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A Mystical Formation in Medieval Europe: The Beguines

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 6, 9 - 19, 30.06.2023

Öz

The main topic of this article is the group of Beguines who stood out for their spiritual and personal independence at a time when a male-dominated society structure prevailed in Medieval Europe. Beguines are a religious community of women who live outside monasteries, without vows and without being subject to certain rules. The position of women before the emergence of the Beguines and the impact of the Beguine movement on women is of great importance. Since twelfth century, this women community has maintained its existence for a long time by spreading to different parts of Europe and has attracted attention over time. The life Beguines chose was actually a voluntary way of life, without being tied to a formal monastic institution. Also, the greatest characteristics of the Beguines was that they open their doors not only to noble women, but to women of all social statuses. Another feature of the Beguine movement was that it was home to mystical women. In an environment where women are ignored, mystical women have come to the fore with their achievements. In this article we will talk in detail about the lifestyle of the Beguines, their activities, the regions in which they are active and the most important recognized mystical women of this movement.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, E. (2000). A History of Celibacy. New York: Scribner.
  • Andritz, M. (2011). Die Beginen: Wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten und soziale Integration (1310 – 1600), Diplomarbeit, der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz.
  • Athey, A. (2001). Hadewijch (fl. mid-13th c.). (ed. John M. Jeep), Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia (s.315), New York: Garland Publishing.
  • Babinsky, E. L. (1993). Introduction. (trans. Ellen L. Babinsky), Marguerite Porete, The Mirror of Simple Souls (s.5-62). New York: Paulist Press.
  • Beckman, P. Z. (2001). Beguines. (ed. John M. Jeep), Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia (s.45-46). New York: Garland Publishing.
  • Bryant, G. (1984). The French Heretic Beguine: Marguerite Porete. (ed. Katharina M. Wilson), Medieval Women Writers, (204-226). Athens:The University of Georgia Press.
  • Classen, A. (2004). Mechtchild of Magdeburg. (ed. Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis), Women in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia (C. II, s. 635-637), Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Dronke, P. (1984). Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua (203) to Marquerite Porete (1310). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ellsberg, R. (2005). Blessed among all Women: Women Saints, Prophets, and Witnesses for Our Time. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company.
  • Feller-Vest, V. (2002). Beginen und Begarden. Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins des Kantons Glarus, B.82, 43-66.
  • Freinberger, R. (2013). Das Gottesbuch Mechthilds von Magdeburg – eine Ressource für spirituelle Theologie heute, Master-Thesis, Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg.
  • Furlong, M. (1996). Visions and Longings: Medieval Women Mystics. Boston: Shambhala.
  • Guidera, C. (1999). The Role of the Beguinesin Caring for the III, the Dying, and the Dead. (ed. Edelgard E. DuBruck and Barbara I. Gusick). Death and Dying in the Middle Ages (s.51-73), New York: Peter Lang.
  • Gülmez, D. (2011). Ortaçağ’da Kadın Örgütleri Anadolu ve Avrupa Örneği, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Hadewijch: The Complete Works. (1980). (trans. Mother Columba Hart), New York: Paulist Press.
  • Happold, F. C. (1970). Mysticism: A Study and an Anthology. New York: Penguin Books.
  • Hornbeck, J. P. (2013). Heresy. (ed. Julia A. Lamm), The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Christian Mysticism (s.89-103), West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Kahveci, K. (2013). Mistik Düğün. Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 50, 83-90.
  • Kastenhofer, M-R. (2010). Die neuen Beginen- Eine Anregung für zeitgenössische kirchliche Lebensformen?, Diplomarbeit, Universität Wien, Wien.
  • King, U. (2004). Christian Mystics: Their Lives and Legacies throughout the Ages. London: Routledge.
  • Lambert, M. (2015). Ortaçağda Dinsel Sapkınlıklar. (çev. Erdem Gökyaran). İstanbul: Kabalcı.
  • Lawrence, C. H. (2015). Medieval Monasticism, Fourth Edition, New York: Routledge.
  • Leppin, V. (2007). Die Christliche Mystik. München: Verlag C. H. Beck.
  • McGinn, B. (1994). Introduction: Meister Eckhart and the Beguines in the Context of Vernacular Theology. (ed. Bernard McGinn), Meister Eckhart and the Beguine mystics: Hadewijch of Brabant, Mechthild of Magdeburg, and Marguerite Porete (s. 1-14), New York: Continuum.
  • Meditations from Mechthild of Magdeburg. (1999). (ed. Henry L. Carrigan), Brewster: Paraclete Press.
  • Oost, K. (2015). Aus Lauter Lieb allein. (hg. Jakobus Kaffanke), Heinrich Seuse - Bruder Amandus (Band. 2, s.12-61), Berlin: LIT Verlag.
  • Robinson, J. M. (2001). Nobility and Annihilation in Marguerite Porete’s Mirror of Simple Souls. Albany: State Universıty of New York Press.
  • Rückert, M. M. (2009). Regulierung und Differenzierung. Die »weibliche« Klosterlandschaft im deutschen Südwesten im Hochmittelalter. Rottenburger Jahrbuch für Kirchengeschichte (band. 27, s.51-71), Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag.
  • Sells, M. A. (1994). Mystical Languages of Unsaying. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Simons, W. (2001). Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Suydam, M. A. (1996). The Politics of Authorship: Hadewijch of Antwerp and the Mengeldichten, Mystics Quarterly 22/1, 2-20.
  • Swan, L. (2014). The Wisdom of the Beguines. New York: Blue Bridge.
  • Temiztürk, H. (2022). Orta Çağ’da Kilise ve Hıristiyan Mistikler Arasındaki Ortodoksi ve Heresi Tartışmasının Temel Nedenleri. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, V/I, 73-88.
  • Tobin, F. (2006). Mechthild von Magdeburg (ca. 1207–ca. 1282). (ed. Richard K. Emmersons), Key Figures in Medieval European: An Encyclopedia (s. 463-464), New York: Routledge.
  • Ülgen, P. (2020). Orta Çağ Avrupa Tarihi. İstanbul: Yeditepe.
  • Ülgen, P. (2018). Kadınlar ve Cadılar. 1.Baskı, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi.
  • Vanderauwera, R. (1984). The Brabant Mystic: Hadewijch. (ed. Katharina M. Wilson), Medieval Women Writers (s.186-203), Athens: The University of Georgia Press.
  • Whaley, L. (2011). Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Witt, G. (2005). Beginenhöfe: Die Stiftungen der Johanna und Margareta von Konstantinopel, Gräfinnen von Flandern und Henngau (Regentschaft 1206-1280), Dissertation, Universität der Künste Berlin, Berlin.

Orta Çağ Avrupası’nda Mistik Bir Oluşum: Beguineler

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 6, 9 - 19, 30.06.2023

Öz

Bu makalenin temel konusu, Orta Çağ Avrupası’nda erkek egemen bir toplum yapısının hâkim olduğu bir dönemde ruhsal ve kişisel bağımsızlıklarıyla öne çıkan Beguineler grubudur. Beguineler, manastırların dışında, yemin etmeden ve belirli bir kurala tabi olmadan yaşayan dini bir kadın topluluğudur. Beguinelerin ortaya çıkışından önce kadınların hangi konumda olduğu ve Beguine hareketinin kadınlar üzerinde nasıl bir etki yarattığı büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu topluluk XII. yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupa’nın farklı bölgelerine yayılarak uzun süre varlığını sürdürmüş ve zaman içinde dikkatleri üzerine çekmiştir. Beguinelerin seçtiği hayat aslında resmi bir manastır kurumuna bağlı olmaksızın gönüllü bir yaşam biçimiydi. Ayrıca Beguinelerin en büyük özellikleri sadece soylu kadınlara değil her sosyal statüden kadına kapılarını açmalarıdır. Beguine hareketinin başka bir özelliği de mistik kadınlara ev sahipliği yapmasıdır. Kadınların yok sayıldığı bir ortamda mistik kadınlar başarılarıyla ön plana çıkmışlardır. Bu makalede Beguinelerin yaşam tarzları, faaliyetleri, aktif oldukları bölgeler ve bu hareketin tanınmış en önemli mistik kadınlarından ayrıntılı bir şekilde bahsedeceğiz

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, E. (2000). A History of Celibacy. New York: Scribner.
  • Andritz, M. (2011). Die Beginen: Wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten und soziale Integration (1310 – 1600), Diplomarbeit, der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Graz.
  • Athey, A. (2001). Hadewijch (fl. mid-13th c.). (ed. John M. Jeep), Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia (s.315), New York: Garland Publishing.
  • Babinsky, E. L. (1993). Introduction. (trans. Ellen L. Babinsky), Marguerite Porete, The Mirror of Simple Souls (s.5-62). New York: Paulist Press.
  • Beckman, P. Z. (2001). Beguines. (ed. John M. Jeep), Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia (s.45-46). New York: Garland Publishing.
  • Bryant, G. (1984). The French Heretic Beguine: Marguerite Porete. (ed. Katharina M. Wilson), Medieval Women Writers, (204-226). Athens:The University of Georgia Press.
  • Classen, A. (2004). Mechtchild of Magdeburg. (ed. Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis), Women in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia (C. II, s. 635-637), Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Dronke, P. (1984). Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua (203) to Marquerite Porete (1310). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ellsberg, R. (2005). Blessed among all Women: Women Saints, Prophets, and Witnesses for Our Time. New York: Crossroad Publishing Company.
  • Feller-Vest, V. (2002). Beginen und Begarden. Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins des Kantons Glarus, B.82, 43-66.
  • Freinberger, R. (2013). Das Gottesbuch Mechthilds von Magdeburg – eine Ressource für spirituelle Theologie heute, Master-Thesis, Paris-Lodron-Universität Salzburg.
  • Furlong, M. (1996). Visions and Longings: Medieval Women Mystics. Boston: Shambhala.
  • Guidera, C. (1999). The Role of the Beguinesin Caring for the III, the Dying, and the Dead. (ed. Edelgard E. DuBruck and Barbara I. Gusick). Death and Dying in the Middle Ages (s.51-73), New York: Peter Lang.
  • Gülmez, D. (2011). Ortaçağ’da Kadın Örgütleri Anadolu ve Avrupa Örneği, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Hadewijch: The Complete Works. (1980). (trans. Mother Columba Hart), New York: Paulist Press.
  • Happold, F. C. (1970). Mysticism: A Study and an Anthology. New York: Penguin Books.
  • Hornbeck, J. P. (2013). Heresy. (ed. Julia A. Lamm), The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Christian Mysticism (s.89-103), West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Kahveci, K. (2013). Mistik Düğün. Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 50, 83-90.
  • Kastenhofer, M-R. (2010). Die neuen Beginen- Eine Anregung für zeitgenössische kirchliche Lebensformen?, Diplomarbeit, Universität Wien, Wien.
  • King, U. (2004). Christian Mystics: Their Lives and Legacies throughout the Ages. London: Routledge.
  • Lambert, M. (2015). Ortaçağda Dinsel Sapkınlıklar. (çev. Erdem Gökyaran). İstanbul: Kabalcı.
  • Lawrence, C. H. (2015). Medieval Monasticism, Fourth Edition, New York: Routledge.
  • Leppin, V. (2007). Die Christliche Mystik. München: Verlag C. H. Beck.
  • McGinn, B. (1994). Introduction: Meister Eckhart and the Beguines in the Context of Vernacular Theology. (ed. Bernard McGinn), Meister Eckhart and the Beguine mystics: Hadewijch of Brabant, Mechthild of Magdeburg, and Marguerite Porete (s. 1-14), New York: Continuum.
  • Meditations from Mechthild of Magdeburg. (1999). (ed. Henry L. Carrigan), Brewster: Paraclete Press.
  • Oost, K. (2015). Aus Lauter Lieb allein. (hg. Jakobus Kaffanke), Heinrich Seuse - Bruder Amandus (Band. 2, s.12-61), Berlin: LIT Verlag.
  • Robinson, J. M. (2001). Nobility and Annihilation in Marguerite Porete’s Mirror of Simple Souls. Albany: State Universıty of New York Press.
  • Rückert, M. M. (2009). Regulierung und Differenzierung. Die »weibliche« Klosterlandschaft im deutschen Südwesten im Hochmittelalter. Rottenburger Jahrbuch für Kirchengeschichte (band. 27, s.51-71), Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag.
  • Sells, M. A. (1994). Mystical Languages of Unsaying. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Simons, W. (2001). Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Suydam, M. A. (1996). The Politics of Authorship: Hadewijch of Antwerp and the Mengeldichten, Mystics Quarterly 22/1, 2-20.
  • Swan, L. (2014). The Wisdom of the Beguines. New York: Blue Bridge.
  • Temiztürk, H. (2022). Orta Çağ’da Kilise ve Hıristiyan Mistikler Arasındaki Ortodoksi ve Heresi Tartışmasının Temel Nedenleri. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, V/I, 73-88.
  • Tobin, F. (2006). Mechthild von Magdeburg (ca. 1207–ca. 1282). (ed. Richard K. Emmersons), Key Figures in Medieval European: An Encyclopedia (s. 463-464), New York: Routledge.
  • Ülgen, P. (2020). Orta Çağ Avrupa Tarihi. İstanbul: Yeditepe.
  • Ülgen, P. (2018). Kadınlar ve Cadılar. 1.Baskı, İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi.
  • Vanderauwera, R. (1984). The Brabant Mystic: Hadewijch. (ed. Katharina M. Wilson), Medieval Women Writers (s.186-203), Athens: The University of Georgia Press.
  • Whaley, L. (2011). Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Witt, G. (2005). Beginenhöfe: Die Stiftungen der Johanna und Margareta von Konstantinopel, Gräfinnen von Flandern und Henngau (Regentschaft 1206-1280), Dissertation, Universität der Künste Berlin, Berlin.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ortaçağ Avrupa Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Banu Çetin Ünal 0000-0003-2651-6286

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Çetin Ünal, B. (2023). Orta Çağ Avrupası’nda Mistik Bir Oluşum: Beguineler. ETÜT Dergisi(6), 9-19.

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ETUT Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

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