Derleme
Yerli ve Ulusal Ar-Ge Rekabetçiliğinin Artırılması: Türkiye'nin İnovasyon Manzarasını İyileştirme Stratejileri
Öz
Son yıllarda literatür, endüstriyel ve yenilikçi yaklaşımların bölgesel kalkınma ve ekonomik büyümedeki öneminin altını çizmektedir. Uluslararası dev şirketlerin Ar-Ge girişimlerinin yatırımları, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ulusal ve yerel üretim kabiliyetini ve yerel rekabet güçlerini engelleyebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, çok disiplinli bir yaklaşımla inovasyon ve Ar-Ge paradigmalarına yönelik yenilikçi bir zihniyet kullanmaktadır. Çokuluslu şirketler, Ar-Ge projelerine daha fazla yatırım yaparak mevcut kapasitelerinden daha fazla değer kazanabilecekleri ve gelişmekte olan ekonomilerde yenilerini sağlayabilecekleri için, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin mevcut inovasyonun tersine mühendislik konusunda Ar-Ge girişimlerine yatırım yapabileceğini ve destekleyebileceğini savunmaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ekonomilerdeki şirketler, teorik olarak, yatırım yapan çok uluslu şirketlerden öğrenerek onlara yetişebilir ve şirket hisseleri üzerinden risk sermayesi fonları yoluyla kapasitelerini geliştirebilir. Bununla birlikte, bunu yapmak için, Çinli küresel büyük firmaların yaptığı gibi, yenilikçi yeteneklerini geliştirmeleri ve bir süreçten ürün odağına ve taklitten yeniliğe geçmeleri gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
R&D Innovation Innovative Economies Open Innovation Product Development
Kaynakça
- Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2021). The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 136(1), 79-127.
- Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (2017). The economics of growth. MIT Press.
- Akcigit, U., Grigsby, J., & Nicholas, T. (2017). The rise of American ingenuity: Innovation and inventors of the golden age. NBER Working Paper No. 23047.
- Akdemir, A., Tankişi, S., Aktaş, Ö., Yıldız, B. & Öztürk, H. (2022). Yöneticilerin, liderlik görevlerine ilişkin algılarının çeşitli sektörler bağlamında araştırılması. Disiplinlerarası Yenilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1), 78-89. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dyad/issue/66035/1056075
- Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A., & Güngör, N. D. (2013). Does brain drain lead to institutional gain? An empirical analysis of the effect of high-skilled emigration on institutions. Journal of Development Economics, 102, 116-127.
- Alexander, C. (1983) The New Economy. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926013-1,00.html
- Arora, A., Fosfuri, A., & Gambardella, A. (2019). Markets for technology: The economics of innovation and corporate strategy. MIT Press.
- Aydogan-Duda Neslihan (2012) Branding Innovation: The Case Study of Turkey Disruptive Technologies, Innovation and Global Redesign: Emerging Implications, Pages: 11, DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-0134-5.ch012 Barlevy, G., & Tsiddon, D. (2019). Economic growth, technological progress, and social capital: The inseparable links. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(6), 2435-2470.
- Belderbos, R. A., Gilsing, V. A., Lokshin, B., & Carree, M. A. (2015). Heterogeneity in R&D cooperation strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 36(6), 745-763.
- Berber R. and Kurul N. (2009) The motivating factors for productivity in R&D: Preliminary results of a survey in some engineering schools in Turkey, PICMET '09 - 2009 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering & Technology, pp. 1508-1515, doi:10.1109/PICMET.2009.5261982.
- Bosetti, V., Cattaneo, M., Fiorese, G., Verdolini, E., & Vergalli, S. (2015). The future prospect of PV and CSP solar technologies: An expert elicitation survey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 1309-1324.
- Cansız, M. & Tekneci, P. D. (2018). Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance . Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (57), 151-183. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jecs/issue/37969/372449
- Çağla C. (2019) AR-GE nedir? Ne Anlama Gelir? Bölümleri nelerdir? https://www.tech-worm.com/AR-GE-nedir-ne-anlama-gelir-bolumleri-nelerdir/ Daveri, F. and A. Mascotto (2006) The IT Revolution across the United States. Review of Income and Wealth, 52 (4), 569‒602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2006.00205.x Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics (2013). http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/n.html#NewEconomy Ege, A., & Ege, A. (2017). The Turkish economy and the challenge of technology: A trade perspective. New Perspectives on Turkey, 57, 31-60. doi:10.1017/npt.2017.28
- Erdogan, E. (2018). Encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation in Turkey: A policy perspective. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1), 1-12.
- Erduran, S., Guilfoyle, L., Park, W. et al. (2019) Argumentation and interdisciplinarity: reflections from the Oxford Argumentation in Religion and Science Project. Discip Interdscip Sci Educ Res 1, 8https://doi.org/10.1186/s43031-019-0006-9
- Ersungur, Ş. M. & Takım, A. (2018). Türkiye’de Teşvik Sisteminin Yapısı, Sorunları Ve Etkinliği Üzerine Bir Politika Önerisi: Tek Bir Uygulamacı Kuruluş Sorunları Çözer mi? . Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 32 (3), 725-744.
- Erten, T., (2008) “Teşvik sistemi yenilenecekse...”, Dünya Gazetesi, 23.04.2008.
- GEM (2017). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2016/2017 global report. Retrieved April 3, 2017 from http://gemconsortium.org/report/49812
- Gokmen, O., & Ozer, B. (2019). A comparative analysis of the R&D systems in Turkey and the EU: the case of biotechnology. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(56), 831-841. Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (2015). Innovation and growth in the global economy. MIT Press.
- Gümüş B. (2017) Sağlıkta AR-GE ve İnovasyon. http://www.fokusakademi.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k-ArGe_201702-web.pdf
- Günay D. (2018) İnovasyon, teknoloji ve bilim. 2. AR-GE İnovasyon Zirvesi ve Sergisi Sonuç Raporu – AR-GE’den Projeye Projeden Üretime. Mavi Ofset, İstanbul, s. 60-74.
- Hacıoğlu, V. (2021). Innovative Entrepreneurship and Development of Service Industry: A Macroeconomic Perspective . Disiplinlerarası Yenilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (1), 69-75.
- Harryison Sigvald J., (2003) How Canon and Sony Drive Product Innovation Through Networking and Application-Focused R&D, Journal of Product Innovation Management, October 02 https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.1440288
- Heney, P. (2021) Global R&D Funding Forecast released, RDWORLD, February 22, https://www.rdworldonline.com/2021-global-rd-funding-forecast-released/
- Ilyash, O., Lupak, R., Dzhadan, I. & Kolishenko, R. (2021). Assessing Structural Components of Investment and Innovation Provision of Economic Security in the Basic Types of Economic Activity. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (63) , 17-37 . DOI: 10.26650/JECS2020-0038
- Jalava, J. and M. Pohjola, (2002) Economic Growth in the New Economy: Evidence from Advanced Economies. Information Economics and Policy, 14, 189‒210.
- Jorgenson, D. W., Ho, M. S., and Samuels J. D. (2011) Information Technology and US Productivity Growth: Evidence from a Prototype Industry Production Account. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 36 (2), 159‒175.
- Kallio, J. and N. Mallat (2004) Trust in the New Economy – The Case of Finnish Banks. Ministry of Transport and Communications, Helsinki, http://www.lvm.fi/fileserver/1704.pdf Kamil, A., & Haci, H. (2019). Innovative technology and its impact on R&D capacity in Turkey. European Journal of Education Studies, 5(4), 68-75.
- Karagüllü E. (2013) Profesyonel Akıl. Forbes, Aralık, s. 68-72.
- Ketteni, E., T. Mamuneas and T. Stengos (2011). Macroeconomic Dynamics, 15 (05), 595‒61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1365100510000210 Kiracı, A. (2016) Yeni Ekonomide Yenilikçi Ürünler, Mahkumlar İkilemi ve Firmalar için Artan Bir Maliyet Bileşeni. İktisadi Yenilik Dergisi, 1 (1), 27-38. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iy/issue/22651/241942
- Koski, H., P. Rouvinen and P. Ylä-Anttila (2002) ICT Clusters in Europe: The Great Central Banana and the Small Nordic Potato. Information Economics and Policy, 14, 145‒165.
- Külünk, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de Arge Harcamaları, İhracat ve Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1996-2016. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4 (2), 73-82. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ead/issue/48247/610768
- Manioudis, M. (2021) An Early Anticipation of Smart Growth? John Stuart Mill, Knowledge and the 'East-West' Distinction. J Knowl Econ https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00809-7
- Mazurkiewicz, A. (2018) Barriers of technological innovation development and implementation encountered by R&D organisations, Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji, no. 1 127—138.
- Mohnen, P., & Hoareau, C. (2019). Knowledge flows, R&D collaboration, and public policy. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 11, 497-519.
- Özçelik Emre, Taymaz Erol, (2008) R&D support programs in developing countries: The Turkish experience, Research Policy, Volume 37, Issue 2, Pages 258-275, ISSN 0048-7333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.11.001.
- Özden, Ç., Parsons, C. R., Schiff, M., & Walmsley, T. L. (2011). Where on earth is everybody? The evolution of global bilateral migration 1960-2000. The World Bank Economic Review, 25(1), 12-56.
- PISA, (2019) Worldwide ranking – average score of math, science and reading. http://factsmaps.com/pisa-worldwide-ranking-average-score-of-math-science-reading/
- Ranga M., Temel S., Ar I. M., Yesilay R. B., Sukan F. V. (2016) Building Technology Transfer Capacity in Turkish Universities: a critical analysis, European Journal of Education, Volume 51, Issue1, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12164
- Reddit, (2018) Maths and science education quality, World Economic Forum, Spectator Index. https://www.reddit.com/r/Turkey/comments/9y6rsd/maths_and_science_education_quality_2018_turkey/ Roser M, Nagdi M, Ortiz-Ospina E. (2019) Quality of Education. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/quality-of-education Sánchez, R.L.M., Vega J. and Álvarez E. (2009) Information Technologies and Economic Growth: Do the Physical Measures Tell Us Something? http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1719067 Shao, B. and Shu W.S. (2004) Productivity Breakdown of the Information and Computing Technology Industries Across Countries. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 55, 23‒33.
- Shepherd, S.B. (1997) The New Economy: What it Really Means. http://www.businessweek.com/1997/46/b3553084.htm
- Smith, K. (2018). Economic development and R&D: Introduction. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(2), 255-258.
- Tansel, A. (2013). Brain drain from Turkey: An investigation of students' return intentions. IZA Journal of Migration, 2(1), 18.
- Tansel, A. and Güngör Demet, N. (2003) Brain drain from Turkey: survey evidence of student non‐return", Career Development International, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 52-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430310465453
- Tapscott, D. (1997) The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril In The Age of Networked Intelligence, McGraw-Hill.
- TCKB (2014) TC Kalkınma Bakanlığı, 10. Kalkınma Planı – İlaç Çalışma Grubu Raporu, 2014-2018.
- Tekin-Koru, A. (2017). A comparative study of the R&D investment in Turkey and the EU. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 9(11), 1-11.
- Tosun, C. (2017). The role of education in the development of innovation and entrepreneurship in Turkey. Education and Development, 3(1), 33-43.
- Tulp, Jan Willem (2017) The World's Best Countries in Science. Scientific American, 307(4): 36-37,
- Uzbay İT. (2007) Türkiye’nin Çağdaş Uygarlığı Yakalama Hedefinden Bilimin Yeri. Silahlı Kuvvetler Dergisi, Sayı 391 (Ocak): 62-75.
- Uzbay T. (2017) Türkiye’de İlaç AR-GE’sinin Geçmişi Bugünü ve Yarını. Health 4.0 Sağlıkta Yenilikler Kongresi, 24 Kasım, İstanbul.
- Weitzman, M. L. (2018). Recombinant growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(4), 1849-1891.
- Yildiz, H., & Kose, M. (2019). The role of the public sector in promoting entrepreneurship and innovation in Turkey. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development, 2(2), 1-12.
- Yilmaz, E., & Demir, M. (2015). The impact of international cooperation on the R&D competitiveness of Turkish firms. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 4(5), 35-45.
- Yumrutepe, R. (2013). Brain drain and its determinants: A major issue for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 824-831.
Enhancing Local and National R&D Competitiveness: Strategies for Improving Turkey's Innovation Landscape
Öz
In recent years, the literature has underlined the importance of industrial and innovative approaches in regional development and economic growth. The investments of R&D startups by giant international companies can inhibit national and local production capability and domestic competitiveness of developing countries. This study uses an innovative mindset to the innovation and R&D paradigms with a multi-disciplinary approach. It argues that since multinational companies can earn more value from their existing capacities and provide new ones in developing economies by investing more in R&D projects, developing countries can invest in and support to R&D startups on reverse engineering of existing innovation. Companies in emerging economies could theoretically learn from and catch up with investing multinationals and develop their capacities via venture capitalist fundings on corporate shares. Nevertheless, to do so, they need to build their innovative capabilities and move from a process to a product focus and from imitation to innovation, as Chinese global large firms do.
Anahtar Kelimeler
R&D Innovation Innovative Economies Open Innovation Product Development
Kaynakça
- Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2021). The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 136(1), 79-127.
- Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (2017). The economics of growth. MIT Press.
- Akcigit, U., Grigsby, J., & Nicholas, T. (2017). The rise of American ingenuity: Innovation and inventors of the golden age. NBER Working Paper No. 23047.
- Akdemir, A., Tankişi, S., Aktaş, Ö., Yıldız, B. & Öztürk, H. (2022). Yöneticilerin, liderlik görevlerine ilişkin algılarının çeşitli sektörler bağlamında araştırılması. Disiplinlerarası Yenilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1), 78-89. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dyad/issue/66035/1056075
- Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A., & Güngör, N. D. (2013). Does brain drain lead to institutional gain? An empirical analysis of the effect of high-skilled emigration on institutions. Journal of Development Economics, 102, 116-127.
- Alexander, C. (1983) The New Economy. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926013-1,00.html
- Arora, A., Fosfuri, A., & Gambardella, A. (2019). Markets for technology: The economics of innovation and corporate strategy. MIT Press.
- Aydogan-Duda Neslihan (2012) Branding Innovation: The Case Study of Turkey Disruptive Technologies, Innovation and Global Redesign: Emerging Implications, Pages: 11, DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-0134-5.ch012 Barlevy, G., & Tsiddon, D. (2019). Economic growth, technological progress, and social capital: The inseparable links. The Review of Economic Studies, 86(6), 2435-2470.
- Belderbos, R. A., Gilsing, V. A., Lokshin, B., & Carree, M. A. (2015). Heterogeneity in R&D cooperation strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 36(6), 745-763.
- Berber R. and Kurul N. (2009) The motivating factors for productivity in R&D: Preliminary results of a survey in some engineering schools in Turkey, PICMET '09 - 2009 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering & Technology, pp. 1508-1515, doi:10.1109/PICMET.2009.5261982.
- Bosetti, V., Cattaneo, M., Fiorese, G., Verdolini, E., & Vergalli, S. (2015). The future prospect of PV and CSP solar technologies: An expert elicitation survey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 1309-1324.
- Cansız, M. & Tekneci, P. D. (2018). Innovative and Technology-Based Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey: Capital and Performance . Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (57), 151-183. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jecs/issue/37969/372449
- Çağla C. (2019) AR-GE nedir? Ne Anlama Gelir? Bölümleri nelerdir? https://www.tech-worm.com/AR-GE-nedir-ne-anlama-gelir-bolumleri-nelerdir/ Daveri, F. and A. Mascotto (2006) The IT Revolution across the United States. Review of Income and Wealth, 52 (4), 569‒602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2006.00205.x Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics (2013). http://www-personal.umich.edu/~alandear/glossary/n.html#NewEconomy Ege, A., & Ege, A. (2017). The Turkish economy and the challenge of technology: A trade perspective. New Perspectives on Turkey, 57, 31-60. doi:10.1017/npt.2017.28
- Erdogan, E. (2018). Encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation in Turkey: A policy perspective. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 4(1), 1-12.
- Erduran, S., Guilfoyle, L., Park, W. et al. (2019) Argumentation and interdisciplinarity: reflections from the Oxford Argumentation in Religion and Science Project. Discip Interdscip Sci Educ Res 1, 8https://doi.org/10.1186/s43031-019-0006-9
- Ersungur, Ş. M. & Takım, A. (2018). Türkiye’de Teşvik Sisteminin Yapısı, Sorunları Ve Etkinliği Üzerine Bir Politika Önerisi: Tek Bir Uygulamacı Kuruluş Sorunları Çözer mi? . Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 32 (3), 725-744.
- Erten, T., (2008) “Teşvik sistemi yenilenecekse...”, Dünya Gazetesi, 23.04.2008.
- GEM (2017). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2016/2017 global report. Retrieved April 3, 2017 from http://gemconsortium.org/report/49812
- Gokmen, O., & Ozer, B. (2019). A comparative analysis of the R&D systems in Turkey and the EU: the case of biotechnology. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(56), 831-841. Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (2015). Innovation and growth in the global economy. MIT Press.
- Gümüş B. (2017) Sağlıkta AR-GE ve İnovasyon. http://www.fokusakademi.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k-ArGe_201702-web.pdf
- Günay D. (2018) İnovasyon, teknoloji ve bilim. 2. AR-GE İnovasyon Zirvesi ve Sergisi Sonuç Raporu – AR-GE’den Projeye Projeden Üretime. Mavi Ofset, İstanbul, s. 60-74.
- Hacıoğlu, V. (2021). Innovative Entrepreneurship and Development of Service Industry: A Macroeconomic Perspective . Disiplinlerarası Yenilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (1), 69-75.
- Harryison Sigvald J., (2003) How Canon and Sony Drive Product Innovation Through Networking and Application-Focused R&D, Journal of Product Innovation Management, October 02 https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.1440288
- Heney, P. (2021) Global R&D Funding Forecast released, RDWORLD, February 22, https://www.rdworldonline.com/2021-global-rd-funding-forecast-released/
- Ilyash, O., Lupak, R., Dzhadan, I. & Kolishenko, R. (2021). Assessing Structural Components of Investment and Innovation Provision of Economic Security in the Basic Types of Economic Activity. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (63) , 17-37 . DOI: 10.26650/JECS2020-0038
- Jalava, J. and M. Pohjola, (2002) Economic Growth in the New Economy: Evidence from Advanced Economies. Information Economics and Policy, 14, 189‒210.
- Jorgenson, D. W., Ho, M. S., and Samuels J. D. (2011) Information Technology and US Productivity Growth: Evidence from a Prototype Industry Production Account. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 36 (2), 159‒175.
- Kallio, J. and N. Mallat (2004) Trust in the New Economy – The Case of Finnish Banks. Ministry of Transport and Communications, Helsinki, http://www.lvm.fi/fileserver/1704.pdf Kamil, A., & Haci, H. (2019). Innovative technology and its impact on R&D capacity in Turkey. European Journal of Education Studies, 5(4), 68-75.
- Karagüllü E. (2013) Profesyonel Akıl. Forbes, Aralık, s. 68-72.
- Ketteni, E., T. Mamuneas and T. Stengos (2011). Macroeconomic Dynamics, 15 (05), 595‒61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1365100510000210 Kiracı, A. (2016) Yeni Ekonomide Yenilikçi Ürünler, Mahkumlar İkilemi ve Firmalar için Artan Bir Maliyet Bileşeni. İktisadi Yenilik Dergisi, 1 (1), 27-38. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iy/issue/22651/241942
- Koski, H., P. Rouvinen and P. Ylä-Anttila (2002) ICT Clusters in Europe: The Great Central Banana and the Small Nordic Potato. Information Economics and Policy, 14, 145‒165.
- Külünk, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de Arge Harcamaları, İhracat ve Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: 1996-2016. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4 (2), 73-82. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ead/issue/48247/610768
- Manioudis, M. (2021) An Early Anticipation of Smart Growth? John Stuart Mill, Knowledge and the 'East-West' Distinction. J Knowl Econ https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00809-7
- Mazurkiewicz, A. (2018) Barriers of technological innovation development and implementation encountered by R&D organisations, Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji, no. 1 127—138.
- Mohnen, P., & Hoareau, C. (2019). Knowledge flows, R&D collaboration, and public policy. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 11, 497-519.
- Özçelik Emre, Taymaz Erol, (2008) R&D support programs in developing countries: The Turkish experience, Research Policy, Volume 37, Issue 2, Pages 258-275, ISSN 0048-7333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.11.001.
- Özden, Ç., Parsons, C. R., Schiff, M., & Walmsley, T. L. (2011). Where on earth is everybody? The evolution of global bilateral migration 1960-2000. The World Bank Economic Review, 25(1), 12-56.
- PISA, (2019) Worldwide ranking – average score of math, science and reading. http://factsmaps.com/pisa-worldwide-ranking-average-score-of-math-science-reading/
- Ranga M., Temel S., Ar I. M., Yesilay R. B., Sukan F. V. (2016) Building Technology Transfer Capacity in Turkish Universities: a critical analysis, European Journal of Education, Volume 51, Issue1, https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12164
- Reddit, (2018) Maths and science education quality, World Economic Forum, Spectator Index. https://www.reddit.com/r/Turkey/comments/9y6rsd/maths_and_science_education_quality_2018_turkey/ Roser M, Nagdi M, Ortiz-Ospina E. (2019) Quality of Education. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/quality-of-education Sánchez, R.L.M., Vega J. and Álvarez E. (2009) Information Technologies and Economic Growth: Do the Physical Measures Tell Us Something? http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1719067 Shao, B. and Shu W.S. (2004) Productivity Breakdown of the Information and Computing Technology Industries Across Countries. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 55, 23‒33.
- Shepherd, S.B. (1997) The New Economy: What it Really Means. http://www.businessweek.com/1997/46/b3553084.htm
- Smith, K. (2018). Economic development and R&D: Introduction. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(2), 255-258.
- Tansel, A. (2013). Brain drain from Turkey: An investigation of students' return intentions. IZA Journal of Migration, 2(1), 18.
- Tansel, A. and Güngör Demet, N. (2003) Brain drain from Turkey: survey evidence of student non‐return", Career Development International, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 52-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430310465453
- Tapscott, D. (1997) The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril In The Age of Networked Intelligence, McGraw-Hill.
- TCKB (2014) TC Kalkınma Bakanlığı, 10. Kalkınma Planı – İlaç Çalışma Grubu Raporu, 2014-2018.
- Tekin-Koru, A. (2017). A comparative study of the R&D investment in Turkey and the EU. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 9(11), 1-11.
- Tosun, C. (2017). The role of education in the development of innovation and entrepreneurship in Turkey. Education and Development, 3(1), 33-43.
- Tulp, Jan Willem (2017) The World's Best Countries in Science. Scientific American, 307(4): 36-37,
- Uzbay İT. (2007) Türkiye’nin Çağdaş Uygarlığı Yakalama Hedefinden Bilimin Yeri. Silahlı Kuvvetler Dergisi, Sayı 391 (Ocak): 62-75.
- Uzbay T. (2017) Türkiye’de İlaç AR-GE’sinin Geçmişi Bugünü ve Yarını. Health 4.0 Sağlıkta Yenilikler Kongresi, 24 Kasım, İstanbul.
- Weitzman, M. L. (2018). Recombinant growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(4), 1849-1891.
- Yildiz, H., & Kose, M. (2019). The role of the public sector in promoting entrepreneurship and innovation in Turkey. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development, 2(2), 1-12.
- Yilmaz, E., & Demir, M. (2015). The impact of international cooperation on the R&D competitiveness of Turkish firms. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 4(5), 35-45.
- Yumrutepe, R. (2013). Brain drain and its determinants: A major issue for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99, 824-831.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Review Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 23 Eylül 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 18 Ağustos 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2 |
