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Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler Bağlamında Black Lives Matter (BLM) Örneği

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 193 - 213, 30.12.2021

İhsan Konak

https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.946226

Öz

Bu çalışma Black Lives Matter (BLM-Siyahların Hayatı Önemlidir) hareketini yeni toplumsal hareketler bağlamında değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Öncelikle yeni toplumsal hareketlerin teorik çerçevesi ve geleneksel “eski” toplumsal hareketlere nazaran “yeni” nitelendirmesinin gerekçeleri ortaya konulmaktadır. Ardından Black Lives Matter hareketinin ortaya çıkış ve gelişim sürecine yer verilmektedir. Bu noktada sosyal ağların hareketin gelişimindeki rolü irdelenmektedir. Bir twitter etiketi olarak ortaya çıkan BLM hareketinin diğer siyah özgürlük hareketlerinden farklı olan yönleri, Amerikan kamuoyundaki BLM algısı ve BLM’ın Amerikan kamuoyuna etkisi değerlendirilmektedir. Sanal âlemde sosyal medya platformları aracılığıyla ortaya konulan birlikteliğin Amerikan sokaklarında nasıl makes bularak toplumsal harekete dönüştüğü analiz edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeni toplumsal hareketler Black Lives Matter sosyal medya

Kaynakça

  • Garza, A. (2014). A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatterMovement by Alicia Garza. https://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/ [07.01.2021].
  • Atkins, A. (2018). Black Lives Matter or All Lives Matter? Color-blindness and Epistemic Injustice*. Social Epistemelogy, 33(4), 1-22.
  • Carney, N. (2016). All Lives Matter; so Does the Race: Black Lives Matter and The Evolving Role of Social Media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180-199.
  • Clark, A. D., Dantzler, P. A. & Nickels, A. E. (2018). Black Lives Matter: (Re)Framing the Next Wave of Black Liberation. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 42, 145-172.
  • Clayton, D. M. (2018). The Black Lives Matter and the Civil Rights Movement: A Comparative Analysis of Two Social Movements in the United States, Journal of Black Studies, 49(5), 448-480, DOI: 10.1177/0021934718764099.
  • Cobb, J. (2016). The Matter of Black Lives, The New Yorker, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed [15.02.2021].
  • Cohen, J. L. (1985). Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements. Social Research, 52(4), 663-716.
  • Çopuroğlu, Y. C. & Çetin, B. N. (2010). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler Paradigması Bağlamında Türkiye’deki Küreselleşme Karşıtı Grupların Birbirleriyle ve Dünyadaki Karşıtlarla Karşılaştırılması. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 67-100.
  • Dalton, D. (2015). The Three Women Behind the Black Lives Matter Movement. Madamenoire, https://madamenoire.com/528287/the-three-women-behind-the-black-lives-matter-movement/ [08.03.2021].
  • Day, E. (2015). Black Lives Matter: The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement [15.02.2021].
  • De Choudhury, M., Shagun, J., Sugar B. & Weber, I. (2016). Social Media Participation in an Activist Movement For Racial Equality. Paper presented at the 10th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Cologne, Germany, http://www.munmund.net/pubs/BLM_ICWSM16.pdf [12.03.2021].
  • Demby, G. (2014). The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement. Politico Magazine, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906/ [10.03.2021].
  • Dessem, M. (2016). Watch the Black Lives Matter Speech Four NBA Stars Gave at the ESPY Awards. Slayt Magazine, http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2016/07/13/nba_stars_opened_the_espys_with_a_black_lives_matter_speech.html?via=gdpr-consent [16.02.2021].
  • Freelon, D., McIIwain, C. D. & Clark, M. D. (2016). Beyond the Hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the Online Struggle for Offline Justice. Center For Media & Social Impact, American University, Forthcoming, SSRN Electronic Journal, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2747066 [04.03.2021].
  • Gafney, W. (2017). A Reflection on the Black Lives Matter Movement and its Impact on my Scholarship. Journal of Biblical Literature, 136(1), 204-207.
  • Gamson, W. A. (1968). Stable Unrepresentation in American Society. American Behavioral Scientist, 12(2), 15-21.
  • Garcia, J. Jee-Lyn & Sharif, M. Z. (2015). Black Lives Matter: A Commentary on Racism and Public Health. American Journal of Public Health, 105(8), 27-30.
  • Greene-Hayes, A. & James, J. (2017). Cracking the Codes of Black Power Struggles: Hacking, Hacked, and Black Lives Matter. The Black Scholar, 47(3), 68-78.
  • Griffin, L. J. (2015). Skittles, AriZona Iced Tea, and Cigarettes: The Price of Black Lives in a “Post-Racial” America. The Assault on Communities of Color: Exploring the Realities of Raced-Based Violence (43-48), Kenneth Fasching-Varner & Nicholas Daniel Hartlep (Ed.), Rowman & Littlefield: Maryland.
  • Habermas, J. (1991). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Siyaset, (9. Baskı), Adres Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Harris, F. C. (2015). The Next Civil Rights Movement?. Dissent, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/black-lives-matter-new-civil-rights-movement-fredrick-harris [05.03.2021].
  • Hooker, J. (2016). Black Lives Matter and the Paradoxes of US Black Politics: From Democratic Sacrifice to Democratic Repair. Political Theory, 44(4), 448-469.
  • Horowitz, J. M. & Livigston, G. (2016). How Americans View the Black Lives Matter Movement. Pew Research Center, FactTank: News in the Numbers, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/08/how-americans-view-the-black-lives-matter-movement/ [04.03.2021].
  • Jones-Eversley, S., Adedoyin, A. C., Robinson, M. A. & Moore, S. E. (2017). Protesting Black Inequality: A Commentary on the Civil Rights Movement and Black Lives Matter. Journal of Community Practice, 25(3-4), 309-324.
  • Lieberson, S. & Silverman, A. (1965). The Precipitants and Underlying Conditions of Race Riots. American Sociological Review, 30(6), 887-898.
  • Linscott, C. “Chip” P. (2017). All Lives (Don’t) Matter: The Internet Meets Afro-Pessimism and Black Optimism. Black Camera, 8(2), 104-119.
  • Lowery, W. (2017). Black Lives Matter: Birth of a Movement. Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/17/black-lives-matter-birth-of-a-movement [11.03.2021].
  • Mundt, M., Ross K. & Burnett, C. M. (2018). Scaling Social Movements through Social Media: The Case of Black Lives Matter. Social Media + Society, 4(4), 1-11.
  • Offe, C. (1999). Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler: Kurumsal Politikanın Sınırlarının Zorlanması. Yeni Sosyal Hareketler / Teorik Açılımlar, (Ed. Kenan Çayır), Kaknüs Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Önder, T. (2008), “Yeşil Siyaset”, Siyaset, (Ed. Mümtaz’er Türköne), 591-628, Ankara: Lotus Yayınevi.
  • Parker, C. S. (2016). Does “Black Lives Matter” Still Matter?. The Conversation, https://theconversatioSilven.com/does-black-lives-matter-still-matter-62477 [04.03.2021].
  • Payne, Z. N. (1990). “Men Led But women Organized”: Movement Participation of Women in the Mississippi Delta. Women and Social Protest (156-165), (Ed. Guida West & Rhoda Lois Blumberg), Oxford University Press: Oxford & New York.
  • Perry, E. L. (2016). Teaching History in the Age of Black Lives Matter: Embracing the Narratives of the Long Struggle for Civil Rights. American Journalism, 33(4), 465-470.
  • Peterson-Smith, K. (2015). Black Lives Matter: A New Movement Takes Shape. International Socialist Review, 96, https://isreview.org/issue/96/black-lives-matter, 17.02.2021.
  • Pichardo, N. A. (1997). New Social Movements: A Critical Review. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 411-430.
  • Reger, J. (2014). Debating US Contemporary Feminism. Sociology Compass, 8(1), 43-51.
  • Rickford, R. (2016). Black Lives Matter: Toward a Modern Practice of a Mass Struggle. New Labor Forum, 25(1), 34-42, DOI: 10.1177/1095796015620171.
  • Sidner, S. & Simon, M. (2015). The Rise of Black Lives Matter: Trying to Break the Cycle of Violence and Silence. CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/28/us/black-lives-matter-evolution/ [04.03.2021].
  • Tatar, T. (2013). Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler ve Küresel Projeler. Ortadoğu Analiz, 5(57), 10-19.
  • Tucker, K. H. (2018). The Political is Personal, Expressive, Aesthetic, and Networked: Contemporary American Languages of the Self from Trump to Black Lives Matter. American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 6, 359-386.
  • Tometi, O. (2015). Celebrating MLK Day: Reclaiming Our Movement Legacy. Huffington Post, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/reclaiming-our-movement-l_b_6498400 [17.02.2021].
  • Topal Demiroğlu, E. (2014). Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler: Bir Literatür Taraması. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 133-144.
  • Walton, H. & Smith, R. C. (2008). American Politics and the African American quest for universal freedom, (4th Ed), Pearson Longman: New York.
  • Weitzer, R. (2015). American Policing Under Fire: Misconduct and Reform. Society, 52(5), 475-480.
  • Williams, J. P. (2015). What does Black Lives Matter movement really want?. US News & World Report, https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/08/24/what-does-the-black-lives-matter-movement-really-want [22.02.2021].

The Case of Black Lives Matter (BLM) in the Context of New Social Movements

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 193 - 213, 30.12.2021

İhsan Konak

https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.946226

Öz

This study aims to evaluate the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in the context of new social movements. First of all, the theoretical framework of the new social movements and the reasons for the "new" characterization compared to the traditional "old" social movements are put forward. Then, the emergence and development process of the Black Lives Matter movement is covered. At this point, the role of social networks in the development of the movement is examined. The different aspects of the BLM movement, which emerged as a twitter hash tag, from other black freedom movements, the perception of BLM in the American public and the impact of BLM on the American public are evaluated. It is analyzed how the unity put forward through social media platforms in the virtual world finds a voice on the American streets and turns into a social movement.

Anahtar Kelimeler

New social movements Black Lives Matter social media

Kaynakça

  • Garza, A. (2014). A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatterMovement by Alicia Garza. https://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/ [07.01.2021].
  • Atkins, A. (2018). Black Lives Matter or All Lives Matter? Color-blindness and Epistemic Injustice*. Social Epistemelogy, 33(4), 1-22.
  • Carney, N. (2016). All Lives Matter; so Does the Race: Black Lives Matter and The Evolving Role of Social Media. Humanity & Society, 40(2), 180-199.
  • Clark, A. D., Dantzler, P. A. & Nickels, A. E. (2018). Black Lives Matter: (Re)Framing the Next Wave of Black Liberation. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 42, 145-172.
  • Clayton, D. M. (2018). The Black Lives Matter and the Civil Rights Movement: A Comparative Analysis of Two Social Movements in the United States, Journal of Black Studies, 49(5), 448-480, DOI: 10.1177/0021934718764099.
  • Cobb, J. (2016). The Matter of Black Lives, The New Yorker, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed [15.02.2021].
  • Cohen, J. L. (1985). Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social Movements. Social Research, 52(4), 663-716.
  • Çopuroğlu, Y. C. & Çetin, B. N. (2010). Yeni Sosyal Hareketler Paradigması Bağlamında Türkiye’deki Küreselleşme Karşıtı Grupların Birbirleriyle ve Dünyadaki Karşıtlarla Karşılaştırılması. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 67-100.
  • Dalton, D. (2015). The Three Women Behind the Black Lives Matter Movement. Madamenoire, https://madamenoire.com/528287/the-three-women-behind-the-black-lives-matter-movement/ [08.03.2021].
  • Day, E. (2015). Black Lives Matter: The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement [15.02.2021].
  • De Choudhury, M., Shagun, J., Sugar B. & Weber, I. (2016). Social Media Participation in an Activist Movement For Racial Equality. Paper presented at the 10th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Cologne, Germany, http://www.munmund.net/pubs/BLM_ICWSM16.pdf [12.03.2021].
  • Demby, G. (2014). The Birth of a New Civil Rights Movement. Politico Magazine, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/12/ferguson-new-civil-rights-movement-113906/ [10.03.2021].
  • Dessem, M. (2016). Watch the Black Lives Matter Speech Four NBA Stars Gave at the ESPY Awards. Slayt Magazine, http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2016/07/13/nba_stars_opened_the_espys_with_a_black_lives_matter_speech.html?via=gdpr-consent [16.02.2021].
  • Freelon, D., McIIwain, C. D. & Clark, M. D. (2016). Beyond the Hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the Online Struggle for Offline Justice. Center For Media & Social Impact, American University, Forthcoming, SSRN Electronic Journal, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2747066 [04.03.2021].
  • Gafney, W. (2017). A Reflection on the Black Lives Matter Movement and its Impact on my Scholarship. Journal of Biblical Literature, 136(1), 204-207.
  • Gamson, W. A. (1968). Stable Unrepresentation in American Society. American Behavioral Scientist, 12(2), 15-21.
  • Garcia, J. Jee-Lyn & Sharif, M. Z. (2015). Black Lives Matter: A Commentary on Racism and Public Health. American Journal of Public Health, 105(8), 27-30.
  • Greene-Hayes, A. & James, J. (2017). Cracking the Codes of Black Power Struggles: Hacking, Hacked, and Black Lives Matter. The Black Scholar, 47(3), 68-78.
  • Griffin, L. J. (2015). Skittles, AriZona Iced Tea, and Cigarettes: The Price of Black Lives in a “Post-Racial” America. The Assault on Communities of Color: Exploring the Realities of Raced-Based Violence (43-48), Kenneth Fasching-Varner & Nicholas Daniel Hartlep (Ed.), Rowman & Littlefield: Maryland.
  • Habermas, J. (1991). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Siyaset, (9. Baskı), Adres Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Harris, F. C. (2015). The Next Civil Rights Movement?. Dissent, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/black-lives-matter-new-civil-rights-movement-fredrick-harris [05.03.2021].
  • Hooker, J. (2016). Black Lives Matter and the Paradoxes of US Black Politics: From Democratic Sacrifice to Democratic Repair. Political Theory, 44(4), 448-469.
  • Horowitz, J. M. & Livigston, G. (2016). How Americans View the Black Lives Matter Movement. Pew Research Center, FactTank: News in the Numbers, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/08/how-americans-view-the-black-lives-matter-movement/ [04.03.2021].
  • Jones-Eversley, S., Adedoyin, A. C., Robinson, M. A. & Moore, S. E. (2017). Protesting Black Inequality: A Commentary on the Civil Rights Movement and Black Lives Matter. Journal of Community Practice, 25(3-4), 309-324.
  • Lieberson, S. & Silverman, A. (1965). The Precipitants and Underlying Conditions of Race Riots. American Sociological Review, 30(6), 887-898.
  • Linscott, C. “Chip” P. (2017). All Lives (Don’t) Matter: The Internet Meets Afro-Pessimism and Black Optimism. Black Camera, 8(2), 104-119.
  • Lowery, W. (2017). Black Lives Matter: Birth of a Movement. Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/17/black-lives-matter-birth-of-a-movement [11.03.2021].
  • Mundt, M., Ross K. & Burnett, C. M. (2018). Scaling Social Movements through Social Media: The Case of Black Lives Matter. Social Media + Society, 4(4), 1-11.
  • Offe, C. (1999). Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler: Kurumsal Politikanın Sınırlarının Zorlanması. Yeni Sosyal Hareketler / Teorik Açılımlar, (Ed. Kenan Çayır), Kaknüs Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Önder, T. (2008), “Yeşil Siyaset”, Siyaset, (Ed. Mümtaz’er Türköne), 591-628, Ankara: Lotus Yayınevi.
  • Parker, C. S. (2016). Does “Black Lives Matter” Still Matter?. The Conversation, https://theconversatioSilven.com/does-black-lives-matter-still-matter-62477 [04.03.2021].
  • Payne, Z. N. (1990). “Men Led But women Organized”: Movement Participation of Women in the Mississippi Delta. Women and Social Protest (156-165), (Ed. Guida West & Rhoda Lois Blumberg), Oxford University Press: Oxford & New York.
  • Perry, E. L. (2016). Teaching History in the Age of Black Lives Matter: Embracing the Narratives of the Long Struggle for Civil Rights. American Journalism, 33(4), 465-470.
  • Peterson-Smith, K. (2015). Black Lives Matter: A New Movement Takes Shape. International Socialist Review, 96, https://isreview.org/issue/96/black-lives-matter, 17.02.2021.
  • Pichardo, N. A. (1997). New Social Movements: A Critical Review. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 411-430.
  • Reger, J. (2014). Debating US Contemporary Feminism. Sociology Compass, 8(1), 43-51.
  • Rickford, R. (2016). Black Lives Matter: Toward a Modern Practice of a Mass Struggle. New Labor Forum, 25(1), 34-42, DOI: 10.1177/1095796015620171.
  • Sidner, S. & Simon, M. (2015). The Rise of Black Lives Matter: Trying to Break the Cycle of Violence and Silence. CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/28/us/black-lives-matter-evolution/ [04.03.2021].
  • Tatar, T. (2013). Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler ve Küresel Projeler. Ortadoğu Analiz, 5(57), 10-19.
  • Tucker, K. H. (2018). The Political is Personal, Expressive, Aesthetic, and Networked: Contemporary American Languages of the Self from Trump to Black Lives Matter. American Journal of Cultural Sociology, 6, 359-386.
  • Tometi, O. (2015). Celebrating MLK Day: Reclaiming Our Movement Legacy. Huffington Post, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/reclaiming-our-movement-l_b_6498400 [17.02.2021].
  • Topal Demiroğlu, E. (2014). Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler: Bir Literatür Taraması. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 133-144.
  • Walton, H. & Smith, R. C. (2008). American Politics and the African American quest for universal freedom, (4th Ed), Pearson Longman: New York.
  • Weitzer, R. (2015). American Policing Under Fire: Misconduct and Reform. Society, 52(5), 475-480.
  • Williams, J. P. (2015). What does Black Lives Matter movement really want?. US News & World Report, https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/08/24/what-does-the-black-lives-matter-movement-really-want [22.02.2021].
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İhsan Konak

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Konak, İ. (2021). Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler Bağlamında Black Lives Matter (BLM) Örneği. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.946226

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