UNDER THE SWORD OF DAMOCLES IN TECHNOLOGY POLICY MAKING: THE CASES OF TURKISH HEALTH BIOTECHNOLOGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTORS
Öz
Sağlık biyoteknolojisi ve yenilenebilir enerji, Türkiye'nin yanı sıra gelişmekte olan ülkeler için de yeni ortaya çıkan ve gelecek vaat eden iki araştırma alanıdır. Bu sektörlere yönelik Bilim ve Teknoloji (B&T) politikaları, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki B&T kapasite birikimindeki farklılıkları ve eşitsizlikleri ortadan kaldırmak için güçlü araçlar olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Ancak bu iki sektör, Türkiye'de B&T politikalarının oluşturulmasında sorunlu araştırma alanları olarak büyümektedir. Sağlık biyoteknolojisi sektörüne yönelik hükümet politikaları, yenilenebilir enerji sektörüne yönelik titiz hükümet politikalarına kıyasla gevşektir. Politika oluşturmadaki bu yapısal farklılıklara rağmen, "siyasi müdahaleler ve prosedürlerdeki belirsizlik" güdüsü her iki sektördeki aktörlerin karar alma sürecinde standarttır. Bu güdü onları ulusal ve/veya uluslararası piyasalarda hayatta kalabilmek için yasadışı veya kayıt dışı çözümler aramaya zorlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu makalede, politika yapıcıların eylemlerindeki "belirsizliğin" bu birbirinden farklı iki sektördeki aktörleri aynı tepkiye yönlendiren kaynaklar incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti'nin sağlık biyoteknolojisi sektörü ve yenilenebilir enerji sektörüne siyasi müdahalesinin sosyo-ekonomik etkileri tartışılmıştır. Bu makalede, sorunların bu sektörlere içkin olup olmadığı ve sektörlerin yapısal özellikleri tarafından mı yeniden üretildiği yoksa sektörlere dışsal mı olduğu incelenmiştir. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yoluyla bu sektörlerdeki politika oluşturma yaklaşımları arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkilerin, benzerliklerin ve farklılıkların ampirik bir analizi yapılmıştır. Başka bir deyişle, Demokles'in kılıcı altında duran "karakter" ele alınmıştır. Bu kişi "politika yapıcı" mı, "araştırmacı" mı yoksa "firma sahibi" midir? Yoksa bunlar birbirinden ayrılamaz olduğu için aynı korkuyu mu hissediyorlar?
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sağlık Biyoteknolojisi Yenilenebilir Enerji B&T Politikası Teknoloji Yenilik Sistemi Health Biotechnology Renewable Energy S&T Policy Technological Innovation System
Destekleyen Kurum
TUBITAK
Proje Numarası
114K 070
Teşekkür
Yazarlar, Ampirik Analiz 1 Bölüm için TUBITAK 1002 Hızlı Destek Programı 114 K070 No'lu Projeye finansal destek için teşekkür ederler.
Kaynakça
- CASSIOLATO, J. E and SOARES, M. (2015) Innovation Systems, Development and Health: an Introduction, in Book Health innovation systems, equity and development, Edition: 1 (Eds: José E. CASSIOLATO, Maria Clara C. SOARES), E-Papers, Rio de Janeiro.
- HEKKERT, M.P., NEGRO S. O., HARMSEN R., and HEIMERIKS G.J. (2007) “Technology innovation system analysis: a manual for Analysts”, Utrecht, The Netherlands: Utrecht University, Report for Joint Research Center, Energy Institute.
- JACOBSSON, S. and BERGEK, A. (2004), “Transforming the energy sector: The evolution of TIS in renewable energy technologies”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 13(5), 815-849.
- JACOBSSON, S., LAUBER, V. (2006) “The politics and policy of energy system transformation—explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology”, Energy Policy, 34, 256–276.
- JACOBSSON, S and BERGEK, A. (2011), “Innovation system analyses and sustainability transitions: Contributions and suggestions for research”, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, v.1, pp.41–57.
- PICKSTONE, J.V. (2007) “Working knowledge before and after circa 1800: Practices and disciplines in the history of science, technology and medicine,” Isis, Vol.98/3, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society, pp. 489-516.
- SANDEN, B. A. and AZAR C. (2005), "Near-term technology policies for long-term climate targets-economy wide versus technology-specific approaches", Energy Policy, 33, 1557–1576.
- URL 1: ETKB (T.C. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) (2013). National Equilibtium Tables, availabe at: https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-raporlari.
- URL 2: ETKB (T.C. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) (2021). National EquilibriumTables, availabe at: https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-raporlari.
- URL 3: Turkish Official Gazette, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Regulation on Assisted Reproductive Treatment Practices and Assisted Reproductive Treatment Centres, dated 6 March 2010 and numbered 27513, URL: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/03/20100306-10.htm.
- URL 4: TURKSTAT (2022) Biotechnology Statistics, Accessed on 1st December 2022, URL: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Biotechnology-Statistics-2020-37449.
UNDER THE SWORD OF DAMOCLES IN TECHNOLOGY POLICY MAKING: THE CASES OF TURKISH HEALTH BIOTECHNOLOGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTORS
Öz
Health biotechnology (HEB) and renewable energy (RES) are emerging and promising research areas for developing countries and Turkey. Science and Technology (S&T) policies can potentially be exploited to eradicate the unbalances in S&T capacity building for developed and developing countries. Nonetheless, policy-making in these sectors is seen as ambiguous and unsettled in Turkey due to the developing nature of the technologies, the dynamic environment in which technologies are used and changing circumstances depending on the actors’ problems and needs. Policies in HEB are loose compared to policies in RES. Nonetheless, these two sectors are distinct and unique in their peculiarities; responses to the policy problems are converging due to the common motivation of political intervention, namely uncertainty in decision-making. This joint structural response makes them search for illegal or auxiliary solutions for their sectoral problems and needs. Therefore, here the main examination unit is the ‘uncertainty’ in policy-makers' actions that make the actors behave in parallel despite structural differences. In this context, we discuss the socioeconomic impacts of the political intervention of the Turkish policy-makers in HEB and RES. For this purpose, two qualitative data sets are elaborated, and the joint and separate patterns behind the policy-making were examined with interview data from HEB and RES. In other words, we discussed the "character" sitting under the sword of Damocles. Is it a "policy-maker", "researcher", or the "firm owner"? Or are they inseparable, and so are they feeling the same fear?
Anahtar Kelimeler
Health Biotechnology Renewable Energy S&T Policy Technological Innovation System
Proje Numarası
114K 070
Kaynakça
- CASSIOLATO, J. E and SOARES, M. (2015) Innovation Systems, Development and Health: an Introduction, in Book Health innovation systems, equity and development, Edition: 1 (Eds: José E. CASSIOLATO, Maria Clara C. SOARES), E-Papers, Rio de Janeiro.
- HEKKERT, M.P., NEGRO S. O., HARMSEN R., and HEIMERIKS G.J. (2007) “Technology innovation system analysis: a manual for Analysts”, Utrecht, The Netherlands: Utrecht University, Report for Joint Research Center, Energy Institute.
- JACOBSSON, S. and BERGEK, A. (2004), “Transforming the energy sector: The evolution of TIS in renewable energy technologies”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 13(5), 815-849.
- JACOBSSON, S., LAUBER, V. (2006) “The politics and policy of energy system transformation—explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology”, Energy Policy, 34, 256–276.
- JACOBSSON, S and BERGEK, A. (2011), “Innovation system analyses and sustainability transitions: Contributions and suggestions for research”, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, v.1, pp.41–57.
- PICKSTONE, J.V. (2007) “Working knowledge before and after circa 1800: Practices and disciplines in the history of science, technology and medicine,” Isis, Vol.98/3, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society, pp. 489-516.
- SANDEN, B. A. and AZAR C. (2005), "Near-term technology policies for long-term climate targets-economy wide versus technology-specific approaches", Energy Policy, 33, 1557–1576.
- URL 1: ETKB (T.C. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) (2013). National Equilibtium Tables, availabe at: https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-raporlari.
- URL 2: ETKB (T.C. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) (2021). National EquilibriumTables, availabe at: https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-raporlari.
- URL 3: Turkish Official Gazette, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Regulation on Assisted Reproductive Treatment Practices and Assisted Reproductive Treatment Centres, dated 6 March 2010 and numbered 27513, URL: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/03/20100306-10.htm.
- URL 4: TURKSTAT (2022) Biotechnology Statistics, Accessed on 1st December 2022, URL: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Biotechnology-Statistics-2020-37449.
Öz
Anahtar Kelimeler
Health Biotechnology Renewable Energy S&T Policy Technological Innovation System
Proje Numarası
114K 070
Kaynakça
- CASSIOLATO, J. E and SOARES, M. (2015) Innovation Systems, Development and Health: an Introduction, in Book Health innovation systems, equity and development, Edition: 1 (Eds: José E. CASSIOLATO, Maria Clara C. SOARES), E-Papers, Rio de Janeiro.
- HEKKERT, M.P., NEGRO S. O., HARMSEN R., and HEIMERIKS G.J. (2007) “Technology innovation system analysis: a manual for Analysts”, Utrecht, The Netherlands: Utrecht University, Report for Joint Research Center, Energy Institute.
- JACOBSSON, S. and BERGEK, A. (2004), “Transforming the energy sector: The evolution of TIS in renewable energy technologies”, Industrial and Corporate Change, 13(5), 815-849.
- JACOBSSON, S., LAUBER, V. (2006) “The politics and policy of energy system transformation—explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology”, Energy Policy, 34, 256–276.
- JACOBSSON, S and BERGEK, A. (2011), “Innovation system analyses and sustainability transitions: Contributions and suggestions for research”, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, v.1, pp.41–57.
- PICKSTONE, J.V. (2007) “Working knowledge before and after circa 1800: Practices and disciplines in the history of science, technology and medicine,” Isis, Vol.98/3, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society, pp. 489-516.
- SANDEN, B. A. and AZAR C. (2005), "Near-term technology policies for long-term climate targets-economy wide versus technology-specific approaches", Energy Policy, 33, 1557–1576.
- URL 1: ETKB (T.C. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) (2013). National Equilibtium Tables, availabe at: https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-raporlari.
- URL 2: ETKB (T.C. Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) (2021). National EquilibriumTables, availabe at: https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-raporlari.
- URL 3: Turkish Official Gazette, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Regulation on Assisted Reproductive Treatment Practices and Assisted Reproductive Treatment Centres, dated 6 March 2010 and numbered 27513, URL: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/03/20100306-10.htm.
- URL 4: TURKSTAT (2022) Biotechnology Statistics, Accessed on 1st December 2022, URL: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Biotechnology-Statistics-2020-37449.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 114K 070 |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 26 Ocak 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 26 Ocak 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 15 Ocak 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 28 |
Kaynak Göster
Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.