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Determination of relative tectonic activity of faults controlling Varto Basin (Muş) by geomorphic indices

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 1046 - 1072, 15.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1288478

Öz

In this study, it is aimed to determine the relative tectonic activity of faults controlling Varto Basin with geomorphic indices. Varto Basin is located in the southeast of Karlıova, between Bingöl and Serafettin Mounts. Varto Fault, which intersects with the East Anatolian Fault in Karlıova and the continuation the North Anatolian Fault towards southeast, has been effective in the formation of the basin. Being right lateral strike slip, Varto Fault starts in the east of Karlıova Triple Junction and continues towards southeast in the form of a zone. Due to this location, tectonic activity in and around the basin is very high. The young tectonic movement of the basin has been revealed by geomorphic index analysis method. In these analyses, digital elevation model (DEM), stream, fault and geology data were used as the basic data set. A total of 43 sub-basins reflecting tectonic activity have been identified around the basin periphery and on Varto Fault zone (VFZ). For this purpose, hypsometric integral (Hi), hypsometric curve (Hc), basin asymmetry factor (AF), drainage basin shape (Bs), stream length-gradient index (SL), channel sinuosity (S) and elongation ratio (Re) analyses were performed. Along with the basin analyses, the measurements of mountain front sinuosity ratio (Smf) and valley floor width-to-valley height ratio (Vf), which are frequently used in the determination of active tectonics, and streams longitudinal profile analyses were done in the basin. According to the results of the analyses, tectonic activity classes of the basins were determined and their distributions were shown. According to these results, except for the two basins in the south of the Varto basin and one located in the VFZ, all others fall into very high and high tectonic activity classes. Index results, earthquakes, hot and cold sources along the fault zone and geomorphological figures prove that active tectonics are intense in and around Varto Basin.

Kaynakça

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Jeomorfik indislerle Varto Havzası’nı (Muş) denetleyen fayların göreceli tektonik aktivitesinin belirlenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 1046 - 1072, 15.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1288478

Öz

Bu çalışmada Varto Havzası’nı denetleyen fayların göreceli tektonik aktivitesinin jeomorfik indislerle belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Varto Havzası, Karlıova’nın güneydoğusunda Bingöl Dağı ile Şerafettin Dağı arasında yer almaktadır. Havzanın oluşumunda, Karlıova’da, Doğu Anadolu Fayı ile kesişen, Kuzey Anadolu Fayı’nın güneydoğuya doğru devamı niteliğinde olan Varto Fayı etkili olmuştur. Bu konumu nedeniyle havza ve çevresinde tektonik hareketlilik çok yüksektir. Havzanın genç tektonik hareketi jeomorfik indis analizleri yöntemiyle ortaya konulmuştur. Bu analizlerde sayısal yükselti modeli (sym), akarsu, fay ve jeoloji verileri temel veri seti olarak kullanılmıştır. Havza çevresi ve Varto Fay Zonu (VFZ) üzerinde tektonik aktiviteyi yansıtan toplam 43 alt havza belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla hipsometrik integral (Hi), hipsometrik eğri (He), havza asimetri faktörü (AF), drenaj havzası şekli (Bs), akarsu uzunluk-gradyan indeksi (SL), yatak kıvrımlılığı (S) ve uzama oranı (Re) analizleri yapılmıştır. Havza analizleri ile birlikte aktif tektoniğin belirlenmesinde sık kullanılan dağ önü sinüslülük oranı (Smf) ve vadi tabanı genişliği-vadi yüksekliği oranı (Vf) ölçümleri ile havzadaki akarsuların boyuna profil analizleri yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre havzaların tektonik aktivite sınıfları belirlenerek dağılışları gösterilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre havza güneyindeki iki küçük havza ile VFZ’deki bir havza dışındaki diğer havzaların tamamı çok yüksek ve yüksek tektonik aktivite sınıfında yer almaktadır. İndis sonuçları, yaşanan depremler, fay zonu boyunca çıkan sıcak ve soğuk kaynakları, jeomorfolojik şekiller Varto Havzası ve çevresinde aktif tektoniğin güçlü olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acharjee., S., Sarma. J. N., & Mili, N. (2013). Morphotectonic analysis of Disai River Basin Jorhat, Assam (India) using Remote Sensing and GIS approach. Asian Journal of Spatial Science, 1, 53–66.
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  • Akyüz, H. S., Sançar, T., & Zabcı. C. (2010). Karlıova üçlü eklemi civarında Göynük fayı (Bingöl) ve Varto fayının (Muş) morfotektoniği, fay geometrisi ve kayma hızı (No. 109Y160). Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu. https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/610486/
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  • Arıkan, M., Erkal, T., & Ertek T. A. (2023). Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu ve güneyindeki Kızılırmak Havzası’nın (Çorum) relief morfometrisi. Eastern Geographical Review, 28 (49), 8-27. https://doi.org/10.5152/EGJ.2023.220405
  • Avci, V., & Sunkar, M. (2017). Jeomorfik indislerle Varto Havzası'nda (Muş) tektonik aktivitenin belirlenmesi. Türk Coğrafya Kurumu 75. Yıl Kongresi, 730-742. Ankara.
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  • Ntokos, D., Lykoudi, E., & Rondoyanni, T. (2016). Geomorphic analysis in areas of low-rate neotectonic deformation: South Epirus (Greece) as a case study. Geomorphology, 263, 156–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.04.005
  • Ntokos, D. (2018). Formulation of the conceptual model for the tectonic geomorphological evolution of an area: five main rivers of Greece as a case study. Catena, 167, 60-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.04.022
  • Ohmori, H. (1993). Changes in the hypsometric curve through mountain building resulting from concurrent tectonics and denudation. Geomorphology, 8(4), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(93)90023-U
  • Ouchi, S. (1985). Response of alluvial rivers to slow active tectonic movement. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96(4), 504–515. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<504:ROARTS>2.0.CO;2
  • Pérez-Peña, J. V., Azañón, J. M., Booth-Rea, G., Azor, A., & Delgado, J. (2009a). Differentiating geology and tectonics using a spatial autocorrelation technique for the hypsometric integral. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 114(F2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001092
  • Pérez-Peña, J.V., Azañón, J. M., & Azor. A. (2009b). CalHypso: An ArcGIS extension to calculate hypsometric curves and their statistical moments. Applications to drainage basin analysis in SE Spain. Computers & Geosciences, 35(6), 1214–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.06.006
  • Pérez-Peña, J.V., Azor, A., Azañón, J. M., & Keller. E. A. (2010). Active tectonics in the Sierra Nevada (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): insights from geomorphic indexes and drainage pattern analysis. Geomorphology, 119(1–2), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.02.020
  • Piacentini, D., Troiani, F., Servizi, T., Nesci, O., & Veneri, F. (2020). SLIX: a gis toolbox to support along-stream knickzones detection through the computation and mapping of the stream length-gradient (SL) index. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(2), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020069
  • Raj, R., Maurya, D. M., & Chamyal, L. S. (1999). Tectonic geomorphology of the Mahi river basin. Western India. Journal of Geological Society of India, 54(4), 387–398.
  • Ramírez-Herrera, M. T. (1998). Geomorphic assessment of active tectonics in the Acambay Graben, Mexican volcanic Belt. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23(4), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199804)23:4<317::AID-ESP845>3.0.CO;2-V
  • Rhea, S. (1993). Geomorphic observations of rivers in the Oregon Coast Range from a regional reconnaissance perspective. Geomorphology, 6 (2), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(93)90043-2
  • Rockwell, T. K., Keller, E. A., & Johnson. D. L. (1985). Tectonic geomorphology of alluvial fans and mountain fronts near Ventura. California. Tectonic Geomorphology. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Geomorphology Symposium. Allen and Unwin Publishers. Boston. MA. 183–207.
  • Sağlam Selçuk, A., & Düzgün, M. (2017). Başkale Fay Zonu’nun tektonik jeomorfolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 155, 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19076/mta.53825
  • Sançar, T., Zabci, C., & Akyüz, H.S. (2011). Quaternary activity of Varto Fault Zone (Eastern Anatolia) and new ideas about 1966 Varto earthquake, EGU General Assembly, Geophysical Research Abstracts. 13, EGU2011-9498-1 Vienna, Austria
  • Sançar, T., Zabci, C., Akyüz, H.S., Sunal G., & Villa I.M. (2015). Distributed transpressive continental deformation: the Varto Fault Zone, eastern Turkey. Tectonophysics, 661, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.018
  • Salvany, J. M. (2004). Tilting neotectonics of the Guadiamar Drainage Basin, SW Spain. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 29 (2), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1005
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  • Topal, S. (2019). Karacasu Fayı’nın (GB Türkiye) göreceli tektonik aktivitesinin jeomorfik indislerle incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.409561
  • Wallace, R. E. (1968). Earthquake of August 19, 1966. Varto Area, eastern Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 58(1), 11–45. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0580010011
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Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Vedat Avci 0000-0003-1439-3098

Murat Sunkar 0000-0002-4479-5023

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Nisan 2023
Kabul Tarihi 15 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Avci, V., & Sunkar, M. (2023). Jeomorfik indislerle Varto Havzası’nı (Muş) denetleyen fayların göreceli tektonik aktivitesinin belirlenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(4), 1046-1072. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1288478