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Mültecilere Yönelik Yerel Entegrasyon Politikalarında Çok Düzeyli Yönetişim Uygulamaları

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 60, 119 - 143, 25.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.928175

Öz

Uluslararası göç bağlamında yerel entegrasyon küresel, ulusal ve yerel siyasette sıkça tartışılan konular arasında yer almaktadır. Mültecilerin Hukuki Statüsüne İlişkin 1951 Cenevre Sözleşmesi uyarınca mültecilere ev sahipliği yapan ülkeler tarafından tanınması öngörülen hukuki, sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik haklar çerçevesi yerel entegrasyon politikalarıyla yakından ilişkili hale gelmiştir. Nitekim Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği’nin (BMMYK) mülteciler konusunda önerdiği gönüllü geri dönüş ve üçüncü ülkeye yerleştirme gibi kalıcı çözümlerin uygulamada sınırlı kalması, yerel entegrasyon dinamiklerinin anlaşılmasını önemli kılmaktadır. Son yıllarda uluslararası göçmenlerin yoğunlukla kentlerde yerel topluluklarla birlikte yaşaması, yerelleşmeye dayalı entegrasyon politikalarına dikkat çekerek, özellikle belediyeler gibi yerelde başlıca hizmet sağlayıcı aktörlerin bu süreçteki kritik rolünü ortaya koymaktadır. Belediyeler ise yerel entegrasyon politikalarında başarıya ulaşmak, diğer bir deyişle toplumun tüm bireylerine yönelik kültürel ve ekonomik fırsatları çeşitlendirilebilmek amacıyla mültecilere hizmet sağladıkları temel alanlarda yerel, ulusal ve küresel iş birlikleri geliştirmeye yönelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı yerel entegrasyon politikalarının uygulanmasında çok düzeyli yönetişim modelinin rolünü incelemektir. Bu bağlamda çalışma öncelikle yerel entegrasyon ve çok düzeyli yönetişime dair literatürde yer alan mevcut kavramsal tartışmalara değinmekte, belediyelerin yerel entegrasyon sürecindeki rolünü değerlendirmektedir. Çalışmada çok düzeyli yönetişim modeli çerçevesinde geliştirilen yerel entegrasyon politikalarının olumlu katkılarını göstermek amacıyla Türkiye ve dünyada çeşitli belediyelerin iyi uygulama örneklerine yer verilmektedir.

Kaynakça

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Implementation of Multi-Level Governance in The Context of Local İntegration Policies for Refugees

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 60, 119 - 143, 25.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.928175

Öz

Local integration in the context of international migration has become a widely discussed subject in international, national and local politics. The legal, social, political and economic rights framework enshrined in the 1951 Refugee Convention are often materialised in the local integration policies adopted by host countries. Given that voluntary return and third country resettlement, the two other durable solutions recommended by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), remain limited in implementation, understanding the dynamics of local integration becomes even more critical. As international migrants are increasingly settled in urban settings, integration policies become localised to a great extent, revealing the critical role of local service providers, municipalities in particular, within this process. In the meantime, municipalities resort to forming local, national and international partnerships in provision of services to refugees in their attempt to deliver successful local integration policies by diversifying cultural and economic opportunities for all their residents. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of multi-level governance model in the implementation of local integration policies. To this objective, it initially provides a review of the literature on local integration and multi-level governance while assessing the role of municipalities within this process. Furthermore, the study emphasises the positive contribution of multi-level governance model on integration policies by elaborating examples of good practice adopted by municipalities in Turkey and beyond.

Kaynakça

  • Acuto, M. (2010). Global cities: gorillas in our midst. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 35(4):425-448.
  • Ager, A. ve Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: a conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2):166-191. doi:10.1093/jrs/fen016
  • Akar, S. ve Erdoğdu, M.M. (2019). Syrian refugees in Turkey and integration problem aheads. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 20(3): 925-940. doi:10.1007/s12134-018-0639-0
  • Alba, R. (1999). Immigration and the American realities of assimilation and multiculturalism. Sociological Forum, 14(1): 3-25.
  • Amen, M., Toly, N., McCarney, P. ve Segbers, K. (2011). Introduction. Mark Amen, Noah Toly, Patricia McCarney ve Klaus Segbers (Eds). Cities And Global Governance: New Sites For International Relations içinde (s. 1-11). Londra, Birleşik Krallık: Ashgate.
  • Bache, I. ve Flinders, M. (2004). Multi-Level Governance and British Politics. Ian Bache ve Matthew Flinders (Eds.). Multi-Level Governance içinde (s. 93-106). Oxford, İngiltere: Oxford University Press.
  • Barın, H. (2019). Türkiye’deki Suriyelilerin entegrasyonunda sivil toplum kuruluşlarının rolü: Ankara örneği (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Betts, A. (2017). Zorunlu Göç ve Küresel Politika. (S. M. Türkaslan, Çev.). Ankara: Hece Yayınları.
  • Betts, A. , A. Ali, ve Memişoğlu, F. (2017). Local politics and the Syrian refugee crisis: exploring responses in Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan. Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford. Erişim adresi: www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/local-politics-and-syrian-refugee-crisis_report-web.pdf
  • Betts, A., Memişoğlu, F. ve Ali, A. (2020). What diffrence do mayors make? the role of municipal authorities in Turkey and Lebanon’s response to Syrian Refugees. Journal of Refugee Studies. Çevrimiçi ön yayın. doi: 10.1093/jrs/feaa011
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu. (2016, Ekim 3). 71/1. New York declaration for refugees and migrants. New York. Erişim adresi https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/71/1
  • Bosswick, W. ve Heckmann, F. (2006). Integration of migrants: contrubution of local and regional authorities, European Forum For Migration Studies (EFMS) at the University Of Bamberg, Germany. Erişim adresi: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/report/2006/social-policies/integration-of-migrants-contribution-of-local-and-regional-authorities
  • Boswell, C. (2003). European migration in flux: changing patterns of inclusion and exclusion. Londra, Birleşik Krallık: Blackwell Publising.
  • Callet-Ravat, L. ve Madore, M. (2016). The role of municipalities of Turkey and Lebanon in the Syrian migratory influx management, United Cities and Local Governments Middle East and West Asia Section. Erişim adresi: http://uclg-mew.org/uploads/file/a543e16140c0424a9a0b51afca15938a/Middle_Eastern_Urban_Forced_Migrants-urkey-Final-Version2.pdf
  • Caponio, T. ve Borkert, M. (2010). The local dimension of migration policymaking. Amsterdam, Hollanda: Amsterdam Universtiy Press.
  • Castles, S. (2010). Understanding global migration: a social transformation perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10): 1565-1586. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2010.489381
  • Castles, S. ve Davidson, A. (2000). Citizenship and migration: globalization and the politics of belonging. Londra, Birleşik Kırallık: Macmillan Press.
  • Castles, S. ve J. Miller, M. (2008). Göçler çağı modern dünyada uluslararası göç hareketleri. (Bülent U. Bal ve İbrahim Akbulut, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Castles, S., Korac, M., Vasta, E. ve Vertovec, S. (2001). Integration: mapping the field. Centre for Migration and Policy Research and Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford web sitesinden erişildi: https://forcedmigrationguide.pbworks.com/w/page/7447907/Integration%3A%20Mapping%20the%20Field
  • Commission of the European Communities. (2005, Eylül 1). A common agenda for integration framework for the integration of third-country nationals in the European Union. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0389:FIN:en:PDF
  • Crisp, J. (2004). The local integration and local settlement of refugees: a conceptual and historical analysis. New Issues In Refugee Research, working paper no 102. UNHCR. Erişim adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/research/working/407d3b762/local-integration-local-settlement-refugees-conceptual-historical-analysis.html
  • Daoudov, M. (2015). Türkiye’de yabancıların uyumunda yerel yönetimlerin rolü rapor. Yakup Bulut (Ed.) Uluslararası Göç Ve Mülteci Uyumu Sorununda Kamu Yönetiminin Rolü içinde (s. 39-64). Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • Eliçin, Y. (2018). Refugee crisis and local responses: an assesment of local capacities to deal with migration influxes in İstanbul. Crotian And Comparative Public Administration, 18(1):73-99.
  • Entzinger, H. ve Biezeveld, R. (2003). Benchmarking in immigrant integration. European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations(ERCOMER). Erasmus University, Roterdam, Hollanda. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/default/files/e-library/documents/policies/legal-migration/pdf/general/benchmarking_final_en.pdf
  • Erdoğan, M.M. (2020), “Securitization from society” and “social acceptance”: political party-based approaches in Turkey to Syrian refugees, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17(68):73-92. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.883022
  • Eurocities. (2018). Integrationg cities toolkit: anti-discrimination strategies for the local job market. Erişim adresi: https://nws.eurocities.eu/MediaShell/media/2018_CitiesGroW_Toolkits-D-Calibri.pdf
  • European Commission. (2011, Temmuz 20). European agenda for the integration of third-country nationals. Erişim adresi: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0455:FIN:EN:PDF
  • European Commission. (2017). Urban agenda for the European Union. Action Plan- Partnership on inclusion of migrants and refugees. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/action_plan_inclusion_of_migrants_and_refugees.pdf
  • European Commission. (2020, Kasım 24). Action plan on integration and inclusion 2021-2027. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/default/files/pdf/action_plan_on_integration_and_inclusion_2021-2027.pdf
  • European Council of Refugee and Exiles [ECRE]. (2002, Aralık). Position on the integration of refugees in Europe. Erişim adresi: https://www.ecre.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ECRE-Position-on-the-Integration-of-Refugees-in-Europe_December-2002.pdf
  • Faist, T. (2003). Uluslararası Göç ve Ulusaşırı Toplumsal Alanlar. (A.Zana Gündoğan ve Can Nacar ,Çev.). İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Fakhoury, T. (2019). Multi-level governance and migration politics in the Arab World: the case of Syria’s displacement. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(8): 1310-1326. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1441609
  • Foner, N. ve Alba R. (2008). Immigrant religion in the U.S. and Western Europe: bridge or barrier to inclusion?, International migration Review 42(2): 360-392. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00128.x
  • Hamberger, A. (2009). Thematic articles-identity, integration and citizenship: immigrant integration: acculturation and social integration. Journal of Identitiy and Migration Studies, 3(2): 2-21.
  • Hathaway, J. C. (2005). The rights of refugees under international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hocaoğlu Bahadır, N. (2018). Avrupa Birliği entegrasyon politikalarında dil boyutu. N. Aslı Şirin Öner ve Suna Gülfer Ihlamur-Öner(Eds.) Uluslararası İlişkilerde Göç: Olgular, Aktörler ve Politikalar içinde (s. 133-143). İstanbul: DER Yayınları.
  • Hoekstra, M. S., Kohlbacher, J. ve Rauhut, D. (2018). Migration governance in three European cities: new local paradigms?. Thomas Lacroix ve Amandine Desille (Eds.). International Migrations and Local Governance içinde (s. 17-39). Palgrave Macmillan e-book: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65996-1
  • Hoohge, L. ve Marks, G. (2001). Multi-Level Governance And European Integration. Oxford, Birleşik Krallık: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • International Organization for Migration. World migration report 2020. Erişim adresi: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf Karpat, K. (2010). Osmanlı’dan günümüze etnik yapılanma ve göçler (Bahar Tırnakçı, Çev.). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
  • King, R. (2012). Theories and typologies of migration: an overwiew and a primer. Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, 3(12). Malmö University.
  • Kogan, I., Fong, E. ve Reitz, J.G. (2020). Religion and ıntegration among ımmigrant and minority youth. Journal of Ethnic And Migration Studies, 46(17): 3543-3558. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1620408
  • Koikkaleinen, S. (2021). Finland’s Immigration policy: state objectives, local solutions. Jochen Franzke ve Jose M. Ruano de la Fuente (Eds.), Local Integration od Migrants Policy içinde (s. 53-71). Erişim adresi: https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783030509781
  • Kuhlman, T. (1991). The Economic integration of refugees in the developing countries: a research model. Journal of Refugee Studies, 4(1):1-20.
  • Kurthen, H.ve Heisler, B.S. (2009). Immigrant integration: comparative evidence from the United States and Germany, Ethnic And Racial Studies, 32(1):139-170. doi:10.1080/01419870802298439
  • Living Wage Foundation. Latest News. Erişim adresi: https://www.livingwage.org.uk/news/201617-uk-living-wage-rate-has-been-announced (20.04.2021).
  • Marks, G. ve Hooghe, L. (2004). Contrasting visions of multi-level governance. Ian Bache ve Matthew Flinders (Eds.). Multi-Level Governance: Interdisciplinary Perspectives içinde (s. 15-30). Oxford, Birleşik Krallık: Oxford University Press.
  • Maytree Forundation. (2012). Good ideas from successful cities: municipal leadership on immigrant integrastion. Erişim adresi: http://citiesofmigration.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Municipal_Report_Main_Report2.pdf
  • Memişoğlu, F. ve Yavçan, B. (2020). Beyond ideology- a comparative analysis of how local govarnance can expand national integration policy: the case of Syrian refugees in İstanbul. Journal Of Ethnic And Migration Studies. Çevrimiçi ön yayın. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1819780
  • Mulvey, G. (2010). When policy creates politics: the problematizing of ımmigration and the consequences for refugee ıntegration in the UK. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4): 437-462. doi:10.1093/jrs/feq045
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2018). Working together for local integration of migrants and Refugees. Paris, Fransa: OECD Publishing. Erişim adresi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264085350-en
  • Özçürümez, S. ve İçduygu, A. (2020). Zorunlu göç deneyimi ve toplumsal bütünleşme: kavramlar, modeller ve uygulamalar ile Türkiye. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özservet Ç., Y. (2016). Uluslararası göç, yerel yönetimler ve toplumsal uyum. İller ve Belediyeler Dergisi (813): 48-55.
  • Penninx, R. (2009). Decentralising integration policies: managing migration in cities, regions and localities. Policy Network Paper. Erişim adresi: http://www.integratingcities2012.eu/documents/(2009%20-%20Penninx)%20Decentralising%20integration%20policies.pdf
  • Portes, A. (2010). Migration and social change: some conceptual reflections. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10): 1537-1563. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2010.489370
  • Robinson, V. (1998). Defining and measuring successful refugee integration, Proceedings of ECRE International Conference on Integration of Refugees in Europe,Antwerp. Erişim adresi: http://repository.forcedmigration.org/show_metadata.jsp?pid=fmo:1889
  • Roudometof, V. (2005). Transnationalism, cosmopolitanism and glocalization. Current Sociology, 53(1): 113-135.
  • Rudiger, A. ve Spencer, S. (2003, Ocak). Social integration of migrants and ethnic minorities: policies to combat discrimination. The Economic and Social Aspects of Migration Conference, Brüksel, Belçika: The European Commission & OECD.
  • Sirkeci, İ. ve Göktuna Yaylacı, F. (2019). Küresel hareketlilik çağında göç kuramları ve temel kavramlar. Filiz Göktuna Yaylacı(Ed.). Kuramsal ve Uygulama Boyutları ile Türkiye’de Sığınmacı, Mülteci ve Göçmenlerle Sosyal Hizmetler içinde (s. 15-39). Londra, Birleşik Krallık: Transnational Press London.
  • Smyth, G. ve Kum, H. (2010). When they don’t use it they will lose it’: professionals, deprofessionalization and refrofessionalization: the case of rufugee teachers in Scotland. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4): 503-522. doi:10.1093/jrs/feq041
  • Spencer, S. (2020). Cities breaking the mould? municipal ınclusion of ırregular migrants in Europe. Sarah Spencer ve Anna Triandafyllidou (Eds.). Migrants With Irregular Status In Europe: Evolving Conceptual And Policy Challenges içinde (s.187-205). Cham, Almanya: Springer.
  • Strang, A. ve Ager, A. (2010). Refugee integration: emerging trends and remaining agendas. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4):589-607. doi:10.1093/jrs/feq046
  • The Refugee Convention. (1951). Erişim adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/4ca34be29.pdf (23.04.2021)
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  • UNHCR. (2018). Global trends forced in 2018. The UN Refugee Agency. Erişim adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf
  • UNHCR. (2018, Aralık). Global Compact on Refugees. Erişim adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/5c658aed4.pd
  • UNHCR. (2019): Global trends forced displacement in 2019. The UN Refugee Agency. Erişim adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/5ee200e37.pdf
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR]. (2003). Framework for durable solutions for refugees and persons of concern. The UN Refugee Agency. Erişim adresi: http://www.unhcr.org/partners/partners/3f1408764/framework-durable-solutions-refugees-persons-concern.html
  • Unutulmaz, O. K. (2018). Gündemdeki kavram: “göçmen entegrasyonu”-Avrupa’daki gelişimi ve Britanya örneği. Suna G. Ihlamur Öner ve N.Aslı Şirin Öner (Eds.) Küreselleşme Çağında Göç: Kavramlar, Tartışmalar içinde (s. 107-135). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Valenta, M. ve Bunar, N. (2010). State assisted integration: refugee integration policies in Scandinavian welfare states: the Swedish and Norwegian experience. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4):464-483. doi:10.1093/jrs/feq028
  • Vrecer, N. (2010). Living in limbo: integration of forced migrants from Bosnia and Herzegovinia in Slovenia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(4): 484-502. doi:10.1093/jrs/feq042
  • Yalçın, C. (2004). Göç sosyolojisi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Yönlü Y., K. (2018). Göç sosyolojisi: Batı eksenli dünya düzeni ve Türkiye’ye gelen dış göç dinamiği. İstanbul: Doğu Kitabevi.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Büşra Aygün 0000-0001-6084-7148

Fulya Memisoglu 0000-0001-8113-813X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 60

Kaynak Göster

APA Aygün, B., & Memisoglu, F. (2021). Mültecilere Yönelik Yerel Entegrasyon Politikalarında Çok Düzeyli Yönetişim Uygulamaları. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(60), 119-143. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.928175

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