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Yapay Zekâ Risklerinin Etik Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 24, 30.06.2021

Öz

Yapay Zekâ (YZ), makine öğrenmesi, gelişmiş öğrenme ve ileri performans aracılığıyla süreçlerdeki ekonomiklik, etkinlik ve verimliliği ciddi ölçüde güçlendirme potansiyeline sahip yenilikçi teknolojilere dayanmaktadır. Ancak bu potansiyel gerçekleştirilecek ve kabul edilecekse, teknik olduğu kadar etik ve dini sonuçları da kaçınılmazdır. Pek çok yenilikçi mühendis, bilimsellik, genel bilgelik ve sosyal beceriler de dahil olmak üzere, yapay Zekânın derin öğrenme sayesinde insan beyninden daha akıllı olacağını iddia etmektedir. Bu nedenle bunu ekonomik, sosyal, politik ve dini hayatımızdaki karar ve uygulamaları etkileyebilecek çok önemli bir faktör olarak görmek gerektiği savunulmaktadır. Bu çalışmamızda, YZ ile gelinen ve gelmesi düşünülen seviyelerin, geliştirilecek maddi süreçler kadar, manevi ve etik değerleri ne ölçüde etkileyebileceği ve muhtemel risklere karşı ne tür önlemler alınması gerektiği üzerinde analiz ve değerlendirmeler yapılmaktadır. YZ etik ve manevi değerlerden yoksun olarak programlanırsa insanlık için yarardan çok zarar verebileceği savunulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Risks from Ethical Aspect

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 24, 30.06.2021

Öz

Artificial Intelligence which is leaning on the innovative technology has the potential to significantly strengthen the economy, efficiency and productivity of processes through machine learning, advanced learning and advanced performance. However, when this potential with AI is accepted, not only technical but also ethical and religious consequences are inevitable. Many innovative engineers and academicians claim that through deep learning artificial intelligence will be smarter than the human brain, including science, general wisdom, and social skills and hence poses great risks. For this reason, it is argued that it should be seen as a very important factor that can affect the decisions and practices in our economic, social, political and religious lives. In this study, analyzes and evaluations are made on the extent to which the levels reached or expected to come with AI can affect moral and ethical values as well as the material processes to be developed, and what measures should be taken against possible risks. It is argued that if AI is programmed as lacking ethical and moral values and captured by wrongdoer pirates or terrorists, it can do more harm than its expected benefits for humanity.

Kaynakça

  • AI4PEOPLE (2020). Towards the 7 AI Global Frameworks. Paper presented at the AI4PEOPLE 2020 SUMMIT. Web üzerinde https://ai4people.eu/
  • Ali A.Z. (2012). A Phılosophıcal Approach to Artıfıcıal Intellıgence and Islamıc Values. IIUM Engineering Journal, 12(6), Special Issue in Science and Ethics.
  • Assion S. (2017). Legal Practice on the Edge of Disruption, DigitalBusiness Law , Şubat 8.
  • Barredo A., A., Díaz-Rodríguez, N., Del Ser, J., Bennetot, A., Tabik, S., Barbado, A., et al. (2020). Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI. Information Fusion, 58, 82–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2019.12.012 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Begoli, E., Bhattacharya, T., & Kusnezov, D. (2019). The need for uncertainty quantification in machine-assisted medical decision making. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1, 20–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-018-0004-1 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Bellamy, R. K. E., Dey, K., Hind, M., Hoffman, S. C., Houde, S., Kannan, K., et al. (2019). AI fairness 360: An extensible toolkit for detecting and mitigating algorithmic bias. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 63(4/5), 4:1–4:15. https://doi.org/10.1147/JRD.2019.2942287 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Berg, C., Davidson, S., & Potts, J. (2019). Blockchain technology as economic infrastructure: Revisiting the electronic markets hypothesis. Frontiers in Blockchain, 2(22), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2019.00022 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Bryson, J. (2018). Patiency is not a virtue: The design of intelligent systems and systems of ethics. Ethics and Information Technology, 20(1), 15–26.
  • Bughin J., Seong J., Manyika J., Chui M., Joshi R. (2018). Notes From the AI Frontıer Modeling the Impact of AI on the World Economy, McKinsey Global, Discussion Paper, Web üzerinde https://t.ly/Dz89 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Chen, Y.S. (2020). The different kind of AI in “What is AI?”. Slideshare Sunumu. Web üzerinde https://www.slideshare.net/ssuserff66e5/what-is-ai-218562334 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • China (2019). National Governance Committee for the New Generation Artificial Intelligence. Governance Principles for the New Generation Artificial Intelligence--Developing Responsible Artificial Intelligence. Web üzerinde https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/17/WS5d07486 ba3103dbf14328ab7.html adresinden alınmıştır.
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  • Cremers, A, B., Englander, A., Gabriel, M., Hecker, D., Mock, M., Poretschkin, M., … Wrobel, S. (2019). Trustworthy use of artificial intelligence. Priorities From a Philosophical, Ethical, Legal, and Technological Viewpoint as a Basis for Certification of Artificial Intelligence. Web üzerinde https://www.iais.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/iais/KINRW/Whitepaper_Thrustworthy_AI.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Çin, (2020) Beijing AI Principles, Web üzerinde https://www.baai.ac.cn/news/beijing-ai-principles-en.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • EU, (2019) Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI, EC Report, 8 Nisan, Web üzerinde https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Firebaugh M. W., Artificial Intelligence, A Knowledge–based Approach, Boston, PWS-Kent Publishing Company, 1988, p.14.
  • Floridi, L. (2019). Establishing the rules for building trustworthy AI. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(6), 261–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0055-y adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1 . adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Floridi, L., & Taddeo, M. (2016). What is data ethics? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical. Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374(2083), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0360 . adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., et al. (2018). AI4People—An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Francke Matthew (2017) Why You Should Want a Lawyer (and Not a Robot), Best Hooper website, visited February 19.
  • FLI, (2017) Asilomar AI Princples. Future of Life Institute, Web üzerinde https://futureoflife.org/ai-principles/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Goggin, B. (2019). Inside Facebook’s suicide algorithm: Here's how the company uses artificial intelligence to predict your mental state from your posts. Web üzerinde https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-is-using-ai-to-try-to-predict-if-youre-suicidal-2018-12 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Goodrich, M. A., & Schultz, A. C. (2007). Human–robot interaction: A survey. Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction, 1(3), 203–275. https://doi.org/10.1561/1100000005 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Grad, P., (2020) AI Jesus writes Bible-inspired verse, TechXplore, Eylül 2, Web üzerinde https://techxplore.com/news/2020-09-ai-jesus-bible-inspired-verse.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. (2019). A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California Management Review, 61(4), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619864925 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Hagendorff, T. (2020). The ethics of AI ethics: An evaluation of guidelines. Minds and Machines, 30, 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09517-8 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Hagras, H. (2018). Toward human-understandable, explainable AI. Computer, 51(9), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.3620965 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Hancock, P. A. (2017). Imposing limits on autonomous systems. Ergonomics, 60(2), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2016.1190035 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Hill, K. (2020). The secretive company that might end privacy as we know it. The New York times. Web üzerinde https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/technology/clearview-privacy-facial-recognition.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Hofman, D., Lemieux, V., Joo, A., & Batista, D. (2019). “The margin between the edge of the world and infinite possibility”: Blockchain, GDPR and information governance. Records Management Journal, 29(1/2), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1108/RMJ-12-2018-0045 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Hunt, E. (2016) Tay, Microsoft's AI chatbot, gets a crash course in racism from Twitter, The Guardian, 26 Mart, Web üzerinde https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/24/tay-microsofts-ai-chatbot-gets-a-crash-course-in-racism-from-twitter adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Independent High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. Brussels: European Commission Web üzerinde https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm? doc_id=60419 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Joshi N., (2019) 7 Types Of Artificial Intelligence, Forbes, Web üzerinde https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/ 2019/06/19/7-types-of-artificial-intelligence/?sh=450e58d233ee adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Koopman, P., & Wagner, M. (2017). Autonomous vehicle safety: An interdisciplinary challenge. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, 9(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2016.2583491 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Lankton, N. K., McKnight, D. H., & Tripp, J. (2015). Technology, humanness, and trust: Rethinking trust in technology. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 16(10), 880–918. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00411 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004). Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance. Human Factors, 46(1), 50–80. https://doi.org/10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Lee, P. (2016). Learning from Tay’s introduction. Web üzerinde https://blogs.microsoft.com /blog/2016/03/25/learning-tays-introduction/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Lohr Steve (2017). Robots Will Take Jobs, but Not as Fast as Some Fear, New Report Says, The New York Times, posted January 12,
  • Magid, J.M., (2020), Does your AI discriminate?, The Conversation, Mayıs 15, Web üzerinde https://theconversation.com/ does-your-ai-discriminate-132847 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • McKnight, D. H., & Chervany, N. L. (2001). What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: An interdisciplinary conceptual typology. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(2), 35–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2001.11044235 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • McKnight, D. H., Carter, M., Thatcher, J. B., & Clay, P. F. (2011). Trust in a specific technology: An investigation of its components and measures. ACM Transactions on management information systems (TMIS), 2(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1145/1985347.1985353 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002). Developing and validating trust measures for e-commerce: An integrative typology. Information Systems Research, 13(3), 334–359. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.13.3.334.81 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Mehrabi, N., Morstatter, F., Saxena, N., Lerman, K., & Galstyan, A. (2019). A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning. arXiv e-prints.
  • Midgley, J., Hall, A., Hardiman, M. and Narine, D. (1986), Community Participation, Social Development and the State, London: Methuen, p. 18.
  • Montreal, (2018), Developing AI in a responsible way, Salle De Presse Udemnouvelles, Montreal Üniversitesi, 12 Nisan, Web üzerinde https://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/en/article/2018/12/04/developing-ai-in-a-responsible-way/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Mostafa, S. A., Ahmad, M. S., & Mustapha, A. (2019). Adjustable autonomy: A systematic literature review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 51(2), 149–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-017-9560-8 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Bostrom Nick, (1998) “How Long Before Superintelligence?” in International. Journal. of Future Studies, vol2.
  • Noorman, M., & Johnson, D. G. (2014). Negotiating autonomy and responsibility in military robots. Ethics and Information Technology, 16(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-013-9335-0 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science, 366(6464), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • OECD (2019). OECD Principles on AI. Web üzerinde https://www.oecd.org/going-digital/ai/principles/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Rai, A. (2020). Explainable AI: From black box to glass box. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00710-5 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Rai, A., Constantinides, P., & Sarker, S. (2019). Editor’s comments: Next-generation digital platforms: Toward human–AI hybrids. MIS Quarterly, 43(1), iii-x. https://doi.org/10.5555/3370135.3370136 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Rouse M., (2017) Artificial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS), Search Enterprise AI, Web üzerinde https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/Artificial-Intelligence-as-a-Service-AIaaS adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Sarpatwar, K., Vaculin, R., Min, H., Su, G., Heath, T., Ganapavarapu, G., & Dillenberger, D. (2019). Towards enabling trusted artificial intelligence via Blockchain. In S. Calo, E. Bertino, & D. Verma (Eds.), Policy-based autonomic data governance (137–153). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Sarwate, A. D., & Chaudhuri, K. (2013). Signal processing and machine learning with differential privacy: Algorithms and challenges for continuous data. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 30(5), 86–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2013.2259911 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Schaefer, K. E., Chen, J. Y., Szalma, J. L., & Hancock, P. A. (2016). A meta-analysis of factors influencing the development of trust in automation: Implications for understanding autonomy in future systems. Human Factors, 58(3), 377–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720816634228 . adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Schindler, P. L., & Thomas, C. C. (1993). The structure of interpersonal trust in the workplace. Psychological Reports, 73(2), 563–573. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.563 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Smith, V., Chiang, C, K., Sanjabi, M., & Talwalkar, A. S. (2017). Federated multi-task learning. Paper presented at the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS 2017), Long Beach, CA,
  • Stormont, D, P. (2008). Analyzing human trust of autonomous systems in hazardous environments. Paper presented at the Human Implications of Human-Robot Interaction workshop at AAAI, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
  • Swarte, T., Boufous, O., & Escalle, P. (2019). Artificial intelligence, ethics and human values: The cases of military drones and companion robots. Artificial Life and Robotics, 24(3), 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10015-019-00525-1 adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Thiebes, S., Lins, S. & Sunyaev, A. (2020) Trustworthy artificial intelligence. Electron Markets. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-020-00441-4
  • Tramer, F., & Boneh, D. (2019). Slalom: Fast, verifiable and private execution of neural networks in trusted hardware. Paper presented at the International Conference on Learning Representations, New Orleans, LA
  • Vincent J., (2017) Putin says: the nation that leads in AI ‘will be the ruler of the world’, The Verge, Sep 4, Web üzerinde https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/4/16251226/russia-ai-putin-rule-the-world adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Vought, R, T. (2020). Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications Web üzerinde https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Draft-OMB-Memo-on-Regulation-of-AI-1-7-19.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
  • Wiens, J., Saria, S., Sendak, M., Ghassemi, M., Liu, V. X., Doshi-Velez, F., et al. (2019). Do no harm: A roadmap for responsible machine learning for health care. Nature Medicine, 25(9), 1337–1340. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0548-6 adresinden alınmıştır.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahmet Efe 0000-0002-2691-7517

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Ocak 2021
Kabul Tarihi 4 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Efe, A. (2021). Yapay Zekâ Risklerinin Etik Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi. Bilgi Ve İletişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 3(1), 1-24.


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Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Dergisi (BİTED)

Journal of Information and Communication Technologies