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YUNAN TIBBINDA DOĞA KAVRAYIŞI VE HİPPOKRATES: METEOROLOJİK TIP

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 63 Sayı: 1, 606 - 639, 20.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.1.24

Öz

Hippokrates doğa filozofları ve özellikle Herakleitos’tan aldığı doğa (physis) kavramını tıbbi hedeflerinin ve hekim kimliğinin ötesinde bir filozof gibi yeniden yorumlamıştır. Bu çabası doğa felsefesinde doğa-beden analojilerinin epistemolojik bir yöntem olarak benimsenmesine yol açmıştır. Ancak Hippokrates’i sonraki kuşaklara kendisi de bir hekim ve doğa filozofu olan Galenos aktarmıştır. Galenos’un, Hippokrates’ten etkilenen Platon ve Aristoteles’in çizgisindeki Stoacı ve Orta Platonculara karşı Hippokrates’i öne çıkardığı görülmektedir. Bu iki hekimin, insan doğasını evrenin doğasından üstün tutarak keşfetmeye çalışmaları onları ana akım felsefeden ayrı bir çaba içerisinde göstermekle birlikte bu çabanın ayrı bir kavramsal gelişimi tetiklediği de görülmektedir. Meteorolojik tıp olarak tanımlanabilecek bu kavram doğa ve insan bedeni arasında kurulan analoji çerçevesinde tıp ile meteoroloji ve astronomi bilimlerinin gelişimini karşılıklı bir sürece yöneltmiştir. Ancak bu analojinin arka planında bir ahlaki gerekçenin bulunduğu da yadsınmamalıdır. Buna karşılık bu antik mirası etik bağlamından doğa felsefesine doğru yönlendiren İbni Sina’nın gözleme dayalı pratiği 17. yy.a kadar karşılık bulmuştur. 17. yy.da aletsel meteorolojik ölçümler, doğa-insan analojisinin iklim-sağlık korelasyonuna evrilmesini sağlamıştır. Bu sayede meteorolojik tıp 18. yy.da eriştiği nihai çerçeveye kavuşmuştur. Çalışmanın amacı meteorolojik tıbbın sunduğu epistemolojik ve etik çerçeve ile günümüz insanına geçmişten gelen bir bakış açısı sunmaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Auliciems, A. (2009). Human Adaptation within a Paradigm of Climatic Determinism and Change. G. R. McGregor (Ed.). Biometeorology for Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change içinde (s. 235-268). Auckland: Springer.
  • Boussoussou, N., Boussoussou M. ve Nemes, A. (2017). Historical overview of medical meteorology – the new horizon in medical prevention. Orv. Hetil., 158(5), 187-191. doi: 10.1556/650.2017.30655
  • Brisson, L. (2020). How to Make a Soul in the Timaeus. Plato’s Timaeus içinde (s. 70-91). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004437081_005
  • Chiaradonna, R. (2009). Galen and Middle Platonism. C. Gill, T. Whitmarsh ve J. Wilkins (Ed.). Galen and the World Of Knowledge içinde (s. 243-260). Cambridge: University Press.
  • Çoraklı, E. (2017). Antik Çağda Araştırma Fikrinin Doğuşu: Historia. İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Demir, R. (1999). Melhameler ve Bir On Yedinci Yüzyıl Osmanlı Âlim ve Edîbi Cevrî Çelebi’nin Melhamesi. Osmanlı Ansiklopedisi (C. 8, s. 431-441). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  • Dunshirn, A. (2019). Physis. T. Kirchhoff (Ed.). Online Encyclopedia of Nature Online/ Lexikon Naturphilosophie. doi: 10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66404
  • Hannaway, C. (1993). Environment and Miasmata. Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine içinde (s. 292-308). London: Routledge.
  • Havrda, M. (2017). Body and Cosmos in Galen’s Account of the Soul. Phronesis, 62(1), s. 69-89.
  • Johnson, M. R. (2020). Meteorology. L. Taub (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Science içinde (s. 160-184). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jouanna, J. (2012a). Galen’s Concept of Nature. (N. Allies, Çev.). P. van der Eijk (Ed.). Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers içinde (s. 287-312). (Studies in Ancient Medicine, 40). Leiden: Brill.
  • Jouanna, J. (2012b). Galen’s Reading of The Hippocratic Treatise The Nature Of Man: The Foundations of Hippocratism. (N. Allies, Çev.). P. van der Eijk (Ed.), Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers içinde, (s. 313-334). (Studies in Ancient Medicine, 40). Leiden: Brill.
  • Jones, W. H. S. (1931). Hippocrates; Heracleitus On the Universe. London: Heinemann. (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Kelley, D. R. (1976). Vico's Road: From Philology to Jurisprudence and Back. K. G. Tagliacozzo, d. P. Verene (Ed.). Giambattista Vico’s Science of Humanity içinde (s. 15-29). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Klein, J. S. (2010). Nature and Reason in Stoic Ethics. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, New York: Cornell University.
  • Kocabaş, O. S. (2018). Klasik Osmanlı Düşüncesinde Doğa Fenomenleri. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Lebedev, A. V. (2014). The Logos of Heraclitus. A Reconstruction of his Word and Thought: With a New Critical Edition of the Fragments. Saint Petersburg: Nauka.
  • Lebedev, A. V. (2017). Alcmaeon of Croton on Human Knowledge, the Seasons of Life, and Isonomia: A New Reading of B1DK and Two Additional Fragments from Turba Philosophorum and Aristotle. C. Vassallo (Ed.). Physiologia: Topics in Presocratic Philosophy and its Reception in Antiquity içinde (s. 227-258). Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.
  • Le Blay, F. (2005). Microcosm and Macrocosm: The Dual Direction of Analogy in Hippocratic Thought and the Meteorological Tradition. PJ. van der Eijk (Ed.). Hippocrates in Context içinde (s. 251-269). Leiden: Brill.
  • Liewert, A. (2015). Die meteorologische Medizin des Corpus Hippocraticum. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • LSJ = Liddell, H. G., Scott, R. (Ed.) (1996), Greek–English Lexicon, Ninth Edition with a Revised Supplement by H. G. Liddell, R. Scott ve H. S. Jones, Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Miller K. J. (2018). From Critical Days to Critical Hours: Galenic Refinements of Hippocratic Models. TAPA, 148, 111-138.
  • Naddaf, G. (2005). The Greek Concept of Nature. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • OCD4 = Hornblower, S., Spawfort, A. ve Eidinow, E. (Ed.). (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pearson, A. C. (1891). The Fragments of Zeno And Cleanthes: With Introduction And Explanatory Notes. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Piccone E. H. (2012). Heraclitus on the Sun. R. Patterson, V. Karasmanis ve A. Hermann (Ed.). Presocratics and Plato içinde (s. 3-24). Las Vegas: Parmenides.
  • Rusnock A. (2001). Hippocrates, Bacon, and Medical Meteorology at the Royal Society, 1700–1750. D. Cantor (Ed.). Reinventing Hippocrates içinde (s. 136-156). London: Routledge.
  • Rusnock, A. (2002). Vital Accounts: Quantifying Health and Population in Eighteenth-Century England and France. Cambridge: University Press.
  • Scalenghe, F. (2017). “Nature" and the "Nature of Things" in the Stoic Philosophy of Epictetus: A Synopsis. Athens Journal of Humanities & Arts, 4(4), 259-282.
  • Schluderer, L. R. (2018). Imitating The Cosmos: The Role of Microcosm–Macrocosm Relationships in the Hippocratic Treatise on Regimen. The Classical Quarterly, 68(1), 31–52.
  • Skydsgaard, M. A. (2010). It’s probably in the Air: Medical Meteorology in Denmark, 1810–1875. Medical History, 54, 215-236.
  • Tieleman T. (1996). Galen and Chrysippus on The Soul: Argument And Refutation in the De Placitis Books II-III. Leiden: Brill.
  • West, M. L. (1971). The Cosmology of ‘Hippocrates’, De Hebdomadibus. The Classical Quarterly, 21(2), 365-388.

COMPREHENSION OF NATURE IN GREEK MEDICINE AND HIPPOCRATES: METEOROLOGICAL MEDICINE

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 63 Sayı: 1, 606 - 639, 20.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.1.24

Öz

Hippocrates reinterpreted the concept of nature (physis), which he received from natural philosophers and especially from Heraclitus, as a philosopher beyond his medical goals and his identity as a physician. This effort led to the adoption of nature-body analogies as an epistemological method in natural philosophy. However, it was Galen, also a physician and natural philosopher himself, who transferred Hippocrates to the next generations. It is seen that Galen put Hippocrates forward against the Stoic and Middle Platonists in the line of Plato and Aristotle, who were in turn influenced by Hippocrates. Although these two physicians' efforts to discover human nature by keeping it superior to the nature of the universe show them in a separate effort from the mainstream philosophy, it is seen that this effort triggers a separate conceptual development. This concept, which can be defined as meteorological medicine, has led the development of sciences of medicine, meteorology and astronomy into a mutual process within the framework of the analogy established between nature and the human body. However, it should not be denied that there is a moral justification behind this analogy. On the other hand, the observation-based practice of Ibn Sina, who directed this ancient heritage from its ethical context to natural philosophy, has been found relevant until the 17th century. Instrumental meteorological measurements in the 17th century enabled the nature-human analogy to evolve into the climate-health correlation. In this way, meteorological medicine reached its final framework in the 18th century. The aim of the study is to present a perspective from the past to today's people with the epistemological and ethical framework offered by meteorological medicine.

Kaynakça

  • Auliciems, A. (2009). Human Adaptation within a Paradigm of Climatic Determinism and Change. G. R. McGregor (Ed.). Biometeorology for Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change içinde (s. 235-268). Auckland: Springer.
  • Boussoussou, N., Boussoussou M. ve Nemes, A. (2017). Historical overview of medical meteorology – the new horizon in medical prevention. Orv. Hetil., 158(5), 187-191. doi: 10.1556/650.2017.30655
  • Brisson, L. (2020). How to Make a Soul in the Timaeus. Plato’s Timaeus içinde (s. 70-91). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004437081_005
  • Chiaradonna, R. (2009). Galen and Middle Platonism. C. Gill, T. Whitmarsh ve J. Wilkins (Ed.). Galen and the World Of Knowledge içinde (s. 243-260). Cambridge: University Press.
  • Çoraklı, E. (2017). Antik Çağda Araştırma Fikrinin Doğuşu: Historia. İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Demir, R. (1999). Melhameler ve Bir On Yedinci Yüzyıl Osmanlı Âlim ve Edîbi Cevrî Çelebi’nin Melhamesi. Osmanlı Ansiklopedisi (C. 8, s. 431-441). Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  • Dunshirn, A. (2019). Physis. T. Kirchhoff (Ed.). Online Encyclopedia of Nature Online/ Lexikon Naturphilosophie. doi: 10.11588/oepn.2019.0.66404
  • Hannaway, C. (1993). Environment and Miasmata. Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine içinde (s. 292-308). London: Routledge.
  • Havrda, M. (2017). Body and Cosmos in Galen’s Account of the Soul. Phronesis, 62(1), s. 69-89.
  • Johnson, M. R. (2020). Meteorology. L. Taub (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Science içinde (s. 160-184). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jouanna, J. (2012a). Galen’s Concept of Nature. (N. Allies, Çev.). P. van der Eijk (Ed.). Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers içinde (s. 287-312). (Studies in Ancient Medicine, 40). Leiden: Brill.
  • Jouanna, J. (2012b). Galen’s Reading of The Hippocratic Treatise The Nature Of Man: The Foundations of Hippocratism. (N. Allies, Çev.). P. van der Eijk (Ed.), Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers içinde, (s. 313-334). (Studies in Ancient Medicine, 40). Leiden: Brill.
  • Jones, W. H. S. (1931). Hippocrates; Heracleitus On the Universe. London: Heinemann. (The Loeb Classical Library).
  • Kelley, D. R. (1976). Vico's Road: From Philology to Jurisprudence and Back. K. G. Tagliacozzo, d. P. Verene (Ed.). Giambattista Vico’s Science of Humanity içinde (s. 15-29). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Klein, J. S. (2010). Nature and Reason in Stoic Ethics. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, New York: Cornell University.
  • Kocabaş, O. S. (2018). Klasik Osmanlı Düşüncesinde Doğa Fenomenleri. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Lebedev, A. V. (2014). The Logos of Heraclitus. A Reconstruction of his Word and Thought: With a New Critical Edition of the Fragments. Saint Petersburg: Nauka.
  • Lebedev, A. V. (2017). Alcmaeon of Croton on Human Knowledge, the Seasons of Life, and Isonomia: A New Reading of B1DK and Two Additional Fragments from Turba Philosophorum and Aristotle. C. Vassallo (Ed.). Physiologia: Topics in Presocratic Philosophy and its Reception in Antiquity içinde (s. 227-258). Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.
  • Le Blay, F. (2005). Microcosm and Macrocosm: The Dual Direction of Analogy in Hippocratic Thought and the Meteorological Tradition. PJ. van der Eijk (Ed.). Hippocrates in Context içinde (s. 251-269). Leiden: Brill.
  • Liewert, A. (2015). Die meteorologische Medizin des Corpus Hippocraticum. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • LSJ = Liddell, H. G., Scott, R. (Ed.) (1996), Greek–English Lexicon, Ninth Edition with a Revised Supplement by H. G. Liddell, R. Scott ve H. S. Jones, Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Miller K. J. (2018). From Critical Days to Critical Hours: Galenic Refinements of Hippocratic Models. TAPA, 148, 111-138.
  • Naddaf, G. (2005). The Greek Concept of Nature. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • OCD4 = Hornblower, S., Spawfort, A. ve Eidinow, E. (Ed.). (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pearson, A. C. (1891). The Fragments of Zeno And Cleanthes: With Introduction And Explanatory Notes. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Piccone E. H. (2012). Heraclitus on the Sun. R. Patterson, V. Karasmanis ve A. Hermann (Ed.). Presocratics and Plato içinde (s. 3-24). Las Vegas: Parmenides.
  • Rusnock A. (2001). Hippocrates, Bacon, and Medical Meteorology at the Royal Society, 1700–1750. D. Cantor (Ed.). Reinventing Hippocrates içinde (s. 136-156). London: Routledge.
  • Rusnock, A. (2002). Vital Accounts: Quantifying Health and Population in Eighteenth-Century England and France. Cambridge: University Press.
  • Scalenghe, F. (2017). “Nature" and the "Nature of Things" in the Stoic Philosophy of Epictetus: A Synopsis. Athens Journal of Humanities & Arts, 4(4), 259-282.
  • Schluderer, L. R. (2018). Imitating The Cosmos: The Role of Microcosm–Macrocosm Relationships in the Hippocratic Treatise on Regimen. The Classical Quarterly, 68(1), 31–52.
  • Skydsgaard, M. A. (2010). It’s probably in the Air: Medical Meteorology in Denmark, 1810–1875. Medical History, 54, 215-236.
  • Tieleman T. (1996). Galen and Chrysippus on The Soul: Argument And Refutation in the De Placitis Books II-III. Leiden: Brill.
  • West, M. L. (1971). The Cosmology of ‘Hippocrates’, De Hebdomadibus. The Classical Quarterly, 21(2), 365-388.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Latince ve Klasik Yunan Edebiyatı
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Esra Yalazı 0000-0001-9708-6223

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 63 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yalazı, E. (2023). YUNAN TIBBINDA DOĞA KAVRAYIŞI VE HİPPOKRATES: METEOROLOJİK TIP. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 63(1), 606-639. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.1.24

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi

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