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Population Density, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Asia-Pacific Countries

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 4, 934 - 944, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.545681

Öz

Energy is the main source of CO2 emissions, which is the key factor of the environmental pollution increasing everywhere around the world. The connection between energy consumption, economic growth, population density and CO2 emissions are an issue that needs to be analyzed in a multidisciplinary and scholarly manner. In this study, the connection between energy consumption, economic growth, population density and CO2 emissions were analyzed empirically on the basis of 14 Asian-Pacific countries. A series of panel data models and a balanced panel data set were used in the study which covered the period between 1971 and 2017. The results of the cointegration test for the panel showed that there was a cointegration relationship between the variables. According to the results of the Panel VECM granger causality test, there is evidence of a two-way causality relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth, and between energy consumption and economic growth. In addition, population density is the causality of energy consumption, and population density is the causality of economic growth. According to the results, countries need to turn to cleaner energy sources to reduce CO2 emissions.

Kaynakça

  • Abdouli, M., Kamoun, O., & Hamdi, B. (2017). “The impact of economic growth, population density, and FDI inflows on CO2 emissions in BRICTS countries: does the Kuznets curve exist?”, Empirical Economics, 54, 1717–1742.
  • Alam, M. M., Murad, M. W., Noman, A. H. M., & Ozturk, I. (2016). “Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia”, Ecological Indicators, 70, 466-479.
  • Bai, J., & Perron, P. (2003). “Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models”, Journal of applied econometrics, 18(1), 1-22.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). “The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Churchill, S. A., Inekwe, J., Ivanovski, K., & Smyth, R. (2018). “The Environmental Kuznets Curve in the OECD: 1870–2014”, Energy Economics, 75, 389-399.
  • Fernald, John, Hali Edison & Prakash Loungani,1998. “Was China the First Domino? Assessing Links between China and the Rest of Emerging Asia.”, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System”, International Finance Discussion Paper # 604. https://www.federalreserve.gov/PubS/ifdp/1998/604/ifdp604.pdf.
  • Go, D. S. (1994). “External shocks, adjustment policies and investment in a developing economy: Illustrations from a forward-looking CGE model of the Philippines”, Journal of Development Economics, 44(2), 229-261.
  • Govdeli, T. (2018). “Enerji-Ekonomik Büyüme, Yeni Nesil Panel Veri Analizi, Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Alanında Akademik Çalışmalar Cilt 2”, Gece Kitaplığı Yayınevi, Birinci Basım, Editör: Yavuz Çobanoğlu, Ekim, 653-664.
  • Grobar, L. M., & Gnanaselvam, S. (1993). “The economic effects of the Sri Lankan civil war”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 41(2), 395-405.
  • Hundie, S. K. (2018). “Modelling Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth Nexus in Ethiopia: Evidence from Cointegration and Causality Analysis”, Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 6(6), 699-709.
  • Ibrahiem, D. M. (2016). “Environmental Kuznets curve: An empirical analysis for carbon dioxide emissions in Egypt”, International Journal of Green Economics, 10(2), 136-150.
  • Khan, H. U. R., Nassani, A. A., Aldakhil, A. M., Abro, M. M. Q., Islam, T., & Zaman, K. (2019). “Pro-poor growth and sustainable development framework: Evidence from two step GMM estimator”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, 767-784.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). “Economic growth and income inequality”, The American economic review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Lin, B., Omoju, O. E., Nwakeze, N. M., Okonkwo, J. U., & Megbowon, E. T. (2016). “Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis a sound basis for environmental policy in Africa?”, Journal of cleaner production, 133, 712-724.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics no. 435. University of Cambridge.
  • Magazzino, C. (2016). “The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Italy”, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 35(9), 844-857.
  • Meng, X., & Han, J. (2018). “Roads, economy, population density, and CO2: A city-scaled causality analysis”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 128, 508-515.
  • Muhammad J, Fatima GS (2013) Energy consumption, financial development and CO2 emissions in Pakistan. MPRA Paper No. 48287. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
  • /48287/1/MPRA_paper_48287.pdf.
  • NASA. (2018). “The cost of energy, environmental impact, the national academies of sciences, engineering and medicine”; http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy- costs/environmental/
  • Nazlioglu, S., & Soytas, U. (2012). “Oil price, agricultural commodity prices, and the dollar: A panel cointegration and causality analysis”, Energy Economics, 34(4), 1098-1104.
  • Ohlan, R. (2015). “The impact of population density, energy consumption, economic growth and trade openness on CO 2 emissions in India”, Natural Hazards, 79(2), 1409-1428.
  • Onafowora, O. A., & Owoye, O. (2014). “Bounds testing approach to analysis of the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis”, Energy Economics, 44, 47-62.
  • Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2010). “CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 3220-3225.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence”, Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). “Testing slope homogeneity in large panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Rahman, M. M. (2017). “Do population density, economic growth, energy use and exports adversely affect environmental quality in Asian populous countries?”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 506-514.
  • Rawlings, H. F. (1986). “The Malaysian constitutional crisis of 1983”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 35(2), 237-254.
  • Shu‐Ki, T. (1999). “The Hong Kong Economy: opportunities out of the crisis?”, Journal of Contemporary China, 8(20), 29-45.
  • Sridharan, E. (2005). “Improving Indo-Pakistan relations: international relations theory, nuclear deterrence and possibilities for economic cooperation”, Contemporary South Asia, 14(3), 321-339.
  • Sturm, J. E., & Williams, B. (2004). “Foreign bank entry, deregulation and bank efficiency: Lessons from the Australian experience”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 28(7), 1775-1799.
  • Sulaiman, C., & Abdul-Rahim, A. S. (2018). “Population Growth and CO2 Emission in Nigeria: A Recursive ARDL Approach”, SAGE Open, 8(2), 1-14.
  • Tiwari, A. K. (2011). “Energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth: Evidence from India”, Journal of International Business and Economy, 12(1), 85-122.
  • United Nation Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2018). “Economic losses, poverty & disasters: 1998-2017”, https://www.unisdr.org/files/61119_credeconomiclosses.pdf.
  • Wang, S., Zhou, C., Li, G., & Feng, K. (2016). “CO2, economic growth, and energy consumption in China's provinces: investigating the spatiotemporal and econometric characteristics of China's CO2 emissions”, Ecological indicators, 69, 184-195.
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). “Testing for panel cointegration with multiple structural breaks”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 68(1), 101-132.

Nüfus Yoğunluğu, Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi ve CO2 Emisyonu: AsyaPasifik Ülkelerinden Ampirik Kanıtlar

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 4, 934 - 944, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.545681

Öz

Dünya genelinde artan çevresel kirlenmenin ana faktörü olan CO2 emisyonlarının ana kaynağı enerjidir. Enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme, nüfus yoğunluğu ile CO2 emisyonu arasındaki bağlantı, çok disiplinli (multidisciplinary scholarly) ve bilim olarak incelenmesi gereken bir konudur. Bu çalışmada 14 Asya-Pasifik ülkesi ele alınarak enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme, nüfus yoğunluğu ile CO2 emisyonu arasındaki bağ ampirik olarak analiz edilmiştir. 1971 ile 2017 dönemini dikkate alan çalışmada bir dizi panel veri modeli ve dengeli panel veri seti kullanılmıştır. Panel eşbütünleşme testi sonucu değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisisin olduğunu ortaya koydu. Panel VECM granger nedensellik testi sonucuna göre, CO2 emisyonu ile ekonomik büyüme arasında ve enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisine dair kanıtlar vardır. Ayrıca nüfus yoğunluğu enerji tüketiminin nedenseli ve nüfus yoğunluğu ekonomik büyümenin nedenselidir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, ülkelerin, CO2 emisyonunu azaltabilmek için daha temiz enerjiye yönelmesi gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdouli, M., Kamoun, O., & Hamdi, B. (2017). “The impact of economic growth, population density, and FDI inflows on CO2 emissions in BRICTS countries: does the Kuznets curve exist?”, Empirical Economics, 54, 1717–1742.
  • Alam, M. M., Murad, M. W., Noman, A. H. M., & Ozturk, I. (2016). “Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia”, Ecological Indicators, 70, 466-479.
  • Bai, J., & Perron, P. (2003). “Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models”, Journal of applied econometrics, 18(1), 1-22.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). “The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics”, The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Churchill, S. A., Inekwe, J., Ivanovski, K., & Smyth, R. (2018). “The Environmental Kuznets Curve in the OECD: 1870–2014”, Energy Economics, 75, 389-399.
  • Fernald, John, Hali Edison & Prakash Loungani,1998. “Was China the First Domino? Assessing Links between China and the Rest of Emerging Asia.”, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System”, International Finance Discussion Paper # 604. https://www.federalreserve.gov/PubS/ifdp/1998/604/ifdp604.pdf.
  • Go, D. S. (1994). “External shocks, adjustment policies and investment in a developing economy: Illustrations from a forward-looking CGE model of the Philippines”, Journal of Development Economics, 44(2), 229-261.
  • Govdeli, T. (2018). “Enerji-Ekonomik Büyüme, Yeni Nesil Panel Veri Analizi, Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Alanında Akademik Çalışmalar Cilt 2”, Gece Kitaplığı Yayınevi, Birinci Basım, Editör: Yavuz Çobanoğlu, Ekim, 653-664.
  • Grobar, L. M., & Gnanaselvam, S. (1993). “The economic effects of the Sri Lankan civil war”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 41(2), 395-405.
  • Hundie, S. K. (2018). “Modelling Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth Nexus in Ethiopia: Evidence from Cointegration and Causality Analysis”, Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 6(6), 699-709.
  • Ibrahiem, D. M. (2016). “Environmental Kuznets curve: An empirical analysis for carbon dioxide emissions in Egypt”, International Journal of Green Economics, 10(2), 136-150.
  • Khan, H. U. R., Nassani, A. A., Aldakhil, A. M., Abro, M. M. Q., Islam, T., & Zaman, K. (2019). “Pro-poor growth and sustainable development framework: Evidence from two step GMM estimator”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, 767-784.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). “Economic growth and income inequality”, The American economic review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Lin, B., Omoju, O. E., Nwakeze, N. M., Okonkwo, J. U., & Megbowon, E. T. (2016). “Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis a sound basis for environmental policy in Africa?”, Journal of cleaner production, 133, 712-724.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics no. 435. University of Cambridge.
  • Magazzino, C. (2016). “The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Italy”, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 35(9), 844-857.
  • Meng, X., & Han, J. (2018). “Roads, economy, population density, and CO2: A city-scaled causality analysis”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 128, 508-515.
  • Muhammad J, Fatima GS (2013) Energy consumption, financial development and CO2 emissions in Pakistan. MPRA Paper No. 48287. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
  • /48287/1/MPRA_paper_48287.pdf.
  • NASA. (2018). “The cost of energy, environmental impact, the national academies of sciences, engineering and medicine”; http://needtoknow.nas.edu/energy/energy- costs/environmental/
  • Nazlioglu, S., & Soytas, U. (2012). “Oil price, agricultural commodity prices, and the dollar: A panel cointegration and causality analysis”, Energy Economics, 34(4), 1098-1104.
  • Ohlan, R. (2015). “The impact of population density, energy consumption, economic growth and trade openness on CO 2 emissions in India”, Natural Hazards, 79(2), 1409-1428.
  • Onafowora, O. A., & Owoye, O. (2014). “Bounds testing approach to analysis of the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis”, Energy Economics, 44, 47-62.
  • Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2010). “CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 3220-3225.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence”, Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). “Testing slope homogeneity in large panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Rahman, M. M. (2017). “Do population density, economic growth, energy use and exports adversely affect environmental quality in Asian populous countries?”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 506-514.
  • Rawlings, H. F. (1986). “The Malaysian constitutional crisis of 1983”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 35(2), 237-254.
  • Shu‐Ki, T. (1999). “The Hong Kong Economy: opportunities out of the crisis?”, Journal of Contemporary China, 8(20), 29-45.
  • Sridharan, E. (2005). “Improving Indo-Pakistan relations: international relations theory, nuclear deterrence and possibilities for economic cooperation”, Contemporary South Asia, 14(3), 321-339.
  • Sturm, J. E., & Williams, B. (2004). “Foreign bank entry, deregulation and bank efficiency: Lessons from the Australian experience”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 28(7), 1775-1799.
  • Sulaiman, C., & Abdul-Rahim, A. S. (2018). “Population Growth and CO2 Emission in Nigeria: A Recursive ARDL Approach”, SAGE Open, 8(2), 1-14.
  • Tiwari, A. K. (2011). “Energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth: Evidence from India”, Journal of International Business and Economy, 12(1), 85-122.
  • United Nation Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2018). “Economic losses, poverty & disasters: 1998-2017”, https://www.unisdr.org/files/61119_credeconomiclosses.pdf.
  • Wang, S., Zhou, C., Li, G., & Feng, K. (2016). “CO2, economic growth, and energy consumption in China's provinces: investigating the spatiotemporal and econometric characteristics of China's CO2 emissions”, Ecological indicators, 69, 184-195.
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). “Testing for panel cointegration with multiple structural breaks”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 68(1), 101-132.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Hukuk
Yazarlar

Tuncer Gövdeli 0000-0002-6600-8684

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Gövdeli, T. (2020). Population Density, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Asia-Pacific Countries. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(4), 934-944. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.545681