Araştırma Makalesi
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DEPREMİ YAŞAMIŞ ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİN SOSYAL DESTEK AĞLARINA İLİŞKİN ALGI VE GÖRÜŞLERİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 -Deprem Özel Sayısı-, 697 - 723, 22.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1409163

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı deprem mağduru üniversite öğrencilerinin sahip oldukları sosyal destek ağlarının psikolojik iyileşme üzerindeki etkilerine yönelik algı ve görüşlerinin ortaya çıkartılmasıdır. Fenomenolojik desen ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmada Kahramanmaraş depremini deneyimleyen üniversite öğrencileri ile nitel görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada amaçlı örnekleme tekniklerinden biri olan maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunu, 2023-2024 eğitim ve öğretim yılının güz döneminde öğrenimine devam eden ve gönüllü olarak çalışmaya katılan 38 üniversite öğrencisi (21’i kadın ve 17’si erkek) oluşturmuştur. Araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan demografik bilgi formu ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu veri toplama araçları olarak kullanılmıştır. Nitel verilerin analizi için içerik analizi yürütülmüştür. Bulgular sonucunda Sosyal Destek Ağlarının Doğası ve Çeşitliliği, Sosyal Destek Ağlarının Duygusal Etkileri, Sosyal Destek Alanları, Sosyal Destek ve Güvende Hissetme, Sosyal Destek Ağlarının İyileşme ve Güçlenme Üzerindeki Etkileri ana temaları altında on beş alt tema olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular öğrencilerin en çok aile ve arkadaşlarından ev ve okul alanlarında destek gördüğünü, bazılarının duygusal desteğe ulaşmada zorluk yaşadığını ancak bu desteğe ulaşanların ise kendilerini güvende hissettiklerini, daha hızlı psikolojik iyileşme, semptomlarda azalma yaşadıklarını göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Shawi, A. F., Al-Hemiary, N. J., Al-Diwan, J. K. & Tahir, D. H. (2011). Post-traumatic stress disorder among university students in Baghdad: A preliminary report. Age, 19(1.3), 19-28.
  • Amin, R., Nadeem, E., Iqbal, K., Asadullah, M. A. & Hussain, B. (2020). Support for students exposed to trauma (SSET) program: An approach for building resilience and social support among flood-impacted children. School Mental Health, 12(3), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-020-09373-y.
  • Atay, S. (2015). Kocaeli Üniversitesi tıp fakültesi 1. ve 5.-6. sınıf öğrencilerinin travmatik stres düzeyleri ile saldırganlık, dürtüsel davranış ve akademik başarıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Kocaeli.
  • Aydın, K. B. (2023). Sosyal destek: Herkese lazım. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Batool, H. (2022). Adaptation with injury, family role responsibilities, & social support after distal radius fracture (DRF). (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). The University of Western, London.
  • Bowen, G. A. (2008). Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: A research note. Qualitative Research, 8(1), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107085301.
  • Briere, J., Kaltman, S. & Green, B. L. (2008). Accumulated childhood trauma and symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 21(2), 223-226.
  • Cacciatore, J., Thieleman, K., Fretts, R. & Jackson, L. B. (2021). What is good grief support? exploring the actors and actions in social support after traumatic grief. PloS One, 16(5), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252324.
  • Chen, S. (2013). Social support and health: Theory, research and practice with diverse populations. Nova.
  • Cherry, M. L. & Wilcox, M. M. (2020). Decreasing perceived and academic stress through emotion regulation and nonjudging with trauma-exposed college students. International Journal of Stress Management, 27(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000138.
  • Cohen, S., Underwood, L. G. & Gottlieb, B. H. (Eds.). (2000). Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. Oxford University Press.
  • Cunningham, M. R. & Barbee, A. P. (2000). Social support. In C. Hendrick and S. S. Hendrick (Eds.), Close relationships: A sourcebook (pp. 273–285). Sage Publications Inc.
  • Erdur Baker, Ö., Aksöz Efe, İ. & Doğan, T. (2021). Travma psikolojisi. Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. (2nd ed.). W.W.Norton. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.19961/page/n5/mode/2up
  • Figley, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Trauma and its wake. Routledge.
  • Gül, U. & Bayram, U. (2014). Kentsel dönüşüm projelerinde deprem etkisi. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 6(2), 1-11.
  • Gün, S. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik dayanıklılık, yaşam becerileri ve algılanan sosyal destek düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Konya.
  • Haj-Yahia, M. M., Sokar, S., Hassan-Abbas, N. & Malka, M. (2019). The relationship between exposure to family violence in childhood and post-traumatic stress symptoms in young adulthood: The mediating role of social support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 92, 126-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.023.
  • Han, W., Liu, W., Xie, J. & Zhang, S. (2023). Social support to mitigate perceived risk: Moderating effect of trust. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(11), 1797-1812. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2070457.
  • Helzer, J. E., Robins, L. N. & McEvoy, L. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. New England Journal of Medicine, 317(26), 1630-1634. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198712243172604.
  • Huisman, D. M. (2022). Social power and communicating social support: How stigma and marginalization affect our ability to help. Routledge.
  • Javakhishvili, J. D., Ardino, V., Bragesjö, M., Kazlauskas, E., Olff, M. & Schäfer, I. (2020). Trauma-informed responses in addressing public mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of the European society for traumatic stress studies (ESTSS). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1780782.
  • Karancı, N. (2006). Afetlerle yaşamak ya da afet yaşamamak. 14. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi. (ss. 142-153). Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Kaypak, Ş. & Bimay, M. (2016). Suriye savaşı nedeniyle yaşanan göçün ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel etkileri: Batman örneği. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 84-110.
  • Kehle-Forbes, S. M., Ackland, P. E., Spoont, M. R., Meis, L. A., Orazem, R. J., Lyon, A., Valenstein-Mah, H. R., Schnurr, P. P., Zickmund, S. L., Foa, E. B., Chard, K. M., Alpert, E. & Polusny, M. A. (2022). Divergent experiences of US veterans who did and did not complete trauma-focused therapies for PTSD: A national qualitative study of treatment dropout. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 154, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104123.
  • Korkmazer, F. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin işsizlik kaygısı algılarının incelenmesi. Business Economics and Management Research Journal, 3(2), 141-152.
  • Kurapov, A., Pavlenko, V., Drozdov, A., Bezliudna, V., Reznik, A. & Isralowitz, R. (2023). Toward an understanding of the Russian-Ukrainian war impact on university students and personnel. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 28(2), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2022.2084838.
  • Kurt, E. & Gülbahçe, A. (2019). Van depremini yaşayan öğrencilerin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(3), 957-972.
  • Labrague, L. J. & De los Santos, J. A. A. (2020). COVID‐19 anxiety among front‐line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1653-1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121.
  • Livanou, M., Bassoglu, M., Ssalcioglu, E., & Kalendar, D. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 190(12), 816-823.
  • McCabe, C. T., Watrous, J. R. & Galarneau, M. R. (2020). Trauma exposure, mental health, and quality of life among injured service members: Moderating effects of perceived support from friends and family. Military Psychology, 32(2), 164-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2019.1691406.
  • Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J. & Britz, L. (2019). Promoting evidence-based, trauma-informed social work practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 55(4), 645-657.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
  • Némirovsky, I. (2023). Aile bağları (2. Baskı). Can Yayınları.
  • Özkan, S. & Yılmaz, E. (2010). Üniversite öğrencilerinin üniversite yaşamına uyum durumları (Bandırma örneği). Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 5(13), 153-171.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative Social Work, 1(3), 261-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325002001003636.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative study and evaluation methods. Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Paxson, C., Fussell, E., Rhodes, J. & Waters, M. (2012). Five years later: Recovery from post traumatic stress and psychological distress among low-income mothers affected by Hurricane Katrina. Social Science & Medicine, 74(2), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.004.
  • Robinaugh, D. J., Marques, L., Traeger, L. N., Marks, E. H., Sung, S. C., Beck, J. G., Pollack, M. H. & Simon, N. M. (2011). Understanding the relationship of perceived social support to post-trauma cognitions and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(8), 1072-1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.07.004.
  • Saltzman, L. Y., Hansel, T. C. & Bordnick, P. S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S55–S57. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000703.
  • Schemitsch, C. & Nauth, A. (2020). Psychological factors and recovery from trauma. Injury, 51, 64-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2019.10.081.
  • Scurfield, R. M. (2013). Post-trauma stress assessment and treatment: Overview and formulations. Trauma and Its Wake, 1(3), 219-256.
  • Şahan, B. (2022). Genç yetişkinlik dönemi bireylerin kriz yaşantıları ve destek kaynakları. Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences, 17(6), 1553-1577. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.63138.
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PERCEPTIONS AND OPINIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WHO EXPERIENCED THE EARTHQUAKE ON SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 -Deprem Özel Sayısı-, 697 - 723, 22.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1409163

Öz

This study aims to uncover the perceptions and viewpoints of university students who have survived an earthquake on the impact of their social support networks on their recovery. In this phenomenological study, qualitative interviews were conducted with university students who experienced the Kahramanmaraş earthquake. The study employed maximum variation sampling, which is a purposeful sampling technique. The study group consisted of 38 university students (21 female and 17 male) who continued their education in the fall semester of the 2023-2024 academic year and voluntarily participated in the study. A demographic information form and a semi-structured interview form prepared by the researcher were used as data collection tools. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. As a result of the findings, fifteen sub-themes were identified under the main themes of Nature and Diversity of Social Support Networks, Emotional Effects of Social Support Networks, Social Support Areas, Social Support and Feeling Safe, and Effects of Social Support Networks on Recovery and Empowerment. The results revealed that students received the most support from their family and friends in the areas of home and school; some had difficulty receiving emotional support, but those who accessed this support felt safe, experienced faster psychological recovery and a decrease in symptoms.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Shawi, A. F., Al-Hemiary, N. J., Al-Diwan, J. K. & Tahir, D. H. (2011). Post-traumatic stress disorder among university students in Baghdad: A preliminary report. Age, 19(1.3), 19-28.
  • Amin, R., Nadeem, E., Iqbal, K., Asadullah, M. A. & Hussain, B. (2020). Support for students exposed to trauma (SSET) program: An approach for building resilience and social support among flood-impacted children. School Mental Health, 12(3), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-020-09373-y.
  • Atay, S. (2015). Kocaeli Üniversitesi tıp fakültesi 1. ve 5.-6. sınıf öğrencilerinin travmatik stres düzeyleri ile saldırganlık, dürtüsel davranış ve akademik başarıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Kocaeli.
  • Aydın, K. B. (2023). Sosyal destek: Herkese lazım. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Batool, H. (2022). Adaptation with injury, family role responsibilities, & social support after distal radius fracture (DRF). (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). The University of Western, London.
  • Bowen, G. A. (2008). Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: A research note. Qualitative Research, 8(1), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794107085301.
  • Briere, J., Kaltman, S. & Green, B. L. (2008). Accumulated childhood trauma and symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 21(2), 223-226.
  • Cacciatore, J., Thieleman, K., Fretts, R. & Jackson, L. B. (2021). What is good grief support? exploring the actors and actions in social support after traumatic grief. PloS One, 16(5), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252324.
  • Chen, S. (2013). Social support and health: Theory, research and practice with diverse populations. Nova.
  • Cherry, M. L. & Wilcox, M. M. (2020). Decreasing perceived and academic stress through emotion regulation and nonjudging with trauma-exposed college students. International Journal of Stress Management, 27(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000138.
  • Cohen, S., Underwood, L. G. & Gottlieb, B. H. (Eds.). (2000). Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. Oxford University Press.
  • Cunningham, M. R. & Barbee, A. P. (2000). Social support. In C. Hendrick and S. S. Hendrick (Eds.), Close relationships: A sourcebook (pp. 273–285). Sage Publications Inc.
  • Erdur Baker, Ö., Aksöz Efe, İ. & Doğan, T. (2021). Travma psikolojisi. Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. (2nd ed.). W.W.Norton. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.19961/page/n5/mode/2up
  • Figley, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Trauma and its wake. Routledge.
  • Gül, U. & Bayram, U. (2014). Kentsel dönüşüm projelerinde deprem etkisi. Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 6(2), 1-11.
  • Gün, S. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik dayanıklılık, yaşam becerileri ve algılanan sosyal destek düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Konya.
  • Haj-Yahia, M. M., Sokar, S., Hassan-Abbas, N. & Malka, M. (2019). The relationship between exposure to family violence in childhood and post-traumatic stress symptoms in young adulthood: The mediating role of social support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 92, 126-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.023.
  • Han, W., Liu, W., Xie, J. & Zhang, S. (2023). Social support to mitigate perceived risk: Moderating effect of trust. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(11), 1797-1812. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2070457.
  • Helzer, J. E., Robins, L. N. & McEvoy, L. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population. New England Journal of Medicine, 317(26), 1630-1634. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198712243172604.
  • Huisman, D. M. (2022). Social power and communicating social support: How stigma and marginalization affect our ability to help. Routledge.
  • Javakhishvili, J. D., Ardino, V., Bragesjö, M., Kazlauskas, E., Olff, M. & Schäfer, I. (2020). Trauma-informed responses in addressing public mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of the European society for traumatic stress studies (ESTSS). European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1780782.
  • Karancı, N. (2006). Afetlerle yaşamak ya da afet yaşamamak. 14. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi. (ss. 142-153). Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Kaypak, Ş. & Bimay, M. (2016). Suriye savaşı nedeniyle yaşanan göçün ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel etkileri: Batman örneği. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 84-110.
  • Kehle-Forbes, S. M., Ackland, P. E., Spoont, M. R., Meis, L. A., Orazem, R. J., Lyon, A., Valenstein-Mah, H. R., Schnurr, P. P., Zickmund, S. L., Foa, E. B., Chard, K. M., Alpert, E. & Polusny, M. A. (2022). Divergent experiences of US veterans who did and did not complete trauma-focused therapies for PTSD: A national qualitative study of treatment dropout. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 154, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104123.
  • Korkmazer, F. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin işsizlik kaygısı algılarının incelenmesi. Business Economics and Management Research Journal, 3(2), 141-152.
  • Kurapov, A., Pavlenko, V., Drozdov, A., Bezliudna, V., Reznik, A. & Isralowitz, R. (2023). Toward an understanding of the Russian-Ukrainian war impact on university students and personnel. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 28(2), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2022.2084838.
  • Kurt, E. & Gülbahçe, A. (2019). Van depremini yaşayan öğrencilerin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(3), 957-972.
  • Labrague, L. J. & De los Santos, J. A. A. (2020). COVID‐19 anxiety among front‐line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1653-1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121.
  • Livanou, M., Bassoglu, M., Ssalcioglu, E., & Kalendar, D. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 190(12), 816-823.
  • McCabe, C. T., Watrous, J. R. & Galarneau, M. R. (2020). Trauma exposure, mental health, and quality of life among injured service members: Moderating effects of perceived support from friends and family. Military Psychology, 32(2), 164-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2019.1691406.
  • Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J. & Britz, L. (2019). Promoting evidence-based, trauma-informed social work practice. Journal of Social Work Education, 55(4), 645-657.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
  • Némirovsky, I. (2023). Aile bağları (2. Baskı). Can Yayınları.
  • Özkan, S. & Yılmaz, E. (2010). Üniversite öğrencilerinin üniversite yaşamına uyum durumları (Bandırma örneği). Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 5(13), 153-171.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative Social Work, 1(3), 261-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325002001003636.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative study and evaluation methods. Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Paxson, C., Fussell, E., Rhodes, J. & Waters, M. (2012). Five years later: Recovery from post traumatic stress and psychological distress among low-income mothers affected by Hurricane Katrina. Social Science & Medicine, 74(2), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.004.
  • Robinaugh, D. J., Marques, L., Traeger, L. N., Marks, E. H., Sung, S. C., Beck, J. G., Pollack, M. H. & Simon, N. M. (2011). Understanding the relationship of perceived social support to post-trauma cognitions and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(8), 1072-1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.07.004.
  • Saltzman, L. Y., Hansel, T. C. & Bordnick, P. S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S55–S57. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000703.
  • Schemitsch, C. & Nauth, A. (2020). Psychological factors and recovery from trauma. Injury, 51, 64-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2019.10.081.
  • Scurfield, R. M. (2013). Post-trauma stress assessment and treatment: Overview and formulations. Trauma and Its Wake, 1(3), 219-256.
  • Şahan, B. (2022). Genç yetişkinlik dönemi bireylerin kriz yaşantıları ve destek kaynakları. Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences, 17(6), 1553-1577. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.63138.
  • Temel Eğinli, A. (2013). İletişim becerileri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay depremleri raporu. 17 Mart 2023, https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf.
  • Walter, M. (2016). Social and temporal comparisons following trauma: the influence of comparison processes on post trauma outcomes and relationships with others. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn.
  • Wang, Y., Chung, M. C., Wang, N., Yu, X. & Kenardy, J. (2021). Social support and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 85, 101998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101998.
  • Woodward, M. J., Eddinger, J., Henschel, A. V., Dodson, T. S., Tran, H. N. & Beck, J. G. (2015). Social support, posttraumatic cognitions, and PTSD: The influence of family, friends, and a close other in an interpersonal and non-interpersonal trauma group. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 35, 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.09.002.
  • Wynd, C. A., Schmidt, B. & Schaefer, M. A. (2003). Two quantitative approaches for estimating content validity. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 25(5), 508-518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945903252998.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yehuda, R. (2002). Post-traumatic stress disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(2), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra012941.
  • Yehuda, R., Hoge, C. W., McFarlane, A. C., Vermetten, E., Lanius, R. A., Nievergelt, C. M., Hobfoll, S. E., Koenen, K. C., Neylan, T. C. & Hyman, S. E. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Reviews Disease primers, 1(1), 1-22.
  • Yule, W. & Smith, P. (2015). Post traumatic stress disorder. In A. Thapar, D. S. Pine, J. F. Leckman, S. Scott, M. J. Snowling, and E. Taylor (Eds.), Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (pp. 806-821). Wiley.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Deprem Özel Sayısı
Yazarlar

Sevgi Uygur 0000-0001-8848-8968

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Şubat 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 2 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 -Deprem Özel Sayısı-

Kaynak Göster

APA Uygur, S. (2024). DEPREMİ YAŞAMIŞ ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİN SOSYAL DESTEK AĞLARINA İLİŞKİN ALGI VE GÖRÜŞLERİ. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 15(1 -Deprem Özel Sayısı-), 697-723. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1409163