.nu.nl/files/IDC-Facebook%20Always%20Connected%20(1).pdf
  • Li, L., & Lin, T. T. (2019). Smartphones at work: a qualitative exploration of psychological antecedents and impacts of work-related smartphone dependency. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 1609406918822240.
  • Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R.,Tseng, H. W., Yen, L. Y., Yang, C. C. H. & Kuo, T. B. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of psychiatric research, 65, 139-145.
  • Matoza-Báez, C. M., & Carballo-Ramírez, M. S. (2016). Nivel de nomofobia en estudiantes de medicina de Paraguay, año 2015. FELSOCEM: Ciencia que integra Latinoamérica, 21(1), 28-30.
  • Mail Online (2008). Nomophobia is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact - and it’s the plague of our 24/7 age. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-550610/Nomophobia-fear-mobile-phone-contact--plague-24-7-age.html
  • McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016). “Technoference”: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(1), 85.
  • Okaz, A. A. (2015). Integrating blended learning in higher education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 600-603.
  • Pavithra, M. B., Madhukumar, S., & Mahadeva, M. (2015). A study on nomophobia-mobile phone dependence, among students of a medical college in Bangalore. National Journal of community medicine, 6(3), 340-344.
  • Pinheiro, M. (2016). Moovy: Sensorial Communication Device.
  • Pourrazavi, S., Allahverdipour, H., Jafarabadi, M. A., & Matlabi, H. (2014). A socio-cognitive inquiry of excessive mobile phone use. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 84-89.
  • Rosen, L., Carrier, L. M., Miller, A., Rokkum, J., & Ruiz, A. (2016). Sleeping with technology: cognitive, affective, and technology usage predictors of sleep problems among college students. Sleep Health, 2(1), 49-56.
  • Samaha, M., & Hawi, N. S. (2016). Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Computers in Human Behavior, 57, 321-325.
  • SecurEnvoy (2012). 66% of the population suffer from Nomophobia the fear of being without their phone. https://www.securenvoy.com/blog/2012/02/16/66-of-the-population-suffer-from-nomophobia-the-fear-of-being-without-their-phone/
  • Sharma, N., Sharma, P., Sharma, N., & Wavare, R. R. (2015). Rising concern of nomophobia amongst Indian medical students. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 3(3), 705-707.
  • Slaih, M. A., Khader, Y. S., Amarneh, B. H., Alyahya, M. S., & Al-Adwan, N. T. (2019). Patterns of Smartphone Use among University Students in Jordan. The Editorial Assistants–Jordan, 30(1), 54-61.
  • Spitzer, M. (2015). M-Learning? When it comes to learning, smartphones are a liability, not an asset. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 4(4), 87-91.
  • Tamura, H., Nishida, T., Tsuji, A., & Sakakibara, H. (2017). Association between excessive use of mobile phone and insomnia and depression among Japanese adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(7), 701.
  • Tavolacci, M. P., Meyrignac, G., Richard, L., Dechelotte, P., & Ladner, J. (2015). Problematic use of mobile phone and nomophobia among French college students. European Journal of Public Health, 25(3), 206.
  • Uysal, Ş., Özen, H., & Madenoğlu, C. (2016). Social phobia in higher education: the influence of nomophobia on social phobia. The Global e-learning Journal, 5(2), 1-8.
  • Yang, Y. S., Ryu, G. W., & Choi, M. (2019). Methodological Strategies for Ecological Momentary Assessment to Evaluate Mood and Stress in Adult Patients Using Mobile Phones: Systematic Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(4), e11215.
  • Yildirim, C., & Correia, A. P. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 130-137.
  • Yildirim, C., Sumuer, E., Adnan, M., & Yildirim, S. (2016). A growing fear: Prevalence of nomophobia among Turkish college students. Information Development, 32(5), 1322-1331.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section MAKALELER
Authors

Ümit Demir 0000-0003-4899-4895

Publication Date December 21, 2019
Acceptance Date December 22, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Demir, Ü. (2019). INVESTIGATION OF NOMOPHOBIA LEVELS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ACCORDING TO INTELLIGENT PHONE USE: A CASE OF THE COMU FACULTY OF EDUCATION. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 106-118.
e-ISSN: 2458-8628