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Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 923 - 941, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1251437

Öz

With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, passenger preferences for transportation modes and transportation management strategies have rapidly changed in the last few years. In this study, field research was conducted to reveal the behaviors and perceptions of passengers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Izmir city of Turkey. A total of 1437 participants were asked to evaluate the pre and during pandemic periods with their frequency of use for different types of transportation modes in Izmir. When the results of the study were evaluated holistically, it was revealed that the participants used environmentally friendly transportation modes such as bicycles and e-bikes more than before the pandemic and that they wanted to use them after the pandemic. Despite this, it is seen that the use of taxis and private vehicles has increased during the pandemic, especially for long-distance trips, and the use of public transport and light rail systems (LRS) in general has decreased. Nearly half of respondents (49.7%) said bus drivers did not use adequate protective equipment during the pandemic. In addition, 41.1% of the participants stated that the HES code application was not applied adequately in public transportation. In the study, it was also revealed that the practice of reducing the number of operational public transport vehicles during the pandemic was found to be negative by the participants.

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, M., Ali, N., Javid, M. A., Dias, C., & Campisi, T. (2021a). Public transport versus solo travel mode choices during the COVID-19 pandemic: Self-reported evidence from a developing country. Transportation Engineering, 5, 100078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2021.100078
  • Abdullah, M., Ali, N., Hussain, S. A., Aslam, A. B., & Javid, M. A. (2021b). Measuring changes in travel behavior pattern due to COVID-19 in a developing country: A case study of Pakistan. Transport Policy, 108, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.023
  • Abdullah, M., Ali, N., Aslam, A. B., Javid, M. A., & Hussain, S. A. (2022). Factors affecting the mode choice behavior before and during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. International journal of transportation science and technology, 11(1), 174-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2021.06.005 2046
  • Aloi, A., Alonso, B., Benavente, J., Cordera, R., Echániz, E., González, F., ... & Sañudo, R. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban mobility: Empirical evidence from the city of Santander (Spain). Sustainability, 12(9), 3870. https://doi:10.3390/su12093870
  • Anwari, N., Ahmed, M. T., Islam, M. R., Hadiuzzaman, M., & Amin, S. (2021). Exploring the travel behavior changes caused by the COVID-19 crisis: A case study for a developing country. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, 100334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100334
  • Arellana, J., Márquez, L., & Cantillo, V. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak in Colombia: An analysis of its impacts on transport systems. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8867316
  • Atasoy, T., Bostancı, S., Tanrıvermiş, Y. A. (2021). Covid-19 (Sars-Cov-2) Salgının Toplu Ulaşıma Olan Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi: Ankara ve Mersin İllerinin Analizi. 3. Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 56(4), 2379-2400.
  • Aydın, M. M. , Dağlı, E. & Çoruh, E. (2021). Şehir İçi Ana Arterlerde COVID-19 Kısıtlamalarından Dolayı Trafik Akımlarında Meydana Gelen Değişimlerin İncelenmesi: Antalya Örneği. İDEALKENT,, 12 (34) , 1199-1225 . DOI: 10.31198/idealkent.999592
  • Aydin, N., Kuşakcı, A. O., & Deveci, M. (2022). The impacts of COVID-19 on travel behavior and initial perception of public transport measures in Istanbul. Decision Analytics Journal, 2, 100029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2022.100029
  • Bagdatli, M. E. C., & Ipek, F. (2022). Transport mode preferences of university students in post-COVID-19 pandemic. Transport policy, 118, 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.01.017
  • Barbieri, D. M., Lou, B., Passavanti, M., Hui, C., Hoff, I., Lessa, D. A., ... & Rashidi, T. H. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mobility in ten countries and associated perceived risk for all transport modes. PloS one, 16(2), e0245886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245886
  • Benita, F. (2021). Human mobility behavior in COVID-19: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102916. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102916
  • Bhaduri, E., Manoj, B. S., Wadud, Z., Goswami, A. K., & Choudhury, C. F. (2020). Modelling the effects of COVID-19 on travel mode choice behaviour in India. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 8, 100273. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100273
  • Chen, C., Feng, T., Gu, X., & Yao, B. (2022). Investigating the effectiveness of COVID-19 pandemic countermeasures on the use of public transport: A case study of The Netherlands. Transport policy, 117, 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.01.005
  • Das, S., Boruah, A., Banerjee, A., Raoniar, R., Nama, S., & Maurya, A. K. (2021). Impact of COVID-19: A radical modal shift from public to private transport mode. Transport Policy, 109, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.005
  • Echaniz, E., Rodríguez, A., Cordera, R., Benavente, J., Alonso, B., & Sañudo, R. (2021). Behavioural changes in transport and future repercussions of the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Transport Policy, 111, 38-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102916
  • Eisenmann, C., Nobis, C., Kolarova, V., Lenz, B., & Winkler, C. (2021). Transport mode use during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Germany: The car became more important, public transport lost ground. Transport policy, 103, 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.012
  • Elbany, M., & Elhenawy, Y. (2021). Analyzing the ultimate impact of COVID-19 in Africa. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 9(2), 796-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2021.03.016
  • Erbas, O. (2020). COVID-19 Döneminde Hareketlilik: İstanbul Kent içi Toplu Ulaşım. Kent Akademisi , 13 (3) , 431-442 . DOI: 10.35674/kent.779629
  • Erkek, E. & Çabuk, S. N. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Toplu Ulaşım Sistemlerinin Değerlendirilmesi .GSI Journals Serie B: Advancements in Business and Economics, 3(2), 17-31.DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4972540
  • Habib, M. A., & Anik, M. A. H. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on Transport Modes and Mobility Behavior: Analysis of Public Discourse in Twitter. Transportation Research Record, 03611981211029926. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981211029926
  • Harrington, D. M., & Hadjiconstantinou, M. (2022). Changes in commuting behaviours in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Journal of transport & health, 24, 101313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101313
  • Hasselwander, M., Tamagusko, T., Bigotte, J. F., Ferreira, A., Mejia, A., & Ferranti, E. J. (2021). Building back better: The COVID-19 pandemic and transport policy implications for a developing megacity. Sustainable Cities and Society, 69, 102864. https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12315
  • Jamal, S., Chowdhury, S., & Newbold, K. B. (2022). Transport preferences and dilemmas in the post-lockdown (COVID-19) period: Findings from a qualitative study of young commuters in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Case studies on transport policy, 10(1), 406-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.01.001
  • Jenelius, E., & Cebecauer, M. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on public transport ridership in Sweden: Analysis of ticket validations, sales and passenger counts. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, 100242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100242
  • Jiao, J., & Azimian, A. (2021). Exploring the factors affecting travel behaviors during the second phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Transportation Letters, 13(5-6), 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2021.1904736
  • Katrakazas, C., Michelaraki, E., Sekadakis, M., & Yannis, G. (2020). A descriptive analysis of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on driving behavior and road safety. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 7, 100186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100186
  • Kim, J., & Kwan, M. P. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people's mobility: A longitudinal study of the US from March to September of 2020. Journal of Transport Geography, 93, 103039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103039
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  • Politis, I., Georgiadis, G., Nikolaidou, A., Kopsacheilis, A., Fyrogenis, I., Sdoukopoulos, A., ... & Papadopoulos, E. (2021). Mapping travel behavior changes during the COVID-19 lock-down: a socioeconomic analysis in Greece. European Transport Research Review, 13(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-021-00481-7
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Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 923 - 941, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1251437

Öz

With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, passenger preferences for transportation modes and transportation management strategies have rapidly changed in the last few years. In this study, field research was conducted to reveal the behaviors and perceptions of passengers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Izmir city of Turkey. A total of 1437 participants were asked to evaluate the pre and during pandemic periods with their frequency of use for different types of transportation modes in Izmir. When the results of the study were evaluated holistically, it was revealed that the participants used environmentally friendly transportation modes such as bicycles and e-bikes more than before the pandemic and that they wanted to use them after the pandemic. Despite this, it is seen that the use of taxis and private vehicles has increased during the pandemic, especially for long-distance trips, and the use of public transport and light rail systems (LRS) in general has decreased. Nearly half of respondents (49.7%) said bus drivers did not use adequate protective equipment during the pandemic. In addition, 41.1% of the participants stated that the HES code application was not applied adequately in public transportation. In the study, it was also revealed that the practice of reducing the number of operational public transport vehicles during the pandemic was found to be negative by the participants.

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, M., Ali, N., Javid, M. A., Dias, C., & Campisi, T. (2021a). Public transport versus solo travel mode choices during the COVID-19 pandemic: Self-reported evidence from a developing country. Transportation Engineering, 5, 100078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2021.100078
  • Abdullah, M., Ali, N., Hussain, S. A., Aslam, A. B., & Javid, M. A. (2021b). Measuring changes in travel behavior pattern due to COVID-19 in a developing country: A case study of Pakistan. Transport Policy, 108, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.023
  • Abdullah, M., Ali, N., Aslam, A. B., Javid, M. A., & Hussain, S. A. (2022). Factors affecting the mode choice behavior before and during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. International journal of transportation science and technology, 11(1), 174-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2021.06.005 2046
  • Aloi, A., Alonso, B., Benavente, J., Cordera, R., Echániz, E., González, F., ... & Sañudo, R. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban mobility: Empirical evidence from the city of Santander (Spain). Sustainability, 12(9), 3870. https://doi:10.3390/su12093870
  • Anwari, N., Ahmed, M. T., Islam, M. R., Hadiuzzaman, M., & Amin, S. (2021). Exploring the travel behavior changes caused by the COVID-19 crisis: A case study for a developing country. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, 100334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100334
  • Arellana, J., Márquez, L., & Cantillo, V. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak in Colombia: An analysis of its impacts on transport systems. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8867316
  • Atasoy, T., Bostancı, S., Tanrıvermiş, Y. A. (2021). Covid-19 (Sars-Cov-2) Salgının Toplu Ulaşıma Olan Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi: Ankara ve Mersin İllerinin Analizi. 3. Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 56(4), 2379-2400.
  • Aydın, M. M. , Dağlı, E. & Çoruh, E. (2021). Şehir İçi Ana Arterlerde COVID-19 Kısıtlamalarından Dolayı Trafik Akımlarında Meydana Gelen Değişimlerin İncelenmesi: Antalya Örneği. İDEALKENT,, 12 (34) , 1199-1225 . DOI: 10.31198/idealkent.999592
  • Aydin, N., Kuşakcı, A. O., & Deveci, M. (2022). The impacts of COVID-19 on travel behavior and initial perception of public transport measures in Istanbul. Decision Analytics Journal, 2, 100029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2022.100029
  • Bagdatli, M. E. C., & Ipek, F. (2022). Transport mode preferences of university students in post-COVID-19 pandemic. Transport policy, 118, 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.01.017
  • Barbieri, D. M., Lou, B., Passavanti, M., Hui, C., Hoff, I., Lessa, D. A., ... & Rashidi, T. H. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mobility in ten countries and associated perceived risk for all transport modes. PloS one, 16(2), e0245886. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245886
  • Benita, F. (2021). Human mobility behavior in COVID-19: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis. Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102916. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102916
  • Bhaduri, E., Manoj, B. S., Wadud, Z., Goswami, A. K., & Choudhury, C. F. (2020). Modelling the effects of COVID-19 on travel mode choice behaviour in India. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 8, 100273. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.trip.2020.100273
  • Chen, C., Feng, T., Gu, X., & Yao, B. (2022). Investigating the effectiveness of COVID-19 pandemic countermeasures on the use of public transport: A case study of The Netherlands. Transport policy, 117, 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.01.005
  • Das, S., Boruah, A., Banerjee, A., Raoniar, R., Nama, S., & Maurya, A. K. (2021). Impact of COVID-19: A radical modal shift from public to private transport mode. Transport Policy, 109, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.005
  • Echaniz, E., Rodríguez, A., Cordera, R., Benavente, J., Alonso, B., & Sañudo, R. (2021). Behavioural changes in transport and future repercussions of the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain. Transport Policy, 111, 38-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102916
  • Eisenmann, C., Nobis, C., Kolarova, V., Lenz, B., & Winkler, C. (2021). Transport mode use during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Germany: The car became more important, public transport lost ground. Transport policy, 103, 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.012
  • Elbany, M., & Elhenawy, Y. (2021). Analyzing the ultimate impact of COVID-19 in Africa. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 9(2), 796-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2021.03.016
  • Erbas, O. (2020). COVID-19 Döneminde Hareketlilik: İstanbul Kent içi Toplu Ulaşım. Kent Akademisi , 13 (3) , 431-442 . DOI: 10.35674/kent.779629
  • Erkek, E. & Çabuk, S. N. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Toplu Ulaşım Sistemlerinin Değerlendirilmesi .GSI Journals Serie B: Advancements in Business and Economics, 3(2), 17-31.DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4972540
  • Habib, M. A., & Anik, M. A. H. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on Transport Modes and Mobility Behavior: Analysis of Public Discourse in Twitter. Transportation Research Record, 03611981211029926. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981211029926
  • Harrington, D. M., & Hadjiconstantinou, M. (2022). Changes in commuting behaviours in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Journal of transport & health, 24, 101313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101313
  • Hasselwander, M., Tamagusko, T., Bigotte, J. F., Ferreira, A., Mejia, A., & Ferranti, E. J. (2021). Building back better: The COVID-19 pandemic and transport policy implications for a developing megacity. Sustainable Cities and Society, 69, 102864. https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12315
  • Jamal, S., Chowdhury, S., & Newbold, K. B. (2022). Transport preferences and dilemmas in the post-lockdown (COVID-19) period: Findings from a qualitative study of young commuters in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Case studies on transport policy, 10(1), 406-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.01.001
  • Jenelius, E., & Cebecauer, M. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on public transport ridership in Sweden: Analysis of ticket validations, sales and passenger counts. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, 100242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100242
  • Jiao, J., & Azimian, A. (2021). Exploring the factors affecting travel behaviors during the second phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Transportation Letters, 13(5-6), 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2021.1904736
  • Katrakazas, C., Michelaraki, E., Sekadakis, M., & Yannis, G. (2020). A descriptive analysis of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on driving behavior and road safety. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 7, 100186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100186
  • Kim, J., & Kwan, M. P. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people's mobility: A longitudinal study of the US from March to September of 2020. Journal of Transport Geography, 93, 103039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103039
  • Kłos-Adamkiewicz, Z., & Gutowski, P. (2022). The Outbreak of COVID-19 Pandemic about Sense of Safety and Mobility Changes in Public Transport Using the Example of Warsaw. Sustainability, 14(3), 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031780
  • Kopsidas, A., Milioti, C., Kepaptsoglou, K., & Vlachogianni, E. I. (2021). How did the COVID-19 pandemic impact traveler behavior toward public transport? The case of Athens, Greece. Transportation Letters, 13(5-6), 344-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2021.1901029
  • König, A., & Dreßler, A. (2021). A mixed-methods analysis of mobility behavior changes in the COVID-19 era in a rural case study. European Transport Research Review, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-021-00472-8
  • Ku, D. G., Um, J. S., Byon, Y. J., Kim, J. Y., & Lee, S. J. (2021). Changes in passengers’ travel behavior Due to COVID-19. Sustainability, 13(14), 7974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147974
  • Łącka, I., & Suproń, B. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on road freight transport evidence from Poland. European Research Studies, 24, 319-333. http://ersj.eu/journal/2431
  • Lock, O. (2020). Cycling Behaviour Changes as a Result of COVID-19: A Survey of Users in Sydney, Australia. Findings, 13405. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.13405
  • Luan, S., Yang, Q., Jiang, Z., & Wang, W. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on individual's travel mode choice in China. Transport Policy, 106, 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.011
  • Melis, Ö. E., & Ayalp, E. K. (2023). Covid-19 Sürecinde Londra ve İstanbul’un Kent İçi Ulaşım Dinamiklerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. Online Journal of Art and Design, 11(3),12-25.
  • Mogaji, E. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on transportation in Lagos, Nigeria. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 6, 100154.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100154 Muley, D., Ghanim, M. S., Mohammad, A., & Kharbeche, M. (2021). Quantifying the impact of COVID–19 preventive measures on traffic in the State of Qatar. Transport Policy, 103, 45-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.018
  • Naveen, B. R., & Gurtoo, A. (2022). Public transport strategy and epidemic prevention framework in the Context of Covid-19. Transport policy, 116, 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.12.005
  • Nguyen, M. H., & Pojani, D. (2021). Covid-19 need not spell the death of public transport: Learning from Hanoi's safety measures. Journal of Transport & Health, 23, 101279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101279
  • Nikiforiadis, A., Ayfantopoulou, G., & Stamelou, A. (2020). Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on bike-sharing usage: The case of Thessaloniki, Greece. Sustainability, 12(19), 8215. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198215
  • Parker, M. E., Li, M., Bouzaghrane, M. A., Obeid, H., Hayes, D., Frick, K. T., ... & Chatman, D. G. (2021). Public transit use in the United States in the era of COVID-19: Transit riders’ travel behavior in the COVID-19 impact and recovery period. Transport Policy, 111, 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.07.005
  • Phandanouvong, S., Shah, S. M. T., Rith, M., & Piantanakulchai, M. (2021). Travel Behavior of Commuters in Asean Countries with The Least Confirmed Covid-19 Cases During The Global Pandemic− A Case Study of Cambodia and Laos. ASEAN Engineering Journal, 11(3), 140-157. https://doi.org/10.11113/aej.v11.16877
  • Politis, I., Georgiadis, G., Nikolaidou, A., Kopsacheilis, A., Fyrogenis, I., Sdoukopoulos, A., ... & Papadopoulos, E. (2021). Mapping travel behavior changes during the COVID-19 lock-down: a socioeconomic analysis in Greece. European Transport Research Review, 13(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-021-00481-7
  • Schaefer, K. J., Tuitjer, L., & Levin-Keitel, M. (2021). Transport disrupted–Substituting public transport by bike or car under Covid 19. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 153, 202-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.09.002
  • Shaer, A., & Haghshenas, H. (2021). The impacts of COVID-19 on older adults’ active transportation mode usage in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Transport & Health, 23, 101244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101244
  • Shahin, H. & Yetişkul, E. (2021). Kentsel Ulaşım, Salgınlar ve Covid-19: Ankara Toplu Taşıma Sistemi . İDEALKENT , Post COVID-19 Effects on Urban Public Spaces , 415-451 . DOI: 10.31198/idealkent.880890
  • Shakibaei, S., De Jong, G. C., Alpkökin, P., & Rashidi, T. H. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel behavior in Istanbul: A panel data analysis. Sustainable cities and society, 65, 102619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102619
  • Shang, W. L., Chen, J., Bi, H., Sui, Y., Chen, Y., & Yu, H. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on user behaviors and environmental benefits of bike sharing: A big-data analysis. Applied Energy, 285, 116429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.08.010
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  • TMI (Turkish Ministry of Industry and Technology) (2022) İlçelerin sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik sıralaması araştırması. Kalkınma Ajansları Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını Sayı: 35(8), Ankara
  • Yimenu, D. K., Jejaw, A., Haylu, E., Kassahun, S., & Kifle, Z. D. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards Face-Mask Use Amid the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic Among Public Transport Drivers in Gondar Town, A Cross-Sectional Study. Inquiry (United States), 59. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580221096285
  • Zafri, N. M., Khan, A., Jamal, S., & Alam, B. M. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on active travel mode choice in Bangladesh: a study from the perspective of sustainability and new normal situation. Sustainability, 13(12), 6975. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126975
  • Zhang, N., Jia, W., Wang, P., Dung, C. H., Zhao, P., Leung, K., ... & Li, Y. (2021a). Changes in local travel behaviour before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong. Cities, 112, 103139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103139
  • Zhang, N., Jia, W., Lei, H., Wang, P., Zhao, P., Guo, Y., ... & Li, Y. (2021b). Effects of human behavior changes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on influenza spread in Hong Kong. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 73(5), e1142-e1150. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1818
  • URL 1, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/turkey/ (Access Date: 14.02.2023)
  • URL 2, https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ (Access Date: 14.02.2023)
  • URL 3, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ (Access Date: 21.07.2023)
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İnşaat Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ziya Çakıcı 0000-0001-7003-815X

Mehmet Sinan Yıldırım 0000-0001-5347-2456

Çiğdem Yetiş 0000-0002-9749-606X

Alessandro Severino 0000-0003-0688-5113

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakıcı, Z., Yıldırım, M. S., Yetiş, Ç., Severino, A. (2023). Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 6(3), 923-941. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1251437
AMA Çakıcı Z, Yıldırım MS, Yetiş Ç, Severino A. Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. Eylül 2023;6(3):923-941. doi:10.35341/afet.1251437
Chicago Çakıcı, Ziya, Mehmet Sinan Yıldırım, Çiğdem Yetiş, ve Alessandro Severino. “Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 6, sy. 3 (Eylül 2023): 923-41. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1251437.
EndNote Çakıcı Z, Yıldırım MS, Yetiş Ç, Severino A (01 Eylül 2023) Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6 3 923–941.
IEEE Z. Çakıcı, M. S. Yıldırım, Ç. Yetiş, ve A. Severino, “Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 3, ss. 923–941, 2023, doi: 10.35341/afet.1251437.
ISNAD Çakıcı, Ziya vd. “Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6/3 (Eylül 2023), 923-941. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1251437.
JAMA Çakıcı Z, Yıldırım MS, Yetiş Ç, Severino A. Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6:923–941.
MLA Çakıcı, Ziya vd. “Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 923-41, doi:10.35341/afet.1251437.
Vancouver Çakıcı Z, Yıldırım MS, Yetiş Ç, Severino A. Impacts of COVID-19 on Travel Behaviors: The Case of Izmir. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023;6(3):923-41.