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CAN CHINA BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ROLE IN THE OUTBREAK OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC?

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 527 - 566, 20.10.2021

Öz

A breach of an international obligation entails that State's international responsibility, which entails a reparation obligation of that
State or the right of the injured State to seek redress or to resort to
countermeasures, or, in certain cases, the international community as
a whole to respond by certain means to this unlawful act. The most
usual consequence of an act contrary to international law is that the
state that suffered from this act automatically resorted to the
measures and procedures stipulated in international law in order to
fulfill the obligation violated by the state that came into effect or to
obtain redress from that state.
When we look at the studies on the concept of state responsibility in the literature, it is seen that there is a violation of the obligation in the regional sense due to the arrangement of the damages caused
by the neighboring states to each other or the damage of more than
one state as a result of an event. In this regard, within the scope of the
concept of state responsibility, it is seen that a phenomenon such as
the pandemic, which affects all the states of the world globally, is not
discussed much. Although the studies on COVID-19 so far have generally dealt with the economic, political, psychological, sociological and
health services dimensions caused by the pandemic, it is seen that the
issue has not been examined much from the international law dimension.
This is also valid for the COVID-19 Pandemic, which affected the
whole world and caused more than 4.5 million deaths and nearly 1
billion people to become ill. At this point, people and governments are
trying to find the answer to the question of who is or should be responsible for this global epidemic. In a way, everyone is looking for a
scapegoat. In particular, the USA and European states expect China to
take full responsibility as a state and compensate for its losses on the
grounds that it does not fulfill its international obligations and causes
the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic to the world. In this respect,
this study explains the concept of state responsibility in international
law in general and examines the approaches to the COVID-19 pandemic through this concept. Although the studies on COVID-19 so far
have generally dealt with the economic, political, psychological, sociological and health services dimensions caused by the pandemic, it is
seen that the issue has not been examined much from the international law dimension.
In the study, the basic principles regarding the concept of State
Responsibility were explained using the literature review method,
and then the problem of whether the Chinese government fulfilled its
responsibilities and international obligations in the spread of the
COVID-19 epidemic to the whole world was tried to be examined.
Although the concept of state responsibility is one of the basic principles of international law, there are not many academic studies directly examining this issue in the literature, since the pandemic, which has been affecting the whole world for about two years, is relatively
new. In this respect, it is expected that this study will contribute to
the literature.

Kaynakça

  • Bal, Ali, 2006, “Born of The State's International Responsibility (Devletin Uluslararası Sorumluluğunun Doğması)”, Unpublished Graduate Dissertation, Dokuz Eylul University Institute of Social Sciences.
  • Bodansky, Daniel, 2010, The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Brownlie, Ian, 2008, Principles of Public International Law, Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Chopra, Saurabh, 2012, “Basis of International Responsibility”, http://esaurabhchopra.blogspot.com/2012/05/? Erişim Tarihi: 5 Haziran 2021
  • Crawford, James, 2002. The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
  • Dixon, Martin, 2005. International Law, Fifth Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Volume II, PartTwo, 2001, p.32, https://legal.un.org/ola/Default.aspx Erişim Tarihi: 4 Haziran 2021
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.54
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.57
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.59
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.91
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.139
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.142
  • Eren, Fikret, 1998. Law of Obligations General Provisions Volume I (Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler Cilt I), İstanbul,
  • Erkiner, Hakki Hakan, 2010. “State's International Responsibility From Unfair Act (Devletin Haksız Fiilden Kaynaklanan Milletlerarası Sorumluluğu)”, Unpublished Phd Dissertation, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Ertuğrul, Ummuhan Elcin, “The Responsibility of States for Breaches of Obligations under Peremptory Norms of International Law”, Unpublished Phd Dissertation, Gazi University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara, 2011.
  • Factory at Chorzow (Germany v. Poland), 1927 PCIJ (ser. A) No. 9 5, 21, para 55
  • Global EconomicImpact of the COVID-19 IntheContext of InternatıonalLaw, https://www.hukukcular.org.tr/global-economic-impact-of-the-covid-19-in-the-context-of-international-law/ Erişim Tarihi: 12 Haziran 2021
  • Gözübüyük, Şeref, 2001. Introduction to Lawand Basic Principles of Law (Hukuka Giriş ve Hukukun Temel Kavramları), Ankara: Turhan Kitapevi
  • Hegarty, Stephanie “Chinese doctor LiVenliang, who was wanted to be silenced after coronavirus warning, died” 4 February 2020,
  • https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51370050 Erişim Tarihi: 8 Haziran 2021
  • Henderson, Matthew et al., 2020. Coronavirus Compensation? Assessing China’s Potential Culpability and Avenues of Legal Response, The Henry Jackson Society, International HealthRegulations, 2005, World HealthOrganization, https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en/ Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2021
  • Jankiewicz, León Castellanos, 2012. Causationand International StateResponsibility, SHARES Research Paper 07, ACIL 2012-07.
  • Jiménez, Aréchaga Eduardo de and TANZİ, Attila, 1991. “International State Responsibility”, In International Law: Achievementsand Prospects, Ed. Mohammed Bedjaoui, Paris UNESCO,
  • Johnsen, Morgan McFall, Satellite image sand internet trendssuggest the coronavirus may have emerged months before China reported it, https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-in-wuhan-fall-satellite-data-internet-searches-2020-6 Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2021
  • Jorgensen Nina H.B., 2000. “The Responsibility of Statesfor International Crime”, Oxford Monographs in International Law, Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress,
  • Kirsch, Philippe, ApplyingthePrinciples of Nuremberg in the ICC, KeynoteAddress at the Conference “Judgment at Nuremberg” held on the 60th Anniversary of theNurembergJudgment, Washington University, St. Louis, USA, 30 Semptember 2006, https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/ED2F5177-9F9B-4D66- 9386-5C5BF45D052C/146323/PK_20060930_English.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2021
  • Koskenniemi, Martti, 2010. “Doctrines of State Responsibility” in TheLaw of International Responsibility, Eds. James Crawford, Alain Pellet and Simon Olleson, New York, OUP,
  • Lysén, Göran, 1997. State Responsibility and International Liability of Statesfor Lawful Acts: A Discussion of Principles, Uppsala Moore, Michael, 2019. "Causation in theLaw", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Eds. Edward N. Zaltahttps://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/causatio n-law/ Erişim Tarihi: 12 Haziran 2021
  • Nollkaemper, Andre, 2017. “Responsibility”, Amsterdam Center for International Law, No. 3.
  • Pellet, Alain, 2010. “The Definition of Responsibility in International Law” in TheLaw of International Responsibility, Eds. James Crawford, Alain Pellet and Simon Olleson, New York, Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Pirim, Ceren Zeynep 2016. “Uluslararası Hukukta Manevi Zarar,” Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, No. 127: 339-374
  • Provost, René 2002. Introduction: StateResponsibility in International Law, Ashgate, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2202475 Shaw, Malcolm N. 2008. International Law, 6.th Edition, New York: Cambridge UniversityPress,
  • Shelton, Dinah, “Righting Wrongs: Reparations in The Articles on State Responsibility”, The American Journal of International Law, Volume. 96, No. 4, 2002: 833-856
  • Shih, Gerryand Knowles, Hannah, 2020. A Chinese doctor was one of the first to warn about coronavirus. He got detained — andinfected, 4 February 2020,
  • https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/02/04/chinese-doctor-has-coronavirus/ Erişim Tarihi: 8 Haziran 2021
  • Summaries of Judgments, 2012. Advisory Opinion sand Orders of thePermanent Court of international Justice. New York: United Nations,
  • Sur, Melda, 2006. Principles of International Law (Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları), 2. Edition, İstanbul: Beta Yayınlari,
  • Tan, Huileng 2020. China ‘owes us’: Growing Outrage Over Beijing’s Handling of the Coronavirus Pandemic, 24 April 2020, ttps://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/24/lawsuits-outrage-over-chinas-handling-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic.html Erişim Tarihi: 18 Haziran 2021
  • Timeline of ECDC'sreponseto COVID-19, https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/timeline-ecdcresponse Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2021
  • Verma, Surinder Kaur, 2017. “State Responbility”, in Public International Law I, Eds. Nejat Doğan, Faculty of Open Education Publication No: 2629, Eskisehir,

ÇİN, KOVİD-19 PANDEMİSİNİN YAYILMASINDAN SORUMLU TUTULABİLİR Mİ?

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 527 - 566, 20.10.2021

Öz

Uluslararası bir yükümlülüğün ihlali, o Devletin uluslararası
sorumluluğunu gerektirir, bu da ilgili devletin tazminat
yükümlülüğünü veya zarar gören devletin tazminat arama ya da karşı
önlemlere başvurma hakkını veya bazı durumlarda belirli yollarla bu
yasa dışı eyleme karşı uluslararası toplumun bir bütün olarak yanıt
verme hakkını gerektirmektedir. Uluslararası hukuka aykırı bir fiilin
en olağan sonucu, bu fiilden zarar gören devletin, ihlal ettiği
yükümlülüğünü yerine getirmek veya tazminini sağlamak için
otomatik olarak uluslararası hukukta öngörülen tedbir ve usullere
başvurmasıdır.
Literatürde devlet sorumluluğu kavramı ile ilgili çalışmalara
bakıldığında genel itibariyle çalışmaların komşu devletlerin birbirlerine verdikleri zararların tanzim edilmesi veya meydana gelen bir
olay neticesinde birden fazla devletin zarar görmesi nedeniyle
bölgesel anlamda oluşan bir yükümlülük ihlalinin olduğu
görülmektedir. Bu bakımdan devlet sorumluluğu kavramı kapsamında küresel olarak tüm dünya devletlerini etkileyen pandemi gibi bir
olgunun pek fazla tartışılmadığı görülmektedir.
Bu durum tüm dünyayı etkileyen ve 4,5 milyondan fazla insanın
ölmesine ve yaklaşık 1 milyar insanın hasta olmasına neden olan
COVID-19 Pandemisi içinde geçerlidir. Gelinen noktada insanlar ve
hükümetler sözkonusu bu küresel salgından kimin sorumlu olduğu
veya olması gerektiği sorusunun cevabını bulmaya çalışıyorlar. Bir
bakıma aslında herkes bir günah keçisi arıyor. Özellikle ABD ve Avrupalı devletler, Çin'in uluslararası yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmediği
ve COVID-19 pandemisinin dünyaya yayılmasına neden olduğu gerekçesiyle devlet olarak tüm sorumluluğu üstlenmesini ve meydana
gelen zararlarının karşılanmasını bekliyorlar. Bu bakımdan bu
çalışma genel olarak Uluslararası hukukta yer alan devlet sorumluluğu kavramını açıklayarak bu kavram üzerinden COVID-19 pandemisine yönelik yaklaşımları incelemektedir. Şimdiye kadar yapılan
COVID-19 ile ilgili çalışmalar genel olarak pandeminin neden olduğu
ekonomik, siyasi, psikolojik, sosyolojik ve sağlık hizmetleri boyutuyla
ele alsalarda konunun uluslararası hukuk boyutundan pek fazla
incelenmediği görülmektedir.
Çalışmada literature taraması yöntemi kullanılarak Devlet
Sorumluluğu kavramına ilişkin olarak temel prensipler açıklanmış ve
sonrasında ise Çin hükümetinin COVID-19 salgının tüm dünyaya
yayılmasındaki sorumlulukları ve uluslararası yükümlülükleri yerine
getirip getirmediği sorunsalı incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Her he kadar
devlet sorumluluğu kavramı uluslararası hukukun temel prensiplerinden biri olsa da yaklaşık 2 yıldan beri tüm dünyayı etkileyen
pandeminin göreceli olarak yeni olması nedeniyle literatürde doğrudan bu konuyu inceleyen pek fazla akademik çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu bakımdan bu çalışmanın literature katkı sağlayacağı
beklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Bal, Ali, 2006, “Born of The State's International Responsibility (Devletin Uluslararası Sorumluluğunun Doğması)”, Unpublished Graduate Dissertation, Dokuz Eylul University Institute of Social Sciences.
  • Bodansky, Daniel, 2010, The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Brownlie, Ian, 2008, Principles of Public International Law, Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Chopra, Saurabh, 2012, “Basis of International Responsibility”, http://esaurabhchopra.blogspot.com/2012/05/? Erişim Tarihi: 5 Haziran 2021
  • Crawford, James, 2002. The International Law Commission's Articles on State Responsibility, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
  • Dixon, Martin, 2005. International Law, Fifth Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Volume II, PartTwo, 2001, p.32, https://legal.un.org/ola/Default.aspx Erişim Tarihi: 4 Haziran 2021
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.54
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.57
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.59
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.91
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.139
  • Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts with Commentaries, 2001, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part Two, 2001, p.142
  • Eren, Fikret, 1998. Law of Obligations General Provisions Volume I (Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler Cilt I), İstanbul,
  • Erkiner, Hakki Hakan, 2010. “State's International Responsibility From Unfair Act (Devletin Haksız Fiilden Kaynaklanan Milletlerarası Sorumluluğu)”, Unpublished Phd Dissertation, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul.
  • Ertuğrul, Ummuhan Elcin, “The Responsibility of States for Breaches of Obligations under Peremptory Norms of International Law”, Unpublished Phd Dissertation, Gazi University Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara, 2011.
  • Factory at Chorzow (Germany v. Poland), 1927 PCIJ (ser. A) No. 9 5, 21, para 55
  • Global EconomicImpact of the COVID-19 IntheContext of InternatıonalLaw, https://www.hukukcular.org.tr/global-economic-impact-of-the-covid-19-in-the-context-of-international-law/ Erişim Tarihi: 12 Haziran 2021
  • Gözübüyük, Şeref, 2001. Introduction to Lawand Basic Principles of Law (Hukuka Giriş ve Hukukun Temel Kavramları), Ankara: Turhan Kitapevi
  • Hegarty, Stephanie “Chinese doctor LiVenliang, who was wanted to be silenced after coronavirus warning, died” 4 February 2020,
  • https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51370050 Erişim Tarihi: 8 Haziran 2021
  • Henderson, Matthew et al., 2020. Coronavirus Compensation? Assessing China’s Potential Culpability and Avenues of Legal Response, The Henry Jackson Society, International HealthRegulations, 2005, World HealthOrganization, https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en/ Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2021
  • Jankiewicz, León Castellanos, 2012. Causationand International StateResponsibility, SHARES Research Paper 07, ACIL 2012-07.
  • Jiménez, Aréchaga Eduardo de and TANZİ, Attila, 1991. “International State Responsibility”, In International Law: Achievementsand Prospects, Ed. Mohammed Bedjaoui, Paris UNESCO,
  • Johnsen, Morgan McFall, Satellite image sand internet trendssuggest the coronavirus may have emerged months before China reported it, https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-in-wuhan-fall-satellite-data-internet-searches-2020-6 Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2021
  • Jorgensen Nina H.B., 2000. “The Responsibility of Statesfor International Crime”, Oxford Monographs in International Law, Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress,
  • Kirsch, Philippe, ApplyingthePrinciples of Nuremberg in the ICC, KeynoteAddress at the Conference “Judgment at Nuremberg” held on the 60th Anniversary of theNurembergJudgment, Washington University, St. Louis, USA, 30 Semptember 2006, https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/ED2F5177-9F9B-4D66- 9386-5C5BF45D052C/146323/PK_20060930_English.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 7 Haziran 2021
  • Koskenniemi, Martti, 2010. “Doctrines of State Responsibility” in TheLaw of International Responsibility, Eds. James Crawford, Alain Pellet and Simon Olleson, New York, OUP,
  • Lysén, Göran, 1997. State Responsibility and International Liability of Statesfor Lawful Acts: A Discussion of Principles, Uppsala Moore, Michael, 2019. "Causation in theLaw", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Eds. Edward N. Zaltahttps://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/causatio n-law/ Erişim Tarihi: 12 Haziran 2021
  • Nollkaemper, Andre, 2017. “Responsibility”, Amsterdam Center for International Law, No. 3.
  • Pellet, Alain, 2010. “The Definition of Responsibility in International Law” in TheLaw of International Responsibility, Eds. James Crawford, Alain Pellet and Simon Olleson, New York, Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Pirim, Ceren Zeynep 2016. “Uluslararası Hukukta Manevi Zarar,” Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, No. 127: 339-374
  • Provost, René 2002. Introduction: StateResponsibility in International Law, Ashgate, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2202475 Shaw, Malcolm N. 2008. International Law, 6.th Edition, New York: Cambridge UniversityPress,
  • Shelton, Dinah, “Righting Wrongs: Reparations in The Articles on State Responsibility”, The American Journal of International Law, Volume. 96, No. 4, 2002: 833-856
  • Shih, Gerryand Knowles, Hannah, 2020. A Chinese doctor was one of the first to warn about coronavirus. He got detained — andinfected, 4 February 2020,
  • https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/02/04/chinese-doctor-has-coronavirus/ Erişim Tarihi: 8 Haziran 2021
  • Summaries of Judgments, 2012. Advisory Opinion sand Orders of thePermanent Court of international Justice. New York: United Nations,
  • Sur, Melda, 2006. Principles of International Law (Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları), 2. Edition, İstanbul: Beta Yayınlari,
  • Tan, Huileng 2020. China ‘owes us’: Growing Outrage Over Beijing’s Handling of the Coronavirus Pandemic, 24 April 2020, ttps://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/24/lawsuits-outrage-over-chinas-handling-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic.html Erişim Tarihi: 18 Haziran 2021
  • Timeline of ECDC'sreponseto COVID-19, https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/timeline-ecdcresponse Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2021
  • Verma, Surinder Kaur, 2017. “State Responbility”, in Public International Law I, Eds. Nejat Doğan, Faculty of Open Education Publication No: 2629, Eskisehir,
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Kamu Hukuku
Yazarlar

Mesut Şöhret 0000-0003-4052-9286

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Şöhret, Mesut. “CAN CHINA BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ROLE IN THE OUTBREAK OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC?”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 16, sy. 2 (Ekim 2021): 527-66.

Creative Commons Lisansı
Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.