Öz
Income inequality is among the most important issues that await solutions in both academic writing and economic debates. Income inequality is associated with many factors such as growth, inflation, unemployment, education, and productivity. In studies examining the relationship between income distribution and economic growth, the findings give different results due to the method, data set and periodical differences. Unemployment is one of the most important factors affecting income inequality. Unemployment leads to deterioration in the balance of production and consumption and a decrease in investments, which deepens poverty and income inequality. In this empirical study, the effects of economic growth and unemployment rate on income inequality were investigated using a panel data set consisting of BRICS-T countries for the period of 2002-2018. The findings of the study revealed that increases in economic growth and unemployment rates in BRICS-T countries during the research period increase income inequality. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence for the implementation of economic and social policies in middle-income countries. Ensuring economic success requires policies focused on reducing income inequality through income redistribution, as well as policies aimed at increasing employment.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Income inequality Economic growth Unemployment Panel analysis
Kaynakça
- Aghion, P., Caroli, E. and Garcia-Penalosa, C. (1999). Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective of the New Growth Theories, Journal of Economic Literature, 37(4), 1615-1660.
- Akalın, G., Özbek, R.İ. andÇifçi, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımı ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(4), 59-76.
- Alesina, A. and Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive Politics and Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
- Berisha, E., Gupta, R. and Meszaros, J. (2020). The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Income Inequality: Evidence from the BRICS, Economic Modelling, 91, 559-567.
- Bertola, G. (1993). Factor Shares and Savings in Endogenous Growth, American Economic Review, 83(5), 1184-1198.
- Chambers, D. (2010). Does a rising tide raise all ships? The impact of growth on inequality. Applied Economics Letters 17: 581-586.
- Galor, O. and Moav, O. (2004). From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and the Process of Development, Review of Economic Studies, 71, 1001-1126.
- Gustafsson, B., and Johansson, M. (1999). In search of smoking guns: What makes income inequality vary over time in different countries? American Sociological Review, 64(2), 585-605.
- Huang, H.C., Fang, W.S., Miller, S.M. and Yeh, C-C. (2015). The effect of growth volatility on income inequality. Economic Modelling 45: 212-222.
- Mehrara, M., and Mohammadian, M. (2015). The determinants of gini coefficient in Iran based on bayesian model averaging. Hyperion Economic Journal, 3(1), 20–28.
- Nissim, B-D. (2007). Economic growth and its effect on income distribution. Journal of Economic Studies 34: 42-58.
- Nwosa, P.I. (2019). Income Inequality and Economic Growth In Nigeria: Implication For Economic Development, Acta Universitatis Danubius, 15(1), 108-116.
- Odeh, M. A., and Okoye, C. (2014). Poverty reduction policy and youth unemployment in Nigeria. Public Policy and Administration Research, 3(4), 92-103.
- Oduwole, T. A. (2015). Youth unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Research, 1(2), 23–39.
- Park, D. and Shin, K. (2017). Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Income Inequality, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 53(12), 2794-2825.
- Pehlivan, M.S. (2009). Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliğine Devletin Müdahale Araçları: Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışmayı Teşvik Fonu Örneği. Ankara.
- Perotti, R. (1996). Growth, income distribution, and democracy: what data say, Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 149-187.
- Persson, T. veTabellini, G. (1994). Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?, American Economic Review, 84(3), 600-621.
- Rubin, A., and Segal, D. (2015). The effects of economic growth on income inequality in the US. Journal of Macroeconomics 45: 258-273.
- Sundrum R.M. (1990). Income Distribution in Less Developed Countries, 1.Basım, London: Routledge, 1990, 14.
- Topuz, S. andDağdemir, Ö. (2016). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Ters-U Hipotezi’nin Geçerliliği, Eskişehir Osmangazi İİBF Dergisi, 11(3), 115-130.
- Topuz, S.G. and Yıldırım, K. (2017). Gelir Eşitsizliğinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17 (3), 57-72.
- Vandemoortel, M., Bird, K., Toi, A.D, Liu, M., Sen, K. ve Soares, F. V. (2013). Building Blocks for Equitable Growth: Lessons from the BRICS”, Working paper, 365:26-29.
- Wahiba, N.F.i, and Weriemmi, M.E. (2014). The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Income Inequality. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4: 135-43.
- Ward, T., Lelkes, O., Sutherland, H., and Tóth, I. G. (2009). European Inequalities: Social Inclusion and Income Distribution in the European Union. TÁRKI Social Research Institute: Budapest.
- Worldbank, https://data.worldbank.org/
- Younsi, M. and Bechtini, M. (2018). Economic Growth, Financial Development and Income Inequality in BRICS Countries: Evidence from Panel Granger Causality Tests, MPRA Paper No. 85182.
- Yousaf, H. and Ali, I. (2014). Determinants of poverty in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 2(5), 191-202.
Öz
Gelir eşitsizliği hem akademik yazılarda hem de ekonomik tartışmalarda çözüm bekleyen en önemli konuların başında gelmektedir. Gelir eşitsizliği büyüme, enflasyon, işsizlik, eğitim ve verimlilik gibi birçok faktörle ilişkilidir. Gelir dağılımı ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmalarda yöntem, veri seti ve dönemsel farklılıklar nedeniyle bulgular farklı sonuçlar vermektedir. İşsizlik, gelir eşitsizliğini etkileyen en önemli faktörlerden biridir. İşsizlik, üretim-tüketim dengesinin bozulmasına ve yatırımların azalmasına yol açarak yoksulluğu ve gelir eşitsizliğini derinleştirmektedir. Bu ampirik çalışmada, 2002-2018 dönemi için BRICS-T ülkelerinden oluşan bir panel veri seti kullanılarak ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik oranının gelir eşitsizliği üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, araştırma döneminde BRICS-T ülkelerinde ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik oranlarındaki artışların gelir eşitsizliğini artırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, orta gelirli ülkelerde ekonomik ve sosyal politikaların uygulanması için ampirik kanıtlar sunmaktadır. Ekonomik başarıyı sağlamak, gelirin yeniden dağıtımı yoluyla gelir eşitsizliğini azaltmaya odaklanan politikaların yanı sıra istihdamı artırmaya yönelik politikaları da gerektirmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Aghion, P., Caroli, E. and Garcia-Penalosa, C. (1999). Inequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective of the New Growth Theories, Journal of Economic Literature, 37(4), 1615-1660.
- Akalın, G., Özbek, R.İ. andÇifçi, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımı ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı, Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(4), 59-76.
- Alesina, A. and Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive Politics and Economic Growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), 465-490.
- Berisha, E., Gupta, R. and Meszaros, J. (2020). The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Income Inequality: Evidence from the BRICS, Economic Modelling, 91, 559-567.
- Bertola, G. (1993). Factor Shares and Savings in Endogenous Growth, American Economic Review, 83(5), 1184-1198.
- Chambers, D. (2010). Does a rising tide raise all ships? The impact of growth on inequality. Applied Economics Letters 17: 581-586.
- Galor, O. and Moav, O. (2004). From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality and the Process of Development, Review of Economic Studies, 71, 1001-1126.
- Gustafsson, B., and Johansson, M. (1999). In search of smoking guns: What makes income inequality vary over time in different countries? American Sociological Review, 64(2), 585-605.
- Huang, H.C., Fang, W.S., Miller, S.M. and Yeh, C-C. (2015). The effect of growth volatility on income inequality. Economic Modelling 45: 212-222.
- Mehrara, M., and Mohammadian, M. (2015). The determinants of gini coefficient in Iran based on bayesian model averaging. Hyperion Economic Journal, 3(1), 20–28.
- Nissim, B-D. (2007). Economic growth and its effect on income distribution. Journal of Economic Studies 34: 42-58.
- Nwosa, P.I. (2019). Income Inequality and Economic Growth In Nigeria: Implication For Economic Development, Acta Universitatis Danubius, 15(1), 108-116.
- Odeh, M. A., and Okoye, C. (2014). Poverty reduction policy and youth unemployment in Nigeria. Public Policy and Administration Research, 3(4), 92-103.
- Oduwole, T. A. (2015). Youth unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Research, 1(2), 23–39.
- Park, D. and Shin, K. (2017). Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Income Inequality, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 53(12), 2794-2825.
- Pehlivan, M.S. (2009). Gelir Dağılımı Eşitsizliğine Devletin Müdahale Araçları: Sosyal Yardımlaşma ve Dayanışmayı Teşvik Fonu Örneği. Ankara.
- Perotti, R. (1996). Growth, income distribution, and democracy: what data say, Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 149-187.
- Persson, T. veTabellini, G. (1994). Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?, American Economic Review, 84(3), 600-621.
- Rubin, A., and Segal, D. (2015). The effects of economic growth on income inequality in the US. Journal of Macroeconomics 45: 258-273.
- Sundrum R.M. (1990). Income Distribution in Less Developed Countries, 1.Basım, London: Routledge, 1990, 14.
- Topuz, S. andDağdemir, Ö. (2016). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Ters-U Hipotezi’nin Geçerliliği, Eskişehir Osmangazi İİBF Dergisi, 11(3), 115-130.
- Topuz, S.G. and Yıldırım, K. (2017). Gelir Eşitsizliğinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17 (3), 57-72.
- Vandemoortel, M., Bird, K., Toi, A.D, Liu, M., Sen, K. ve Soares, F. V. (2013). Building Blocks for Equitable Growth: Lessons from the BRICS”, Working paper, 365:26-29.
- Wahiba, N.F.i, and Weriemmi, M.E. (2014). The Relationship Between Economic Growth and Income Inequality. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4: 135-43.
- Ward, T., Lelkes, O., Sutherland, H., and Tóth, I. G. (2009). European Inequalities: Social Inclusion and Income Distribution in the European Union. TÁRKI Social Research Institute: Budapest.
- Worldbank, https://data.worldbank.org/
- Younsi, M. and Bechtini, M. (2018). Economic Growth, Financial Development and Income Inequality in BRICS Countries: Evidence from Panel Granger Causality Tests, MPRA Paper No. 85182.
- Yousaf, H. and Ali, I. (2014). Determinants of poverty in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 2(5), 191-202.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ekonomi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 29 Haziran 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 3 Ocak 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 31 Mart 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |
