Öz
The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between gender equality and economic development. The relationship between gender equality and economic development was analyzed by the panel data method using 36 OECD member countries’ annual data for the period 2010-2017. Furthermore, 36 countries were divided into two groups according to income levels, and the relationship between gender equality and economic development was re-analyzed for both country groups. Empirical evidence from the models covering 36 OECD member countries suggests that as gender equality increases in education, labor force participation, and representation in parliament, the level of economic development increases. However, different results were obtained for some explanatory variables from the models in which countries were divided into two income groups.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Arellano, M. (2003). Panel data econometrics. Oxford University Baskısı.
- Asteriou, D. ve Hall, S. G. (2007). Applied econometrics-a modern approach (Gözden Geçirilmiş Baskı). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3. Baskı). İngiltere: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Benavot, A. (1989). Education, gender, and economic development: A cross-national study. Sociology of Education-Special Issue on Gender and Education, 62 (1), 14-32.
- Cabeza-García, L., Del Brio, E. B. ve Oscanoa-Victorio, M. L. (2018). Gender factors and inclusive economic growth: the silent revolution. Sustainability, 10 (1), 121-134.
- Dollar, D. ve Gatti, R. (1999). Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women?. Working Paper No. 1, Washington, DC.: The World Bank, Development Research Group.
- Esteve-Volart, B. (2000), Sex discrimination and growth. Working Paper No. 0-84, International Monetary Fund.
- Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis (5. Baskı). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Hill, M. A. ve King, E. M. (1993). Women’s education in developing countries: An overview. E. M. King, M. A. Hill (Ed.), Women’s Education in Developing Countries içinde (1-50. ss.). Baltimore: The John Hopkins University.
- Jayasuriya, D. S. ve Burke, P, J. (2013). Female parliamentarians and economic growth: evidence from a large panel. Applied Economics Letters, 20 (3), 304-307.
- Klasen, S. (1999). Does gender inequality reduce growth and development? Evidence from cross-country regressions. Working Paper No. 7, , Washington, DC.: The World Bank, Development Research Group.
- Klasen, S. (2002). Low schooling for girls, slower growth for all? Cross-country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development. The World Bank Economic Review, 16 (3), 345-373.
- Klasen, S. ve Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15 (3), 91-132.
- Knowles, S., Lorgelly, P. K. ve Owen, P. D. (2002). Are educational gender gaps a brake on economic development? Some cross-country empirical evidence. Oxford Economic Papers, 54 (1), 118-149.
- Momsen, J. H. (2009). Gender and development. Routledge.
- Morrison, A., Raju, D. ve Sinha, N. (2007). Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth, Policy Research Working Paper No. 4349, Washington, DC.: The World Bank Gender and Development Group Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network.
- Oztunc, H., Oo, Z. C. ve Serin, Z. V. (2015). Effects of female education on economic growth: A cross country empirical study. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15 (2), 349-357.
- Reeves, H. ve Baden, S. (2000). Gender and development: Concepts and definitions. Report No. 55, Brighton: Bridge Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies.
- Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28 (7), 1211-1230.
- The World Bank. (2001a). 2001 World development indicators. Washington, DC.: The World Bank.
- The World Bank. (2001b). Engendering development: Through gender equality in rights, resources, and voice. A World Bank Policy Research Report, New York: Oxford University.
- The World Bank. (2003). Gender equality and the millennium development goals. Washington, DC.: The World Bank Gender and Development Group.
- The World Bank. GDP per capita. Erişim adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD (Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2019).
- Thévenon, O., Ali, N., Adema, W. ve Del Pero, A. S. (2012). Effects of reducing gender gaps in education and labour force participation on economic growth in the OECD, Working Paper No. 138, Paris: OECD.
- UNDP. Human development data, Erişim adresi: http://hdr.undp.org/en/data (Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2019).
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Londra: MIT Baskısı.
- Xu, L. (2015). Effects of female political participation on economic growth: evidence from Asian countries. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans tezi). Lund University-School of Economics and Mangement, İsveç.
- Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2016). Panel veri ekonometrisi-stata uygulamalı (Genişletilmiş 3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
- Yumuşak, İ. G., Bilen M. ve Ateş, H. (2013). The impacts of gender inequality in education on economic growth in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103, 1093-111.
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisinin analiz edilmesidir. Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisi, OECD üyesi 36 ülkenin 2010-2017 dönemine ilişkin yıllık verileri kullanılarak, panel veri yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Bunun yanında 36 ülke, gelir düzeylerine göre iki gruba ayrılarak, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisi her iki ülke grubu için yeniden analiz edilmiştir. OECD üyesi 36 ülkeyi kapsayan modelden elde edilen ampirik bulgular; eğitimde, işgücüne katılımda ve parlamentoda temsilde toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği arttıkça ekonomik kalkınma düzeyinin arttığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte; ülkelerin iki gelir grubuna ayrıldığı modellerden bazı açıklayıcı değişkenler için farklı bulgular elde edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Ekonomik Kalkınma Panel Veri Analizi
Kaynakça
- Arellano, M. (2003). Panel data econometrics. Oxford University Baskısı.
- Asteriou, D. ve Hall, S. G. (2007). Applied econometrics-a modern approach (Gözden Geçirilmiş Baskı). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (3. Baskı). İngiltere: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Benavot, A. (1989). Education, gender, and economic development: A cross-national study. Sociology of Education-Special Issue on Gender and Education, 62 (1), 14-32.
- Cabeza-García, L., Del Brio, E. B. ve Oscanoa-Victorio, M. L. (2018). Gender factors and inclusive economic growth: the silent revolution. Sustainability, 10 (1), 121-134.
- Dollar, D. ve Gatti, R. (1999). Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women?. Working Paper No. 1, Washington, DC.: The World Bank, Development Research Group.
- Esteve-Volart, B. (2000), Sex discrimination and growth. Working Paper No. 0-84, International Monetary Fund.
- Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis (5. Baskı). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Hill, M. A. ve King, E. M. (1993). Women’s education in developing countries: An overview. E. M. King, M. A. Hill (Ed.), Women’s Education in Developing Countries içinde (1-50. ss.). Baltimore: The John Hopkins University.
- Jayasuriya, D. S. ve Burke, P, J. (2013). Female parliamentarians and economic growth: evidence from a large panel. Applied Economics Letters, 20 (3), 304-307.
- Klasen, S. (1999). Does gender inequality reduce growth and development? Evidence from cross-country regressions. Working Paper No. 7, , Washington, DC.: The World Bank, Development Research Group.
- Klasen, S. (2002). Low schooling for girls, slower growth for all? Cross-country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development. The World Bank Economic Review, 16 (3), 345-373.
- Klasen, S. ve Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15 (3), 91-132.
- Knowles, S., Lorgelly, P. K. ve Owen, P. D. (2002). Are educational gender gaps a brake on economic development? Some cross-country empirical evidence. Oxford Economic Papers, 54 (1), 118-149.
- Momsen, J. H. (2009). Gender and development. Routledge.
- Morrison, A., Raju, D. ve Sinha, N. (2007). Gender Equality, Poverty and Economic Growth, Policy Research Working Paper No. 4349, Washington, DC.: The World Bank Gender and Development Group Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network.
- Oztunc, H., Oo, Z. C. ve Serin, Z. V. (2015). Effects of female education on economic growth: A cross country empirical study. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15 (2), 349-357.
- Reeves, H. ve Baden, S. (2000). Gender and development: Concepts and definitions. Report No. 55, Brighton: Bridge Development-Gender, Institute of Development Studies.
- Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28 (7), 1211-1230.
- The World Bank. (2001a). 2001 World development indicators. Washington, DC.: The World Bank.
- The World Bank. (2001b). Engendering development: Through gender equality in rights, resources, and voice. A World Bank Policy Research Report, New York: Oxford University.
- The World Bank. (2003). Gender equality and the millennium development goals. Washington, DC.: The World Bank Gender and Development Group.
- The World Bank. GDP per capita. Erişim adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD (Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2019).
- Thévenon, O., Ali, N., Adema, W. ve Del Pero, A. S. (2012). Effects of reducing gender gaps in education and labour force participation on economic growth in the OECD, Working Paper No. 138, Paris: OECD.
- UNDP. Human development data, Erişim adresi: http://hdr.undp.org/en/data (Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2019).
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Londra: MIT Baskısı.
- Xu, L. (2015). Effects of female political participation on economic growth: evidence from Asian countries. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans tezi). Lund University-School of Economics and Mangement, İsveç.
- Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2016). Panel veri ekonometrisi-stata uygulamalı (Genişletilmiş 3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
- Yumuşak, İ. G., Bilen M. ve Ateş, H. (2013). The impacts of gender inequality in education on economic growth in Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 103, 1093-111.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ekonomi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 2 Eylül 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Kasım 2020 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 7 Ağustos 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 3 |
Cited By
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Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1095012
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