Öz
Askeri darbelerin sık rastlandığı Batı Afrika alt bölgesinde, bu darbelerin açıklanmasına dair pek çok iç siyasal faktör öne çıkarılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, eski sömürge ülkelerin siyasi, askeri ve ekonomik olarak dışa bağımlılıkları bu ülkeleri dış nüfuza da açık hale getirmektedir. Nitekim eski sömürgeci güçler veya güçlü devletlerin, gelişmekte olan ülkelerle kurdukları eşitsiz ilişki bilerek veya bilmeyerek istikrarsızlığa neden olabilmektedir. Rejimin durumu, etnik mücadele, pretoryanizm, ordunun iç güvenlik konularında görevlendirilmesi ve kaynakların dengesiz dağılımı gibi sivil-asker ilişkilerini etkileyen faktörlere dış etkenlerin de dahil edilmesi söz konusu ilişki dikkate alındığında elzem görünmektedir. İç dinamiklerin dış etkilere karşı savunmasız hale getirdiği bir ülkede dış aktörler siyasal krizlerde etkili şekilde rol alabilmektedirler. Ordunun eğitimi, yabancı askeri danışmanlar, dış yardımlar, yabancı askeri üs ve yatırım gibi araçlar, ordunun siyasete yönelik müdahalesine destek veya engel teşkil edebilecek bir dış nüfuzu üretmektedir. Dolayısıyla ordu mensuplarının dış sosyalizasyonu, sivil-asker ilişkileri analizlerinde dikkate alınması gereken bir unsur olarak belirmektedir. Bu çalışmada Liberya’da 1980 yılında gerçekleşen askeri darbe örneği üzerinden dış aktör olarak ABD’nin rolü ve etkisi sorgulanacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Pretoryanizm dış nüfuz sivil-asker ilişkileri Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Liberya
Kaynakça
- Adst. (tarih yok). Country and Subject Reader Series: Liberia. Association for Diplomatic Studies&Training: https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Liberia.pdf adresinden alındı
- Bagayoko-Penone, N. (2003). Afrique: Les Stratégies française et américaine. Paris: Editions Harmattan.
- Bodea, C., & Houle, C. (2017). Ethnic inequality and coups in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 382-396.
- Böhmelt, T., Escriba-Folch, A., & Pilster, U. (2018). Pitfalls of professionalism? Military academies and coup risk. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1-29.
- Caverley, J., & Savage , J. (2017a). When human capital threatens the Capitol: Foreign aid in the form of military training and coups. Journal of Peace Research, 542-557.
- Caverley, J., & Savage, J. (2015, 10 1). Foreign Military Training and Coup Propensity. https://www.jonathancaverley.com: https://www.jonathancaverley.com › uploads › caverleysavage_sept17_2015 adresinden alındı
- Caverley, J., & Savage, J. (2017b, 8 9). Training The Man on Horseback: The Connection Between U.S. Training and Military Coups. War on the Rocks: https://warontherocks.com/2017/08/training-the-man-on-horseback-the-connection-between-u-s-training-and-military-coups/ adresinden alındı
- CIA. (1980, 12 1). Interagency Intelligence Memorandum: Postcoup Prospects in Liberia. CIA Home Library Reading Room: https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP97S00289R000100190007-2.pdf adresinden alındı
- CIA, D. (1986, 9 23). The Significance of Foreign Involvement in Third World Coups. CIA Home Library Electronic Reading Room: https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T01017R000201480001-5.pdf adresinden alındı
- Dunn , D. (2009). Liberia and the United States during the Cold War: Limits of Reciprocity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- EPR Atlas. (2018). EPR Atlas. Ethnic Power Relations International Conflict Research Report, ETH Zürich: https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Liberia adresinden alındı
- Hahn, N. (2014). US Covert and Overt Operations in Liberia, 1970s to 2003. ASPJ Africa&Francophonie, 19-47.
- Houle, C., Bodea, C., & Elbadawi, I. (2016). Do civil wars, coups and riots have the same structural determinants?. International Interactions, 537-561.
- Huntington, S. (1965). Political development and political decay. World Politics, 386-430.
- Huntington, S. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. London&New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Huntington, S. (1970). Foreign aid for what and for whom, foreign policy. Foreign Policy, 161-189.
- Jaynes, G. (1981, 1 20). Liberia's Young Sergeant Still Learning How To Rule . The New York Times, s. 8.
- Kieh Jr., G. (2000). Military rule in Liberia. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 327-340.
- Kinzer, S. (2007). Darbe: Hawaii’den Irak’a Amerika’nın Rejim Değişiklikleri Yüzyılı. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Library of Congress. (tarih yok). The African-American Mosaic: Colonization. Library of Congress Archives: https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html adresinden alındı
- Liebenow, J. (1986). African Politics: Crises and Challenges. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Maniruzzaman, T. (1992). Arms transfers, military coups, and military rule in developing states. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 733-755.
- Moyer, J., Sweijs, T., Van Manen, H., & Burrows, M. (2018). Power and Influence in a Globalized World. Washington: The Atlantic Council.
- Nkrumah, K. (1968). Dark Days in Ghana. London: International Publishers.
- Norman, C. (2002). It İs Time For Change: Speeches of William R. Tolbert Jr. Abidjan: Victory Publishing International.
- OEC. (2019, 12 24). OEC Data and Visualizations on Foreign Trade: Liberia Imports and Exports (by year). The Observatory of Economic Complexity: https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/sitc/import/lbr/show/all/ adresinden alındı
- Onwumechili, C. (1998). African Democratization and Military Coups. Westport/Dallas: Greenwood Publishing Group.
- O'Rourke, L. (2017). Covert calamities: American-backed covert regime changes and civil war. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 232-245.
- Pabanel, J. (1984). Les Coups d’Etat militaire en Afrique Noire. Paris: Editions l’Harmattan.
- Perlmutter, A. (1981). Political Roles and Military Rulers. London: Frank Cass.
- Pion-Berlin, D. (2001). (Ed.), 2001, Civil-Military Relations in Latin America: New Analytical Perspectives. London: The University of North Carolina Press.
- Roessler, P. (2011). The enemy within: personal rule, coups and civil war in Africa. World Politics, 300-346.
- Roessler, P. (2016). Ethnic Politics and State Power in Africa: The Logic of the Coup-Civil War Trap. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rowe, E. (1974). Aid and coups d’etat: aspects of impact of American military assistance programs in the less developed countries. International Studies Quarterly, 239-255.
- Schmidt, E. (2013). Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Cambridge&New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Sesay, A. (1980). Le coup d'Etat du Liberia. Revue Politique africain, 91-92.
- SIPRI. (2019, 12 27). "Transfers of major weapons (Liberia): Deals with deliveries or orders made for 1970 to 1985". 12 27, 2019 tarihinde Stockholm International Peace Research Institute: http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php adresinden alındı
- Volman, D. (1993). Africa and the New World Order. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 9-10.
- Welch, C. (1972). Praetorianism in commonwealth West Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 203-222.
Öz
In the sub-region of West Africa, where military coups are common, many domestic political factors have been brought forward to explain these coups. However, the political, military and economic dependence of the former colonial countries on the outside makes them vulnerable to external influence. As a matter of fact, the unequal relationship established by the former colonial powers or powerful states with the developing countries can cause instability deliberately or unknowingly. The inclusion of external factors in the factors affecting civil-military relations, such as the state of the regime, ethnic struggle, preterianism, the deployment of the army on internal security issues and the unbalanced distribution of resources, is essential when considering this relationship. In a country where internal dynamics make it vulnerable to external influences, external actors can play an active role in political crises. The training of the military, foreign military advisers, foreign aid, foreign military base and investment instruments produce an external influence that may constitute support or obstacle to the military's intervention in politics. Therefore, the external socialization of the members of the army appears to be a factor to be considered in the analysis of civil-military relations. In this study, the role and impact of the US as an external actor will be questioned through the example of military coup in 1980 in Liberia.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Praetorianism external influence civil-military relations United States
Kaynakça
- Adst. (tarih yok). Country and Subject Reader Series: Liberia. Association for Diplomatic Studies&Training: https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Liberia.pdf adresinden alındı
- Bagayoko-Penone, N. (2003). Afrique: Les Stratégies française et américaine. Paris: Editions Harmattan.
- Bodea, C., & Houle, C. (2017). Ethnic inequality and coups in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 382-396.
- Böhmelt, T., Escriba-Folch, A., & Pilster, U. (2018). Pitfalls of professionalism? Military academies and coup risk. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1-29.
- Caverley, J., & Savage , J. (2017a). When human capital threatens the Capitol: Foreign aid in the form of military training and coups. Journal of Peace Research, 542-557.
- Caverley, J., & Savage, J. (2015, 10 1). Foreign Military Training and Coup Propensity. https://www.jonathancaverley.com: https://www.jonathancaverley.com › uploads › caverleysavage_sept17_2015 adresinden alındı
- Caverley, J., & Savage, J. (2017b, 8 9). Training The Man on Horseback: The Connection Between U.S. Training and Military Coups. War on the Rocks: https://warontherocks.com/2017/08/training-the-man-on-horseback-the-connection-between-u-s-training-and-military-coups/ adresinden alındı
- CIA. (1980, 12 1). Interagency Intelligence Memorandum: Postcoup Prospects in Liberia. CIA Home Library Reading Room: https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP97S00289R000100190007-2.pdf adresinden alındı
- CIA, D. (1986, 9 23). The Significance of Foreign Involvement in Third World Coups. CIA Home Library Electronic Reading Room: https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T01017R000201480001-5.pdf adresinden alındı
- Dunn , D. (2009). Liberia and the United States during the Cold War: Limits of Reciprocity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- EPR Atlas. (2018). EPR Atlas. Ethnic Power Relations International Conflict Research Report, ETH Zürich: https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Liberia adresinden alındı
- Hahn, N. (2014). US Covert and Overt Operations in Liberia, 1970s to 2003. ASPJ Africa&Francophonie, 19-47.
- Houle, C., Bodea, C., & Elbadawi, I. (2016). Do civil wars, coups and riots have the same structural determinants?. International Interactions, 537-561.
- Huntington, S. (1965). Political development and political decay. World Politics, 386-430.
- Huntington, S. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. London&New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Huntington, S. (1970). Foreign aid for what and for whom, foreign policy. Foreign Policy, 161-189.
- Jaynes, G. (1981, 1 20). Liberia's Young Sergeant Still Learning How To Rule . The New York Times, s. 8.
- Kieh Jr., G. (2000). Military rule in Liberia. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 327-340.
- Kinzer, S. (2007). Darbe: Hawaii’den Irak’a Amerika’nın Rejim Değişiklikleri Yüzyılı. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Library of Congress. (tarih yok). The African-American Mosaic: Colonization. Library of Congress Archives: https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html adresinden alındı
- Liebenow, J. (1986). African Politics: Crises and Challenges. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Maniruzzaman, T. (1992). Arms transfers, military coups, and military rule in developing states. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 733-755.
- Moyer, J., Sweijs, T., Van Manen, H., & Burrows, M. (2018). Power and Influence in a Globalized World. Washington: The Atlantic Council.
- Nkrumah, K. (1968). Dark Days in Ghana. London: International Publishers.
- Norman, C. (2002). It İs Time For Change: Speeches of William R. Tolbert Jr. Abidjan: Victory Publishing International.
- OEC. (2019, 12 24). OEC Data and Visualizations on Foreign Trade: Liberia Imports and Exports (by year). The Observatory of Economic Complexity: https://oec.world/en/visualize/tree_map/sitc/import/lbr/show/all/ adresinden alındı
- Onwumechili, C. (1998). African Democratization and Military Coups. Westport/Dallas: Greenwood Publishing Group.
- O'Rourke, L. (2017). Covert calamities: American-backed covert regime changes and civil war. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 232-245.
- Pabanel, J. (1984). Les Coups d’Etat militaire en Afrique Noire. Paris: Editions l’Harmattan.
- Perlmutter, A. (1981). Political Roles and Military Rulers. London: Frank Cass.
- Pion-Berlin, D. (2001). (Ed.), 2001, Civil-Military Relations in Latin America: New Analytical Perspectives. London: The University of North Carolina Press.
- Roessler, P. (2011). The enemy within: personal rule, coups and civil war in Africa. World Politics, 300-346.
- Roessler, P. (2016). Ethnic Politics and State Power in Africa: The Logic of the Coup-Civil War Trap. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rowe, E. (1974). Aid and coups d’etat: aspects of impact of American military assistance programs in the less developed countries. International Studies Quarterly, 239-255.
- Schmidt, E. (2013). Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Cambridge&New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Sesay, A. (1980). Le coup d'Etat du Liberia. Revue Politique africain, 91-92.
- SIPRI. (2019, 12 27). "Transfers of major weapons (Liberia): Deals with deliveries or orders made for 1970 to 1985". 12 27, 2019 tarihinde Stockholm International Peace Research Institute: http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php adresinden alındı
- Volman, D. (1993). Africa and the New World Order. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 9-10.
- Welch, C. (1972). Praetorianism in commonwealth West Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 203-222.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ağustos 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 2 Kasım 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1 |
