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The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 309 - 322, 01.07.2022

Mustafa Naimoğlu

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.984127
Cited By: 1

Öz

Compared to 1990 in 2019, Turkey increased its total energy imports by 287.03%, its total GDP by 123.28%, and its total renewable energy use by 774.26%. Therefore, the difference of this study from other studies is to investigate the factors affecting the increase in the use of renewable energy, which is very important for energy importer Turkey in reducing foreign dependency in the field of energy. Another difference in this study is that the long-term relationship that is not revealed by a traditional co-integration test is revealed by the current Fourier co-integration test. For this purpose, economic growth, technological development, and trade openness the use of renewable energy are analyzed with annual data for the period 1990-2019. Firstly, standard ADF and Fourier-ADF stationarity tests were used for the stationarity of the series. Then traditional and current Fourier cointegration tests were used. according to the traditional cointegration test, the cointegration relationship was not found, while according to the Fourier cointegration test was found. Later, fmols and CCR estimators were used for short-long-term cointegration coefficients. Conclusions for Turkey, long-term economic growth, and technological development are important in increasing the use of renewable energy sources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Economic Growth Technological Development Trade Openness Renewable Energy Use Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Aflaki, S., Basher, S. A., & Masini, A. (2014). Does economic growth matter? Technology-push, demand-pull and endogenous drivers of innovation in the renewable energy industry. HEC Paris Research, Paper No. MOSI-2015-1070.
  • Alam, M. M., & Murad, M. W. (2020). The impacts of economic growth, trade openness and technological progress on renewable energy use in organization for economic co-operation and development countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., & Lee, J. Y. (2014). Electricity consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources and economic growth: Evidence from Latin American countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 290-298.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2011). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy economics, 34(3), 733-738.
  • Asafu-Adjaye, J. (2000). The relationship between energy consumption, energy prices and economic growth: time series evidence from Asian developing countries. Energy economics, 22(6), 615-625.
  • Cho, C.H., Yang, L. J., Chu, Y. P., & Yang, H. Y. (2013). Renewable energy and renewable R&D in EU countries: A cointegration analysis. Asian Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, 2:1, 10-16.
  • Dai, Q., & Bie, Z. (2006). FDI, Accumulation of Human Capital and Economic Growth, Econ. Res. J., 4, 15–27
  • Dinda, S. (2011). Carbon emission and production technology: Evidence from the US. MPRA, 31935.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • FTSE. (2015). Financial Times Stock Exchange, https://www.ftse.com/analytics/factsheets/home/constituentsweights (Accessed 14.03.2021).
  • Griliches, Z. (1998). Patent statistics as economic indicators: a survey. In R&D and productivity: the econometric evidence. University of Chicago Press, 287-343.
  • Hossain, S. (2012). An Econometric Analysis for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade and Urbanization of Japan. Low Carbon Economy, 3, 92-105.
  • IEA. (2021). Data and statistics. Internatıonal Energy Agency <www.iea.org>, (Accessed 06.02.2021).
  • Irandoust, M. (2016). The renewable energy-growth nexus with carbon emissions and technological innovation: Evidence from the Nordic countries. Ecological Indicators, 69, 118-125.
  • Islam, F., Shahbaz, M., & Rahman, M. M. (2013). Trade Openness, Financial Development Energy Use and Economic Growth in Australia: Evidence on Long Run Relation with Structural Breaks. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 1-36.
  • Jin, L., Duan, K., Shi, C., & Ju, X. (2017). The impact of technological progress in the energy sector on carbon emissions: an empirical analysis from China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14:1–14.
  • Kahouli, B. (2018). The causality link between energy electricity consumption, CO2 emissions, R&D stocks and economic growth in Mediterranean countries (MCs). Energy, 145:388–399.
  • Kohler, M. (2013), CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade: A South African Perspective. Energy Policy, 63, 1042-1050.
  • Lantz, V., & Feng, Q. (2006). Assessing income, population, and technology impacts on CO2 emissions in Canada: where’s the EKC?. Ecol Econ, 57:229–238.
  • Lee, K. H., & Min, B. (2015). Green R&D for eco-innovation and its impact on carbon emissions and firm performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 534-542.
  • Mensah, Cn., Long, X., Boamah, Kb., Bediako, Ia., Dauda, L., & Salman, M. (2018). The effect of innovation on CO2 emissions of OCED countries from 1990 to 2014. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 25:29678–29698.
  • Naimoglu, M. (2021). Fourier Yaklaşımıyla Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Ve Enerji Kayıplarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Almanya Örneği. Journal of Economics and Research, 2(1), 59-68.
  • Naimoglu, M., & Mustafa, A. K. A. L. (2021). Yükselen Ekonomilerde Enerji Etkinliğini Talep Yanlı Etkileyen Faktörler. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 455-481.
  • Pao, H. T., & Fu, H. C. (2013). Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 381-392.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Phillips, P., & Hansen, B. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes. Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99-125.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies. Energy policy, 37(10), 4021-4028.
  • Salim, R. A., & Rafiq, S. (2012). Why do some emerging economies proactively accelerate the adoption of renewable energy?. Energy Economics, 34(4), 1051-1057.
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109–121.
  • Shahbaz, M., Rasool, G., Ahmed, K., & Mahalik, M. K. (2016). Considering the effect of biomass energy consumption on economic growth: fresh evidence from BRICS region. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1442-1450.
  • Sohag, K., Begum, R. A., Abdullah, S. M. S., & Jaafar, M. (2015). Dynamics of energy use, technological innovation, economic growth and trade openness in Malaysia, Energy, 90, 1497-1507.
  • Tiwari, A. K. (2011). A structural VAR analysis of renewable energy consumption, real GDP and CO2 emissions: evidence from India. Economics Bulletin, 31(2), 1793-1806.
  • World Bank, (2021). World development indicators online database. <https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-developmentindicators>, (Accessed 06.02.2021).
  • Yılancı, V. (2019). A Residual-Based Cointegration test with a Fourier Approximation.
  • Zoltan J. A., Anselin, L., & Varga, A. (2002). Patents and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge. Research policy, 31(7), 1069-1085.

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 309 - 322, 01.07.2022

Mustafa Naimoğlu

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.984127
Cited By: 1

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aflaki, S., Basher, S. A., & Masini, A. (2014). Does economic growth matter? Technology-push, demand-pull and endogenous drivers of innovation in the renewable energy industry. HEC Paris Research, Paper No. MOSI-2015-1070.
  • Alam, M. M., & Murad, M. W. (2020). The impacts of economic growth, trade openness and technological progress on renewable energy use in organization for economic co-operation and development countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., & Lee, J. Y. (2014). Electricity consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources and economic growth: Evidence from Latin American countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30, 290-298.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy policy, 38(1), 656-660.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2011). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy economics, 34(3), 733-738.
  • Asafu-Adjaye, J. (2000). The relationship between energy consumption, energy prices and economic growth: time series evidence from Asian developing countries. Energy economics, 22(6), 615-625.
  • Cho, C.H., Yang, L. J., Chu, Y. P., & Yang, H. Y. (2013). Renewable energy and renewable R&D in EU countries: A cointegration analysis. Asian Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, 2:1, 10-16.
  • Dai, Q., & Bie, Z. (2006). FDI, Accumulation of Human Capital and Economic Growth, Econ. Res. J., 4, 15–27
  • Dinda, S. (2011). Carbon emission and production technology: Evidence from the US. MPRA, 31935.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • FTSE. (2015). Financial Times Stock Exchange, https://www.ftse.com/analytics/factsheets/home/constituentsweights (Accessed 14.03.2021).
  • Griliches, Z. (1998). Patent statistics as economic indicators: a survey. In R&D and productivity: the econometric evidence. University of Chicago Press, 287-343.
  • Hossain, S. (2012). An Econometric Analysis for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade and Urbanization of Japan. Low Carbon Economy, 3, 92-105.
  • IEA. (2021). Data and statistics. Internatıonal Energy Agency <www.iea.org>, (Accessed 06.02.2021).
  • Irandoust, M. (2016). The renewable energy-growth nexus with carbon emissions and technological innovation: Evidence from the Nordic countries. Ecological Indicators, 69, 118-125.
  • Islam, F., Shahbaz, M., & Rahman, M. M. (2013). Trade Openness, Financial Development Energy Use and Economic Growth in Australia: Evidence on Long Run Relation with Structural Breaks. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 1-36.
  • Jin, L., Duan, K., Shi, C., & Ju, X. (2017). The impact of technological progress in the energy sector on carbon emissions: an empirical analysis from China. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14:1–14.
  • Kahouli, B. (2018). The causality link between energy electricity consumption, CO2 emissions, R&D stocks and economic growth in Mediterranean countries (MCs). Energy, 145:388–399.
  • Kohler, M. (2013), CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade: A South African Perspective. Energy Policy, 63, 1042-1050.
  • Lantz, V., & Feng, Q. (2006). Assessing income, population, and technology impacts on CO2 emissions in Canada: where’s the EKC?. Ecol Econ, 57:229–238.
  • Lee, K. H., & Min, B. (2015). Green R&D for eco-innovation and its impact on carbon emissions and firm performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, 534-542.
  • Mensah, Cn., Long, X., Boamah, Kb., Bediako, Ia., Dauda, L., & Salman, M. (2018). The effect of innovation on CO2 emissions of OCED countries from 1990 to 2014. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 25:29678–29698.
  • Naimoglu, M. (2021). Fourier Yaklaşımıyla Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi Ve Enerji Kayıplarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Almanya Örneği. Journal of Economics and Research, 2(1), 59-68.
  • Naimoglu, M., & Mustafa, A. K. A. L. (2021). Yükselen Ekonomilerde Enerji Etkinliğini Talep Yanlı Etkileyen Faktörler. Sosyoekonomi, 29(49), 455-481.
  • Pao, H. T., & Fu, H. C. (2013). Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 381-392.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 60(1), 119-143.
  • Phillips, P., & Hansen, B. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes. Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99-125.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2009). Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies. Energy policy, 37(10), 4021-4028.
  • Salim, R. A., & Rafiq, S. (2012). Why do some emerging economies proactively accelerate the adoption of renewable energy?. Energy Economics, 34(4), 1051-1057.
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109–121.
  • Shahbaz, M., Rasool, G., Ahmed, K., & Mahalik, M. K. (2016). Considering the effect of biomass energy consumption on economic growth: fresh evidence from BRICS region. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1442-1450.
  • Sohag, K., Begum, R. A., Abdullah, S. M. S., & Jaafar, M. (2015). Dynamics of energy use, technological innovation, economic growth and trade openness in Malaysia, Energy, 90, 1497-1507.
  • Tiwari, A. K. (2011). A structural VAR analysis of renewable energy consumption, real GDP and CO2 emissions: evidence from India. Economics Bulletin, 31(2), 1793-1806.
  • World Bank, (2021). World development indicators online database. <https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-developmentindicators>, (Accessed 06.02.2021).
  • Yılancı, V. (2019). A Residual-Based Cointegration test with a Fourier Approximation.
  • Zoltan J. A., Anselin, L., & Varga, A. (2002). Patents and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge. Research policy, 31(7), 1069-1085.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Naimoğlu 0000-0001-9684-159X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Haziran 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2022
Kabul Tarihi 8 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Naimoğlu, M. (2022). The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach. Ege Academic Review, 22(3), 309-322. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.984127
AMA Naimoğlu M. The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach. eab. Temmuz 2022;22(3):309-322. doi:10.21121/eab.984127
Chicago Naimoğlu, Mustafa. “The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach”. Ege Academic Review 22, sy. 3 (Temmuz 2022): 309-22. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.984127.
EndNote Naimoğlu M (01 Temmuz 2022) The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach. Ege Academic Review 22 3 309–322.
IEEE M. Naimoğlu, “The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach”, eab, c. 22, sy. 3, ss. 309–322, 2022, doi: 10.21121/eab.984127.
ISNAD Naimoğlu, Mustafa. “The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach”. Ege Academic Review 22/3 (Temmuz 2022), 309-322. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.984127.
JAMA Naimoğlu M. The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach. eab. 2022;22:309–322.
MLA Naimoğlu, Mustafa. “The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach”. Ege Academic Review, c. 22, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 309-22, doi:10.21121/eab.984127.
Vancouver Naimoğlu M. The Impact of Economic Growth, Technological Development, and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Use in Turkey: The Fourier Engle-Granger Cointegration Approach. eab. 2022;22(3):309-22.

Cited By

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Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.1340196
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