Abstract
Although country of origin studies go back to 1960’s, there is still no consensus on the conceptualization and measurement of country image. Country image has been studied from a cognitive dominant perspective and most of the scales measuring this construct has failed to capture affective aspects of it. This study intents to provide a more accurate conceptual framework for the country image construct and provide some insights into the measurement of this concept for future studies. In this study, it is identified that country image consists of cognitive and affective elements in which fifteen sub-dimensions of this concept have been reached. It is determined that cognitive oriented development of the literature causes a major threat to the validity of the studies because studies have mostly applied cognitive dominant perspectives/scales and attributed the results to general country image. As a result of this study, new definition of country image is proposed, and it is thought that this concept has been placed on a more concrete and valid theoretical ground. As a result of the content analysis of the qualitative data and literature review, an item pool composed of 85 items were proposed. Future studies with an intention to measure country image with its cognitive and affective aspects can benefit the findings of this study.
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References
- Bilkey, W. J. and Nes, E. (1982) “Country-of-Origin Effects on Product Evaluations”, Journal of International Business Studies, 13, 89-100.
- Brijs, K. (2007) “Unravelling Country-of-Origin: Semiotics As A Theoretical Basis For A Meaning Centred Approach Towards Country-of-Origin Effects”, Doctoral Thesis.
- Buhmann, A. and Ingenhoff, D. (2015a) “The 4D Model of the Country Image: An Integrative Approach from the Perspective of Communication Management”, International Communication Gazette, 77(1), 102-124.
- Buhmann, A. and Ingenhoff, D. (2015b) “Advancing the Country Image Construct from A Public Relations Perspective: From Model to Measurement”, Journal of Communication Management, 19(1), 62-80.
- Buhmann, A. (2016) “Measuring Country Image”, Fribourg: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
- Chattalas, M., Kramer, T. and Takada, H. (2008) “The Impact of National Stereotypes on the Country of Origin Effect: A Conceptual Framework”, International Marketing Review, 25(1), 54-74.
- Creswell, J.W. (2012) “Educational Research, Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research”, 4th Edition, Boston, Pearson.
- Cuddy, A. J., Fiske, S. T. and Glick, P. (2007) “The BIAS Map: Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631. Dichter, E. (1962) “The World Customer”, Harvard Business Review, 40 (4), 113-122.
Abstract
Project Number
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References
- Bilkey, W. J. and Nes, E. (1982) “Country-of-Origin Effects on Product Evaluations”, Journal of International Business Studies, 13, 89-100.
- Brijs, K. (2007) “Unravelling Country-of-Origin: Semiotics As A Theoretical Basis For A Meaning Centred Approach Towards Country-of-Origin Effects”, Doctoral Thesis.
- Buhmann, A. and Ingenhoff, D. (2015a) “The 4D Model of the Country Image: An Integrative Approach from the Perspective of Communication Management”, International Communication Gazette, 77(1), 102-124.
- Buhmann, A. and Ingenhoff, D. (2015b) “Advancing the Country Image Construct from A Public Relations Perspective: From Model to Measurement”, Journal of Communication Management, 19(1), 62-80.
- Buhmann, A. (2016) “Measuring Country Image”, Fribourg: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
- Chattalas, M., Kramer, T. and Takada, H. (2008) “The Impact of National Stereotypes on the Country of Origin Effect: A Conceptual Framework”, International Marketing Review, 25(1), 54-74.
- Creswell, J.W. (2012) “Educational Research, Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research”, 4th Edition, Boston, Pearson.
- Cuddy, A. J., Fiske, S. T. and Glick, P. (2007) “The BIAS Map: Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631. Dichter, E. (1962) “The World Customer”, Harvard Business Review, 40 (4), 113-122.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Finance |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | - |
| Early Pub Date | July 12, 2023 |
| Publication Date | July 11, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 21 Issue: 2 |