Araştırma Makalesi
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Güneydoğu Avrupa Bölgesi Doğal Gaz Piyasasının Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı Sonrası Ekopolitiği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: Prof. Dr. Muammer ERDOĞAN Anısına Kongre Özel Sayısı, 93 - 119, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1253162

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Ukrayna-Rusya savaşı nedeniyle Avrupa Birliği’nin Rusya’dan doğal gaz alımını kısıtlaması ile ortaya çıkan gelişmeler çerçevesinde, Balkan ülkelerini de kapsayan Avrupa’nın Güneydoğu bölgesindeki doğal gaz piyasasının ekopolitik açıdan incelenmesidir. Çalışmada Türkiye’nin de aralarında olduğu sekiz ülkenin doğal gaz kaynakları, ithalatları ve doğal gaz projeleriyle birlikte doğal gaz tüketimleri ekonomik açıdan incelenmiş ve Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) modelinden faydalanılarak bu ülkelerin potansiyel doğal gaz tüketimleri tahmin edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre yıllık olarak bölgenin gözlenen tüketimi 111,5 Bcm iken ima edilen tüketimi 216,9 Bcm’dir. Diğer taraftan Rusya’dan doğal gaz satın alınmadığı bir senaryo göz önüne alındığında, Güneydoğu Avrupa bölgesinin doğal gaz ihtiyacının mevcut yatırım ve imkânlarla karşılanmasının mümkün olmadığı; bölgenin LNG tesisleri ve mevcut boru hatları ile temin edilebilecek doğal gaz miktarının kendi başına yeterli olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, bölgenin enerji merkezi olma hedefi olan Yunanistan’ın LNG tesisleri ve mevcut boru hatları ile sağlayabileceği gaz miktarı da yeterli değildir. Bu nedenlerle Rusya, Güneydoğu Avrupa bölgesi doğal gaz pazarında güçlü bir oyuncu olmaya devam ederken, mevcut konjonktürde Türkiye’nin enerji merkezi olma potansiyelinin giderek arttığı söylenebilir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK 3005 (Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimlerde Yenilikçi Çözümler Araştırma Projeleri Destek Programı) kapsamında desteklenen 121G180 kodlu ve “Güney Gaz Koridoru Ege Havzası Projelerinin, Türkiye ve Avrupa'nın Enerji Arz Güvenliği Kapsamında Doğal Gaz Hub'ı Olma Potansiyelinin İktisadi ve Jeostratejik Analizi” başlıklı proje kapsamında hazırlanmıştır.

Proje Numarası

121G180

Teşekkür

Çalışmamıza katkılarından ve ilgilerinden dolayı M. Hakan BERUMENT, K. Barış ATICI, Burak PİRGAİP, Gizem ARI, Cem MENTEN, Serkan ŞAHİN, Trevor BREUSCH, BİİBFAD Dergisi Editör Kurulu ve hakemlere teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Aigner, D., Schneider, F., & Ghosh, D. (1986). Me and my shadow: Estimating the size of the US underground economy from time series data (No. 2280-2019-4542).
  • Arık, O. A. (2019). Artificial bee colony algorithm to forecast natural gas consumption of Turkey. SN Applied Sciences, 1(10), 1138.
  • Athens News. (2022). Greece becomes European hub for liquefied natural gas. https://en.rua.gr/2022/12/02/greece-becomes-european-hub-for-liquefied-natural-gas
  • Bajada, C. & Schneider, F. (2005). The shadow economies of the asia-pacific. Pacific Economic Review, 10, 379-401
  • Bianco, V., Manca, O., Nardini, S., & Minea, A. A. (2010). Analysis and forecasting of nonresidential electricity consumption in Romania. Applied Energy, 87(11), 3584-3590.
  • Breusch, T. (2005). Estimating the underground economy using mimic models. Econometrics 0507003, EconWPA. http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpem/0507003.html
  • Buehn, A., & Eichler, S. (2009). Smuggling Illegal versus Legal Goods across the US‐Mexico Border: A Structural Equations Model Approach. Southern Economic Journal, 76(2), 328-350.
  • Buehn, A., Dell’Anno, R., & Schneider, F. (2018). Exploring the dark side of tax policy: an analysis of the interactions between fiscal illusion and the shadow economy. Empirical Economics, 54, 1609-1630.
  • Canale, L., Cortellessa, G., Dell’Isola, M., Ficco, G., Frattolillo, A., Zuena, F., ... & Distribuzione, S. E. (2019). A comparative analysis among standard load profiles for natural gas consumption simulation at urban scale. In Proceedings of th IBPSA International Conference & Exhibition Building Simulation, Rome, September.
  • Canyurt, O. E., & Özturk, H. K. (2008). Application of genetic algorithm (GA) technique on demand estimation of fossil fuels in Turkey. Energy Policy, 36(7), 2562-2569.
  • Das, A., McFarlane, A. A., & Chowdhury, M. (2013). The dynamics of natural gas consumption and GDP in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 269-274.
  • Deb, C., Zhang, F., Yang, J., Lee, S. E., & Shah, K. W. (2017). A review on time series forecasting techniques for building energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 902-924.
  • Dell'Anno, R. (2003). Estimating the shadow economy in Italy: A structural equation approach (No. 2003-7).
  • Dell’Anno, R., Gómez-Antonio, M., & Pardo, A. (2007). The shadow economy in three Mediterranean countries: France, Spain and Greece. A MIMIC approach. Empirical Economics, 33, 51-84.
  • Destek, M. A. (2016). Natural gas consumption and economic growth: Panel evidence from OECD countries. Energy, 114, 1007-1015.
  • Dineva, V. (2020). Energy trilemma in South East Europe–Seeking the balance between energy security, economic and environmental goals, in times of energy transition. Energy and Climate Diplomacy, 13, 58.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2018). Western Balkans: Directions for the energy sector. The World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/201391544823541838/pdf/Western-Balkans-Energy-Directions-Paper.pdf
  • Erdem, O. E., & Kesen, S. E. (2020). Estimation of Turkey’s natural gas consumption by machine learning techniques. Gazi University Journal of Science, 33(1), 120-133.
  • Erdoğdu, E. (2010). Natural gas demand in Turkey. Applied Energy, 87(1), 211-219.
  • Eren, T. & Kaçtıoğlu, S. (2017). Türkiye’deki doğal gaz tüketimi ve gri tahmin metoduyla tahmin edilmesi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(31), 23-41.
  • Ervural, B. C., Beyca, O. F., & Zaim, S. (2016). Model estimation of ARMA using genetic algorithms: A case study of forecasting natural gas consumption. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 537-545.
  • European Commission. (2022). Launch of the Interconnector Greece-Bulgaria. European Commission - Directorate General for Energy. https://commission.europa.eu/news/launch-interconnector-greece-bulgaria-2022-10-01-0_en
  • Eurostat. (2018). Natural gas supply statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Natural_gas_supply_statistics
  • EuroStat. (2022). Energy statistics - an overview. EuroStat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_statistics_-_an_overview
  • Feld, L. P., & Schneider, F. (2010). Survey on the shadow economy and undeclared earnings in OECD countries. German economic review, 11(2), 109-149.
  • Frey, B. S., & Weck-Hanneman, H. (1984). The hidden economy as an ‘unobserved’variable. European Economic Review, 26(1-2), 33-53.
  • Giles, D. E. A. (1999a). Measuring the hidden economy: Implications for econometric modelling. The Economic Journal, 109 (46), 370-380.
  • Giles, D. E. A. (1999b). Modelling the hidden economy and the tax-gap in New Zealand. Empirical Economics, 24, 621-640.
  • Global Energy Monitor Wiki. (t.y.). BRUA Gas Pipeline. Global Energy Monitor Wiki. https://www.gem.wiki/BRUA_Gas_Pipeline
  • GPF. (2022). Pipeline networks in Southeastern Europe. Geopolitical Futures. https://geopoliticalfutures.com//pdfs/pipeline-networks-in-southeastern-europe-geopoliticalfutures-com.pdf
  • Hussain, A., Memon, J. A., Murshed, M., Alam, M. S., Mehmood, U., Alam, M. N., ... & Hayat, U. (2022). A time series forecasting analysis of overall and sector-based natural gas demand: A developing South Asian economy case. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(47), 71676-71687.
  • Ichord, R. F. Jr. (2022). The war in Ukraine and gas in the Western Balkans. Atlantic Council - Energy Source. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/energysource/the-war-in-ukraine-and-gas-in-the-western-balkans
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Goldberger, A. S. (1975). Estimation of a model with multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single latent variable. Journal of the American statistical Association, 70(351a), 631-639.
  • Kavaz, İ. (2021). The energy equation in the Eastern Mediterranean. Insight Turkey, 23(1), 139-160.
  • Lamb, W. F., Wiedmann, T., Pongratz, J., Andrew, R., Crippa, M., Olivier, J. G., ... & Minx, J. (2021). A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018. Environmental Research Letters, 16(7), 073005.
  • Liu, H., Ma, L., & Xu, L. (2021). Estimating spatiotemporal dynamics of county-level fossil fuel consumption based on integrated nighttime light data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123427.
  • LNG Prime. (2020. Turkey’s new FSRU almost complete. LNG Prime. https://lngprime.com/vessels/turkeys-new-fsru-almost-complete/4868
  • Loayza, N. V. (1996, Aralık). The economics of the informal sector: a simple model and some empirical evidence from Latin America. In Carnegie-Rochester conference series on public policy, 45, 129-162. North-Holland.
  • Malik, A., Lan, J., & Lenzen, M. (2016). Trends in global greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2010. Environmental science & technology, 50(9), 4722-4730.
  • Minić, J. (2018). The Western Balkans and Their Political Stabilization. Southeastern Europe, 42(3), 376-403.
  • Muthén, B. O. (1989). Latent variable modeling in heterogeneous populations. Psychometrika, 54, 557-585.
  • Osmanovna, K. G., Andreevna, I. E., Igorevich, I. N., & Alekseevna, S. V. (2019). Issues of Natural Gas Infrastructure Development in South-Eastern Europe. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(6), 415–420.
  • Papageorgiou, K., I. Papageorgiou, E., Poczeta, K., Bochtis, D., & Stamoulis, G. (2020). Forecasting of day-ahead natural gas consumption demand in Greece using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Energies, 13(9), 2317.
  • Remeikienė, R., Gasparėnienė, L., Chadyšas, V., & Cepel, M. (2018). Identification of the shadow economy determinants for the Eurozone member states: application of the MIMIC model. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 19(6), 777-796.
  • Sarak, H., & Satman, A. (2003). The degree-day method to estimate the residential heating natural gas consumption in Turkey: a case study. Energy, 28(9), 929-939.
  • Schneider, F. (2005). Shadow economies around the world: what do we really know?. European Journal of Political Economy, 21(3), 598-642.
  • Schneider, F. (2021). Do different estimation methods lead to implausible differences in the size of the non-observed or shadow economies? A preliminary answer. CESifo Working Paper, No. 9434.
  • Schneider, F. & Bajada, C. (2003). The size and development of the shadow economies in the Asia-Pacific. Working Paper, No. 0301, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Department of Economics, Linz.
  • Schneider, F., & Buehn, A. (2018). Shadow economy: Estimation methods, problems, results and open questions. Open Economics, 1(1), 1-29.
  • Seyedzadeh, S., Rahimian, F. P., Glesk, I., & Roper, M. (2018). Machine learning for estimation of building energy consumption and performance: a review. Visualization in Engineering, 6, 1-20.
  • Şahin, G. (2021). Natural Gas Economics in the scope of long-term contracts of Turkey. Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, Türkiye, Nisan 2021.
  • TANAP. (t.y.). The Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) Project. TANAP. https://www.tanap.com/en/tanap-project
  • Taneri, İ., Bilgin, G., Şahin, S., & Berument, M. H. (2019). Aphrodite Natural Gas Field and Its Economic Viability. http://berument.bilkent.edu.tr/No028.pdf
  • Taşpınar, F., Celebi, N., & Tutkun, N. (2013). Forecasting of daily natural gas consumption on regional basis in Turkey using various computational methods. Energy and Buildings, 56, 23-31.
  • Tedds, L. M., & Giles, D. E. A. (2002). Taxes and the Canadian underground economy. Taxes and the Canadian underground economy, Toronto: Canadian Tax Foundation.
  • Tsai, S. B., Xue, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, Q., Liu, Y., Zhou, J., & Dong, W. (2017). Models for forecasting growth trends in renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 1169-1178.
  • Tunç, G. İ., Türüt-Aşık, S., & Akbostancı, E. (2009). A decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions from energy use: Turkish case. Energy Policy, 37(11), 4689-4699.
  • TurkStream. (t.y.). The TurkStream Pipeline - Project. TurkStream. https://turkstream.info/project
  • Welsh, D. H., Kaciak, E., & Shamah, R. (2018). Determinants of women entrepreneurs' firm performance in a hostile environment. Journal of Business Research, 88, 481-491.

The Ecopolitics of the Southeast European Region’s Natural Gas Market After the Ukraine-Russia War

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: Prof. Dr. Muammer ERDOĞAN Anısına Kongre Özel Sayısı, 93 - 119, 29.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1253162

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the natural gas market in the Southeast region of Europe, including the Balkan countries, from an ecopolitical perspective within the framework of the developments that emerged with the European Union's restriction of natural gas purchases from Russia due to the Ukraine-Russia war. In the study, natural gas resources, imports, and natural gas consumption of eight countries, including Türkiye, were examined economically, and the potential natural gas consumption of these countries was estimated by benefiting the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model. According to the findings, annually, the observed consumption of the region is 111.5 Bcm, while the implied consumption is 216.9 Bcm. On the other hand, considering a scenario in which natural gas is not purchased from Russia; it is not possible to meet the natural gas needs of the Southeast European region with existing investments and opportunities, and it has been observed that the amount of natural gas that can be supplied by the region's LNG facilities and existing pipelines is not sufficient on its own. In addition, the amount of gas that Greece, which aims to become the energy hub of the region, can provide with its LNG facilities and existing pipelines is not sufficient. For these reasons, it has been determined that while Russia continues to be a strong player in the natural gas market in the Southeast European region, the importance of Türkiye's energy hub potential is gradually increasing in the current conjuncture.

Proje Numarası

121G180

Kaynakça

  • Aigner, D., Schneider, F., & Ghosh, D. (1986). Me and my shadow: Estimating the size of the US underground economy from time series data (No. 2280-2019-4542).
  • Arık, O. A. (2019). Artificial bee colony algorithm to forecast natural gas consumption of Turkey. SN Applied Sciences, 1(10), 1138.
  • Athens News. (2022). Greece becomes European hub for liquefied natural gas. https://en.rua.gr/2022/12/02/greece-becomes-european-hub-for-liquefied-natural-gas
  • Bajada, C. & Schneider, F. (2005). The shadow economies of the asia-pacific. Pacific Economic Review, 10, 379-401
  • Bianco, V., Manca, O., Nardini, S., & Minea, A. A. (2010). Analysis and forecasting of nonresidential electricity consumption in Romania. Applied Energy, 87(11), 3584-3590.
  • Breusch, T. (2005). Estimating the underground economy using mimic models. Econometrics 0507003, EconWPA. http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpem/0507003.html
  • Buehn, A., & Eichler, S. (2009). Smuggling Illegal versus Legal Goods across the US‐Mexico Border: A Structural Equations Model Approach. Southern Economic Journal, 76(2), 328-350.
  • Buehn, A., Dell’Anno, R., & Schneider, F. (2018). Exploring the dark side of tax policy: an analysis of the interactions between fiscal illusion and the shadow economy. Empirical Economics, 54, 1609-1630.
  • Canale, L., Cortellessa, G., Dell’Isola, M., Ficco, G., Frattolillo, A., Zuena, F., ... & Distribuzione, S. E. (2019). A comparative analysis among standard load profiles for natural gas consumption simulation at urban scale. In Proceedings of th IBPSA International Conference & Exhibition Building Simulation, Rome, September.
  • Canyurt, O. E., & Özturk, H. K. (2008). Application of genetic algorithm (GA) technique on demand estimation of fossil fuels in Turkey. Energy Policy, 36(7), 2562-2569.
  • Das, A., McFarlane, A. A., & Chowdhury, M. (2013). The dynamics of natural gas consumption and GDP in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 269-274.
  • Deb, C., Zhang, F., Yang, J., Lee, S. E., & Shah, K. W. (2017). A review on time series forecasting techniques for building energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 902-924.
  • Dell'Anno, R. (2003). Estimating the shadow economy in Italy: A structural equation approach (No. 2003-7).
  • Dell’Anno, R., Gómez-Antonio, M., & Pardo, A. (2007). The shadow economy in three Mediterranean countries: France, Spain and Greece. A MIMIC approach. Empirical Economics, 33, 51-84.
  • Destek, M. A. (2016). Natural gas consumption and economic growth: Panel evidence from OECD countries. Energy, 114, 1007-1015.
  • Dineva, V. (2020). Energy trilemma in South East Europe–Seeking the balance between energy security, economic and environmental goals, in times of energy transition. Energy and Climate Diplomacy, 13, 58.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2018). Western Balkans: Directions for the energy sector. The World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/201391544823541838/pdf/Western-Balkans-Energy-Directions-Paper.pdf
  • Erdem, O. E., & Kesen, S. E. (2020). Estimation of Turkey’s natural gas consumption by machine learning techniques. Gazi University Journal of Science, 33(1), 120-133.
  • Erdoğdu, E. (2010). Natural gas demand in Turkey. Applied Energy, 87(1), 211-219.
  • Eren, T. & Kaçtıoğlu, S. (2017). Türkiye’deki doğal gaz tüketimi ve gri tahmin metoduyla tahmin edilmesi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(31), 23-41.
  • Ervural, B. C., Beyca, O. F., & Zaim, S. (2016). Model estimation of ARMA using genetic algorithms: A case study of forecasting natural gas consumption. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 537-545.
  • European Commission. (2022). Launch of the Interconnector Greece-Bulgaria. European Commission - Directorate General for Energy. https://commission.europa.eu/news/launch-interconnector-greece-bulgaria-2022-10-01-0_en
  • Eurostat. (2018). Natural gas supply statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Natural_gas_supply_statistics
  • EuroStat. (2022). Energy statistics - an overview. EuroStat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_statistics_-_an_overview
  • Feld, L. P., & Schneider, F. (2010). Survey on the shadow economy and undeclared earnings in OECD countries. German economic review, 11(2), 109-149.
  • Frey, B. S., & Weck-Hanneman, H. (1984). The hidden economy as an ‘unobserved’variable. European Economic Review, 26(1-2), 33-53.
  • Giles, D. E. A. (1999a). Measuring the hidden economy: Implications for econometric modelling. The Economic Journal, 109 (46), 370-380.
  • Giles, D. E. A. (1999b). Modelling the hidden economy and the tax-gap in New Zealand. Empirical Economics, 24, 621-640.
  • Global Energy Monitor Wiki. (t.y.). BRUA Gas Pipeline. Global Energy Monitor Wiki. https://www.gem.wiki/BRUA_Gas_Pipeline
  • GPF. (2022). Pipeline networks in Southeastern Europe. Geopolitical Futures. https://geopoliticalfutures.com//pdfs/pipeline-networks-in-southeastern-europe-geopoliticalfutures-com.pdf
  • Hussain, A., Memon, J. A., Murshed, M., Alam, M. S., Mehmood, U., Alam, M. N., ... & Hayat, U. (2022). A time series forecasting analysis of overall and sector-based natural gas demand: A developing South Asian economy case. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(47), 71676-71687.
  • Ichord, R. F. Jr. (2022). The war in Ukraine and gas in the Western Balkans. Atlantic Council - Energy Source. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/energysource/the-war-in-ukraine-and-gas-in-the-western-balkans
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Goldberger, A. S. (1975). Estimation of a model with multiple indicators and multiple causes of a single latent variable. Journal of the American statistical Association, 70(351a), 631-639.
  • Kavaz, İ. (2021). The energy equation in the Eastern Mediterranean. Insight Turkey, 23(1), 139-160.
  • Lamb, W. F., Wiedmann, T., Pongratz, J., Andrew, R., Crippa, M., Olivier, J. G., ... & Minx, J. (2021). A review of trends and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions by sector from 1990 to 2018. Environmental Research Letters, 16(7), 073005.
  • Liu, H., Ma, L., & Xu, L. (2021). Estimating spatiotemporal dynamics of county-level fossil fuel consumption based on integrated nighttime light data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123427.
  • LNG Prime. (2020. Turkey’s new FSRU almost complete. LNG Prime. https://lngprime.com/vessels/turkeys-new-fsru-almost-complete/4868
  • Loayza, N. V. (1996, Aralık). The economics of the informal sector: a simple model and some empirical evidence from Latin America. In Carnegie-Rochester conference series on public policy, 45, 129-162. North-Holland.
  • Malik, A., Lan, J., & Lenzen, M. (2016). Trends in global greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2010. Environmental science & technology, 50(9), 4722-4730.
  • Minić, J. (2018). The Western Balkans and Their Political Stabilization. Southeastern Europe, 42(3), 376-403.
  • Muthén, B. O. (1989). Latent variable modeling in heterogeneous populations. Psychometrika, 54, 557-585.
  • Osmanovna, K. G., Andreevna, I. E., Igorevich, I. N., & Alekseevna, S. V. (2019). Issues of Natural Gas Infrastructure Development in South-Eastern Europe. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(6), 415–420.
  • Papageorgiou, K., I. Papageorgiou, E., Poczeta, K., Bochtis, D., & Stamoulis, G. (2020). Forecasting of day-ahead natural gas consumption demand in Greece using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Energies, 13(9), 2317.
  • Remeikienė, R., Gasparėnienė, L., Chadyšas, V., & Cepel, M. (2018). Identification of the shadow economy determinants for the Eurozone member states: application of the MIMIC model. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 19(6), 777-796.
  • Sarak, H., & Satman, A. (2003). The degree-day method to estimate the residential heating natural gas consumption in Turkey: a case study. Energy, 28(9), 929-939.
  • Schneider, F. (2005). Shadow economies around the world: what do we really know?. European Journal of Political Economy, 21(3), 598-642.
  • Schneider, F. (2021). Do different estimation methods lead to implausible differences in the size of the non-observed or shadow economies? A preliminary answer. CESifo Working Paper, No. 9434.
  • Schneider, F. & Bajada, C. (2003). The size and development of the shadow economies in the Asia-Pacific. Working Paper, No. 0301, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Department of Economics, Linz.
  • Schneider, F., & Buehn, A. (2018). Shadow economy: Estimation methods, problems, results and open questions. Open Economics, 1(1), 1-29.
  • Seyedzadeh, S., Rahimian, F. P., Glesk, I., & Roper, M. (2018). Machine learning for estimation of building energy consumption and performance: a review. Visualization in Engineering, 6, 1-20.
  • Şahin, G. (2021). Natural Gas Economics in the scope of long-term contracts of Turkey. Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara, Türkiye, Nisan 2021.
  • TANAP. (t.y.). The Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) Project. TANAP. https://www.tanap.com/en/tanap-project
  • Taneri, İ., Bilgin, G., Şahin, S., & Berument, M. H. (2019). Aphrodite Natural Gas Field and Its Economic Viability. http://berument.bilkent.edu.tr/No028.pdf
  • Taşpınar, F., Celebi, N., & Tutkun, N. (2013). Forecasting of daily natural gas consumption on regional basis in Turkey using various computational methods. Energy and Buildings, 56, 23-31.
  • Tedds, L. M., & Giles, D. E. A. (2002). Taxes and the Canadian underground economy. Taxes and the Canadian underground economy, Toronto: Canadian Tax Foundation.
  • Tsai, S. B., Xue, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, Q., Liu, Y., Zhou, J., & Dong, W. (2017). Models for forecasting growth trends in renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 1169-1178.
  • Tunç, G. İ., Türüt-Aşık, S., & Akbostancı, E. (2009). A decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions from energy use: Turkish case. Energy Policy, 37(11), 4689-4699.
  • TurkStream. (t.y.). The TurkStream Pipeline - Project. TurkStream. https://turkstream.info/project
  • Welsh, D. H., Kaciak, E., & Shamah, R. (2018). Determinants of women entrepreneurs' firm performance in a hostile environment. Journal of Business Research, 88, 481-491.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Göktuğ Şahin 0000-0001-9925-9132

Mehmet Karan 0000-0002-3923-4598

Proje Numarası 121G180
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Mart 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: Prof. Dr. Muammer ERDOĞAN Anısına Kongre Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahin, G., & Karan, M. (2023). Güneydoğu Avrupa Bölgesi Doğal Gaz Piyasasının Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı Sonrası Ekopolitiği. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(Prof. Dr. Muammer ERDOĞAN Anısına Kongre Özel Sayısı), 93-119. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1253162


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