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MEZOPOTAMYA’DA ANTROPOMORFİK TAPINIMDAN SİMGESEL TAPINIMA GEÇİŞ SÜRECİNDE ÜLKER TAKIMYILDIZININ ROLÜ VE İŞLEVİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 679 - 702, 30.11.2023

Serdar Özbilen

https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1323282

Öz

Ülker, yedi nokta veya yedi yıldız olarak tasvir edilir ve mitolojik düzeyde yedi ilahi varlıktan oluşan gruplarla tanımlanır. Mezopotamya mitolojisinde yedi nokta ikonografisinin birçok varyasyonu vardır. Yedi nokta genellikle silindir mühürler, kil tabletler, steller ve sınır taşları üzerinde sahnenin üst kısmında, tanrı ikonografisinin yanında görülürler. Mezopotamya mitolojisinde Ülker ile temsil edilen sibittuların, mekânları ve insanları kötülüğe karşı koruyan özellikleri vardır. Şiddetli ve ürkütücü iblisler olmasına rağmen, sibittular özellikle, MÖ 2. binyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren giderek artan bir şekilde koruyucu rollerde görünmektedir. Bu grupla bağlantılı olan yedi nokta sembolü çoğunlukla Yeni Asur döneminden itibaren ortaya çıkar. Çalışmamızın amacı dinsel bir tapınımın normlarını baştan tanımlamaktan ziyade Mezopotamya'da tanrıların antropomorfik temsillerinden simgesel temsillere geçiş sürecini Ülker Takımyıldızı ve sibittular vasıtasıyla ve dinsel gelişimin insan doğasına uygun bir şekilde ilerlediğini gösterebilmektir. Bu alanda Türkçe kaynakların kıtlığı göz önüne alındığında mühür sanatı, stel, kabartma, ikonografi ve dinler tarihi alanında çalışan araştırmacılara yön vereceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeni Asur Gliptiği Sibittu Sebettu Ülker Takımyıldızı Yedi Nokta/Tanrı .

Kaynakça

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  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG62905/Erişim Tarihi 26/11/2021).
  • (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG62905/Erişim Tarihi 26/11/2021).
  • (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG62905/Erişim Tarihi 26/11/2021).

The Role and Function of the Pleiades Constellation during the Transition from Anthropomorphic Worship to Symbolic Worship in Mesopotamia

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 679 - 702, 30.11.2023

Serdar Özbilen

https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1323282

Öz

The Pleiades is depicted as seven dots or seven stars and is identified with groups of seven divine beings on a mythological level. There are many variations of the seven dots iconography in Mesopotamian mythology. The seven dots often appear on cylinder seals, clay tablets, stelae, and boundary stones at the top of the stage, next to the god iconography. Sibittu, represented by Pleiades in Mesopotamian mythology, have features that protect places and people against evil. Although fierce and formidable demons, sibittus appear increasingly in protective roles, especially from the second half of the 2nd millennium BC. The seven dots symbol associated with this group mostly appears from the Neo-Assyrian period. The aim of our study is to show the transition process from anthropomorphic representations of gods to symbolic representations in Mesopotamia, through the Pleiades Constellation and the sibittus, and that religious development proceeds in accordance with human nature, rather than redefining the norms of a religious worship. Considering the scarcity of Turkish resources in this field, it is thought that it will guide researchers working in the field of seal art, stele, relief, iconography and history of religions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Neo Assyrian Gliptic Sibittu Sebettu Pleiades Constellation Seven Dots/Gods.

Kaynakça

  • ALLEN, S. L. “Aššur and Enlil in Neo-Assyrian Documents”, In Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East (Ed. by G. Wilhelm), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana, 2012. s. 397-409.
  • ATAÇ, M. A. The Mythology of Kingship in Neo-Assyrian Art. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
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  • BARJAMOVIC, G. “Before the Kingdom of the Hittites: Anatolia in the Middle Bronze Age”, In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume II: From the End of the Third Millennium bc to the Fall of Babylon (Ed. By Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts). Oxford University Press, 2022. s. 497-565.
  • BARTASH, V. “The Early Dynastic Near East”, In The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume 1: From the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad (Ed. By Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts). Oxford University Press, 2020, s. 531-611.
  • BERLEJUNG, A. Die Theologie der Bilder: Herstellung und Einweihung von Kultbildern in Mesopotamien und die alttestamentliche Bilderpolemik. Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen, 1998.
  • BLACK, J. ve GREEN, A. Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. The British Museum Press, 2004.
  • BONATZ, D. “Bild, Macht und Raum im neuassyrischen Reich”, In Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East (Ed. by G. Wilhelm), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana, 2012. s. 51-71.
  • BONNEFOY, Y. Antik Dünya ve Geleneksel Toplumlarda Dinler ve Mitolojiler Sözlüğü I-II. Cilt A-K-K-Z. (Türkçe baskıyı yayma hazırlayan: L. Yılmaz). Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara, 2000.
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  • BOTTERO, J. Mezopotamya: Yazı, Akıl ve Tanrılar, (Çev. M. E. Özcan ve A. Er), Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara CAD. The Assyrian Dictionary of The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago “S”. (Eds. J. A. Brinkman, M. Civil, I. J. Gelb, A. L. Oppenheim T, E. Reiner), The Oriental Institute, Chicago, Illinois,1984.
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  • CURTIS, J. E. ve READE, J. E. Art and Empire: Treasures from Assyria in the British Museum. British Museum Press, 1995.
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  • FRANKFORT, H. Kingship and the Gods: A Study of Ancient Near Eastern Religion as Integration of Society and Nature. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1978.
  • FRAYNE, D. ve STUCKEY, J. H. A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria, and Elam. Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania, 2021.
  • FRAZER, G. F. İnsan, Tanrı ve Ölüınsüzlük: İnsan Gelişimi Üzerine Düşünceler (Çev. O. Aydın ve İ. Demirel), Altın Bilek Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015.
  • FOSTER, B. R. Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature. (Third Edition), CDL Press, Bethesda, Maryland, 2005.
  • GORAL, W. “The Sky Disk of Nebra Reveals Its Secrets”, Geoinformatica Polonica 19: 2020. s. 73-80.
  • GRAZIANI, S. “Note sui Sibitti”, Annali dell'Istituto Orientale di Napoli, Vol. 39, 1979. s. 673-690.
  • GUTHRIE, S. E. Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion. Oxford University Press, New York-Oxford, 1993.
  • HOOKE, S. H. Ortadoğu Mitolojisi: Mezopotamya Mısır Filistin Hitit Musevi Hıristiyan Mitosları. (Çev. A. Şenel). İmge Kitabevi, Ankara, 1993.
  • JACOBSEN, T. The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1976.
  • KEEL, O. The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms. (Tr. by T. J. Hallett), Winona Lake, Indiana, Eisenbrauns, 1997.
  • KEEL, O. “Porträts altorientalischer Herrscher? Individualität oder Rolle”, In Visualizing Emotions in the Ancient Near East (Ed. S. Kipfer). Academic Press Fribourg, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen, 2017, s. 27-54.
  • KILIÇ, Y. ve ESER, E. "Eskiçağ Düşüncesi ve Kutsal Kitaplarda Yedi Sembolizmi", Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 11/11 Summer 2016, s. 77-98.
  • KOCH-WESTENHOLZ, I. Mesopotamian Astrology: An Introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian Celestial Divination. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1995.
  • KONSTANTOPOULOS, G. They are Seven: Demons and Monsters in the Mesopotamian Textual and Artistic Tradition. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Near Eastern Studies) in the University of Michigan, 2015.
  • KRAMER, S. N. The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1963.
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  • KUHRT, A. Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu Cilt I (Çev. D. Şendil), Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009.
  • LAMBERT, W. G. Babylonian Creation Myths. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana, 2013.
  • LEICK, G. A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge, London and New York, 1991.
  • LIVERANI, M. Myth and politics in ancient Near Eastern historiography. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2004. LURKER, M. The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge, London and New York, 2005.
  • MACHINIST, P. “Anthropomorphism in Mesopotamian Religion”, In Göttliche Körper –Göttliche Gefühle Was leisten anthropomorphe und anthropopathische Götterkonzepte im Alten Orient und im Alten Testament? (Hg. A. Wagner), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg, 2014, s. 67-99.
  • MILLER, D. B. ve SHIPP, R. M. An Akkadian Handbook: Helps, Paradigms, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana, 2014.
  • MORISON, I. Introduction to Astronomy and Cosmology. Wiley Publication, 2008.
  • MORRIS, B. Din Üzerine Antropolojik İncelemeler: Bir Giriş Metni. (Çev. T. Atay). İmge Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2004.
  • NUNN, A. “Mesopotamische Götter und ihr Körper in den Bildern”, In Göttliche Körper –Göttliche Gefühle Was leisten anthropomorphe und anthropopathische Götterkonzepte im Alten Orient und im Alten Testament? (Hg. A. Wagner), Academic Press Fribourg, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen, 2014. s. 51-66.
  • ORNAN, T. “Idols and Symbols: Divine Representation in First Millennium Mesopotamian Art and Its Bearing on the Second Commandment”, Tel Aviv, 31 (2004). s. 90-121.
  • ORNAN, T. The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictoral Representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban. (OBO 213), Academic Press Fribourg, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen, 2005.
  • ORNAN, T. “In the Likeness of Man, Reflections on the Anthropocentric Perception of the Divine in Mesopotamian Art”, In (B. Nevling Porter Ed.), What is a God? Anthropomorphic and Non-Anthropomorphic Aspects of Deity in Ancient Mesopotamia (The Casco Bay Assyriological Institute Transactions 2), Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2009. s. 93-151.
  • ORNAN, T. “A Silent Message: Godlike Kings in Mesopotamian Art”, In (B. Brown and M. H. Feldman Eds). Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2013. s. 569-595.
  • PÁSZTOR, E. “Nebra Disk”, In Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy, (Ed. C.L.N. Ruggles.), Springer, 2015.s. 1349-1356.
  • RAPPENGLÜCK, M. A. “Palaeolithic Timekeepers Looking at the Golden Gate of the Ecliptic; The Lunar Cycle and the Pleiades in the Cave of La-TETe-Du-Lion (Ardéche, France)-21,000 BP.” Earth, Moon, and Planets 85-86, 2001, s. 391-404.
  • PERNICKA, E. ve diğ., “Why the Nebra Sky Disc Dates to the Early Bronze Age. An Overview of the Interdisciplinary Results”, Archaeologia Austriaca Zeitschrift zur Archäologie Europas Journal on the Archaeology of Europe, Band 104/2020. s. 89-122.
  • PONGRATZ-LEISTEN, B. “Entwurf zu einer Handlungstheorie des altorientalischen Polytheismus”, In Göttliche Körper –Göttliche Gefühle Was leisten anthropomorphe und anthropopathische Götterkonzepte im Alten Orient und im Alten Testament? (Hg. A. Wagner), Academic Press Fribourg, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen, 2014. s. 101-116.
  • POSTGATE, J. N. Early Mesopotamia: Society and economy at the dawn of history. Routledge, London and New York, 1992.
  • ROCHBERG, F. The Heavenly Writing: Divination, Horoscopy, and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.
  • RUSSEL, B. Batı Felsefesi Tarihi: İlk Çağ I. Cilt. (Çev. M. Sencer), Say Yayınları, İstanbul, 2000.
  • SAYCE, A. H. Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians. Williams and Norgate, Oxford, 1898.
  • SHANKS, M. ve TILLEY, C. “Ideology, symbolic power and ritual communication: a reinterpretation of Neolithic mortuary practices”, In Symbolic and Structural Archaeology (Ed. by I. Hodder), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982. s. 129-154.
  • SNELL, D. C. Religions of the Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011.
  • SONIK, K. “Divine (Re-)Presentation: Authoritative Images and a Pictorial Stream of Tradition in Mesopotamia.” In The Materiality of Divine Agency, (Ed. B. Pongratz-Leisten and K. Sonik), de Gruyter, Berlin, 2015. s. 142-193.
  • STOYAN, R. ve diğ., Atlas of the Messier Objects Highlights of the Deep Sky. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
  • SWERDLOW, N. M. The Babylonian Theory of the Planets. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1998.
  • TEERIKORPI, P. ve diğ., The Evolving Universe and the Origin of Life: The Search for Our Cosmic Roots. (Sec. Edt.). Springer, Switzerland, 2019.
  • TILLICH, P. What is Religion? (Ed. and with an Int. by J. L. Adams). Harper & Row, Publishers, 1973.
  • TORREY, E. F. Evolving Brains, Emerging Gods: Early Humans and the Origins of Religion. Columbia University Press, New York, 2017.
  • UZUN, M. İ. “Süreyya Maddesi”, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi 38. Cilt, İstanbul, 2010. s. 162-164.
  • VERDERAME, L. “Pleiades in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 16, No 4, (2016), s. 109-117.
  • VERDERAME, L. “On the Early History of the Seven Demons (Sebettu)”, In From the Four Corners of the Earth: Studies in Iconography and Cultures of the Ancient Near East in Honour of F. A. M. Wiggermann, AOAT 441, (Ed. by D. Kertai and O. Nieuwenhuyse), Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, 2017, s. 283-296.
  • WARD, W. H. The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia. Philadelphia: Press of J. B. Lippincott Company, 1910.
  • WEE, J. Z. A Late Babylonian Astral Commentary on Marduk’s Address to the Demons. JNES 75 no. 1 (2016). s. 127-167.
  • WIGGERMANN, F. A. M. Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The Ritual Texts. Groningen. Styx Publications, Netherlands, 1992.
  • Wiggermann, F. A. M. “Agriculture as Civilization: Sages, Farmers, and Barbarians”, In The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture (Edt.by K. Radner and E. Robson). Oxford University Press, 2011, s. 663-689.
  • YOGEV, J. “The Seven Eyes of God”, Vetus Testamentum 69 (2019). s. 307-319.
  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG62905/Erişim Tarihi 26/11/2021).
  • (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG62905/Erişim Tarihi 26/11/2021).
  • (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG62905/Erişim Tarihi 26/11/2021).
Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eskiçağ Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Serdar Özbilen 0000-0003-4061-5897

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Kasım 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Özbilen, Serdar. “MEZOPOTAMYA’DA ANTROPOMORFİK TAPINIMDAN SİMGESEL TAPINIMA GEÇİŞ SÜRECİNDE ÜLKER TAKIMYILDIZININ ROLÜ VE İŞLEVİ”. History Studies 15, sy. 4 (Kasım 2023): 679-702. https://doi.org/10.9737/historystudies.1323282.
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