Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Effect of Glass Ceiling Syndrome on Attitudes Toward Women's Work

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 20, 250 - 268, 27.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1216289

Öz

The study aims to examine the effect of the glass ceiling syndrome on attitudes toward women's work. For this purpose, the relevant literature was searched and three hypotheses were formed. To test the hypothesis, validity and reliability analyses, exploratory factor analysis, correlation and linear regression analysis were done. The results show that there was a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of the glass ceiling syndrome and the attitude toward women's work. The resignation dimension of the glass ceiling syndrome explains 32.1% of the attitude towards women's work. The acceptance dimension explains 14.8% of the attitude towards women's work. But the denial dimension (p:0.01<0.487) does not have any significant effect. In the literature, dimensions of resilience and denial define as an optimistic approach. Also, dimensions of resignation and acceptance define as the pessimistic approach. Because of that, the dimensions of resignation and acceptance, which means pessimism, effect the attitudes of women toward their work positively and significantly. Barely the dimension of denial, which means optimism, does not effect this attitude significantly. These results can be an important finding to emphasize how women perceive the glass ceiling syndrome. Because if negative organizational behaviors perceive as a normal situation (optimism), other negative behaviors may perceive as normal. Conversely, if negative behavior is perceived as unusual (pessimism), other negative behaviors may also perceive as unusual.

Kaynakça

  • Ababneh, R. I. ve AlShaik, A. (2020). Working women with disabilities: evidence from the Jordanian public sector. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29, 322-341. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-12-2019-1970
  • Balasubramanian, S.A. ve Lathabhavan, R. (2017). Women’s glass ceiling beliefs predict work engagement and burnout. Journal of Management Development, 36(9). 1125-1136. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-12-2016-0282
  • Bayati, H. ve Alavi, A. (2018). Relationship of glass ceiling and mental health with burnout in women working in Khansar and Golpayegan health care networks in 2018. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health, 2, 265-274. https://doi.org/10.18502/sbrh.v2i2.288
  • Bayram, N. (2009). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri analizi. Ezgi Kitabevi
  • Bektur, Ç. ve Arzova, S. B. (2022). The effect of women managers in the board of directors of companies on the integrated reporting: example of Istanbul stock exchange (ISE) sustainability index. Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investment, 12(2), 638-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2020.1796417
  • Castaño, A. M., Fontanil, Y. ve García-Izquierdo, A. L. (2019). “Why can’t I become a manager?” - A Systematic Review of Gender Stereotypes and Organizational Discrimination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1813-1842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101813
  • Catalyst (2021, 11 Şubat). Women in the Workforce: Global (Quick Take). https://www.catalyst.org/research/women-in-the-workforce-global/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-3720
  • Cevher, E. ve Öztürk, U.C. (2015). İş yaşamında kadınların kadınlara yaptığı mobbing üzerine bir araştırma. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(4), 860-876. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.59306
  • Choi, S. Park, C. O. (2014). Glass ceiling in Korean civil service: analyzing barriers to women’s career advancement in the Korean government. Public Personnel Management, 43(1), 118-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026013516933
  • Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S. ve Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 655-681. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2675593
  • Dapiton, E. P., Quiambao, D. T. ve Canlas, R. B. (2020). Parenting as a moderating factor for research productivity and work-life balance: evidence from Philippine women academics. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(4), 1425-1434. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.4.1425
  • Eagly, A. H. ve Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review 109, 573-598. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.109.3.573
  • Emir, M. M. (2019). Ebeveyn kısmi süreli çalışmanın kadın istihdamına etkisi; Bursa örneği. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Glass Ceiling Commission (1995). Glass ceiling commission-a solid investment: making full use of the nation's human capital, Recommendations of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, Washington, D.C. November
  • Gliem J A ve Gliem R R. (2003). Calculating, interpreting, and reporting cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for likert-type scales. Midwest Research to Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, 82-88.
  • Gül, H., Yalçınoğlu, N. ve Atlı, Z.C. (2014). Türkiye’de çalışma yaşamında kadının konumu ve sorunları. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 13(2):169-176.
  • Hakim, C. (2006). Women, careers, and work-life preferences. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34(3), 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600769118
  • Heilman, M. E. (1983). Sex bias in work settings: the lack of fit model. Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 269–298.
  • Hymowitz, C. ve Schellhardt, T. D. (1986, March 24). The glass ceiling. The Wall Street Journal. Special Report on the Corporate Woman.
  • International Labour Organization (2021). Empowering women at work. Government laws and policies for gender equality.Genova, Switzerland. www.ilo.org/publns.
  • İmadoğlu, T., Kurşuncu, R. S. ve Çavuş, M. F. (2020). The effect of glass ceiling syndrome on women’s career barriers in management and job motivation. Holistica,11(2), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2020-0021
  • Karasar, N. (2020). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler, İkinci Yazım, 34. Basım. İstanbul, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım
  • Kurtaiş, G. D. (2019). Örgütsel bağlılığı açıklamada algılanan cam tavan etkisinin rolü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Çankaya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Kuzgun, Y. ve Sevim, S. A. (2004). Kadınların çalışmasına karşı tutum ve dini yönelim arasındaki ilişki. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 14-27.
  • Lathabhavan R. ve Balasubramanian, S.A. (2017). Glass ceiling and women employees in Asian organizations: a tri-decadal review, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration 9 (3), 232-246. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjba-03-2017-0023
  • Lathabhavan, R. (2019). Glass ceiling beliefs, performance, and turnover intention through work engagement. International Journal of Environment, Workplace and Employment, 5(4), 304-321. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijewe.2019.10029235
  • Mincer, J. (1985). Intercountry comparisons of labor force trends and of related developments: an overview. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1, Part 2), 1-32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2534996
  • Mohammadkhani, F. ve Gholamzadeh, D. (2016). The influence of leadership styles on the women’s glass ceiling beliefs. Journal of Advanced Management Science 4(4). https://doi.org/10.12720/joams.4.4.276-282
  • Öge, S., Karasoy, A. ve Kara, Ö. (2014). A research on glass ceiling syndrome career barriers of women academics. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 8(9), 3019-3028. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1096151
  • Owen, C.L., Scherer,R.F., Sincoff, M.Z. ve Cordano, M. (2003). Perceptions of women as managers in chile and the united states. American Journal of Business, 18(2), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1108/19355181200300011.
  • Pai, K. ve Vaidya, S. (2009). Glass ceiling: Role of women in The Corporate World. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 19(2), 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1108/10595420910942270
  • Rodriguez, A.B. (2017). Women in the workplace: the impact of earning potential empowerment and the work-life balance. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2306
  • Sahoo, D.K. ve Lenka, U. (2016). Breaking the glass ceiling: opportunity for the organization, Industrıal and Commercıal Traınıng, 48(6), 311-319. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-02-2015-0017
  • Saleem, S, Rafiq, A. ve Yusaf, S. (2017). Investigating the glass ceiling phenomenon an empirical study of glass ceiling’s effects on selection-promotion and female effectiveness. South Asian Journal of Business Studies 6(3), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-04-2016-0028
  • Sığrı, Ü. ve Gürbüz, S. (2014). Örgütsel davranış. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. Smith, P., Caputi, P. ve Crittenden, N. (2012). How are women’s glass ceiling beliefs related to career success?. Career Development International, 17(5), 458-474. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431211269702
  • Smith, P., Crittenden, N. ve Caputi, P. (2012). Measuring women's beliefs about glass ceilings: Development of the career pathways survey. Gender in Management, 27 (2), 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411211214130
  • Sposito, C.A, (2013). Career barriers for women executives and the glass ceiling syndrome: The case study comparison between French and Turkish women executives. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 75, 488 – 497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.053
  • Stone, P. (2007). Opting out? Why women really quit careers and head home. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Sullivan J, Ciociolo A ve Moss-Racusin C.A. (2022). Establishing the content of gender stereotypes across development. PLoS One. 2022 Jul 12;17(7):e0263217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263217
  • The Economist (2005, 21 Temmuz). The conundrum of the glass ceiling. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2005/07/21/the-conundrum-of-the-glass-ceiling
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2021, 04 Mart). İstatistiklerle Kadın, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Kadin-2021-45635
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu,(2022, 12 Mayıs). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması Bölgesel Sonuçları, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Arastirmasi-Bolgesel-Sonuclari-2021-45582
  • Turesky, M. ve Warner, M. E. (2020). Gender dynamics in the planning workplace: The importance of women in management. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1691041
  • U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2004, 19 Nisan). 2004 EEO-1 Aggregate Report for OR, https://www.eeoc.gov/eeo-1/2004-eeo-1-aggregate-report-or
  • Umutlu, S. ve Öztürk, M. (2020). İş yaşamında kadın ve karşılaştığı sorunlar, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 297-306
  • Williams, J. (2017). Women at work, women vs feminism. Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-475-020171002.
  • Wrigley, B. J. (2002). Glass ceiling? What glass ceiling? A qualitative study of how women view the glass ceiling in public relations and communications management. Journal of public relations research, 14(1), 27-55. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1401_2
  • Zimmer, L. (1988). Tokenism and women in the workplace: The limits of gender-neutral theory. Social Problems, 35(1), 64-77. https://doi.org/10.2307/800667

Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 20, 250 - 268, 27.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1216289

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı cam tavan sendromunun kadınların çalışmasına karşı tutum üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla ilgili literatür taranarak üç hipotez oluşturulmuştur. Kurgulanan hipotezleri test etmek için bulgulara geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik analizleri, açımlayıcı faktör analizi, korelasyon ve lineer regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, cam tavan sendromunun boyutları ile kadınların çalışmasına yönelik tutum arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir Yine bulgulara göre cam tavan sendromunun vazgeçme boyutu kadın çalışmasına karşı tutumun %32,1’ini, kabullenme boyutu ise %14,8’sini açıklamaktadır. Ancak inkâr boyutunun (p:0,01<0,487) kadınların çalışmasına karşı tutum üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olmadığı görülmektedir. Literatürde cam tavanın dayanıklılık ve inkâr boyutları iyimser yaklaşım; vazgeçme ve kabullenme boyutları ise karamsar yaklaşım olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, karamsarlığı ifade eden vazgeçme ve kabullenme boyutlarının, kadınların çalışmasına yönelik tutumlarını pozitif ve anlamlı biçimde etkilemesi, buna karşılık iyimserliği ifade eden inkâr boyutunun ise bu tutumu anlamlı biçimde etkilememesi önemli bir bulgudur. Çünkü olumsuz bir örgütsel davranışın olağan bir durum olarak algılanması (iyimserlik), diğer olumsuz davranışların da bu doğrultuda olağan olarak algılanmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bunun tersi durumda ise, bir olumsuz davranış olağandışı algılanıyorsa (kötümserlik), diğer negatif davranışlar da aynı şekilde olağandışı olarak algılanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ababneh, R. I. ve AlShaik, A. (2020). Working women with disabilities: evidence from the Jordanian public sector. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29, 322-341. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-12-2019-1970
  • Balasubramanian, S.A. ve Lathabhavan, R. (2017). Women’s glass ceiling beliefs predict work engagement and burnout. Journal of Management Development, 36(9). 1125-1136. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-12-2016-0282
  • Bayati, H. ve Alavi, A. (2018). Relationship of glass ceiling and mental health with burnout in women working in Khansar and Golpayegan health care networks in 2018. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health, 2, 265-274. https://doi.org/10.18502/sbrh.v2i2.288
  • Bayram, N. (2009). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri analizi. Ezgi Kitabevi
  • Bektur, Ç. ve Arzova, S. B. (2022). The effect of women managers in the board of directors of companies on the integrated reporting: example of Istanbul stock exchange (ISE) sustainability index. Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investment, 12(2), 638-654. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2020.1796417
  • Castaño, A. M., Fontanil, Y. ve García-Izquierdo, A. L. (2019). “Why can’t I become a manager?” - A Systematic Review of Gender Stereotypes and Organizational Discrimination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1813-1842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101813
  • Catalyst (2021, 11 Şubat). Women in the Workforce: Global (Quick Take). https://www.catalyst.org/research/women-in-the-workforce-global/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-3720
  • Cevher, E. ve Öztürk, U.C. (2015). İş yaşamında kadınların kadınlara yaptığı mobbing üzerine bir araştırma. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(4), 860-876. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.59306
  • Choi, S. Park, C. O. (2014). Glass ceiling in Korean civil service: analyzing barriers to women’s career advancement in the Korean government. Public Personnel Management, 43(1), 118-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026013516933
  • Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S. ve Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 655-681. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2675593
  • Dapiton, E. P., Quiambao, D. T. ve Canlas, R. B. (2020). Parenting as a moderating factor for research productivity and work-life balance: evidence from Philippine women academics. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(4), 1425-1434. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.4.1425
  • Eagly, A. H. ve Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review 109, 573-598. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.109.3.573
  • Emir, M. M. (2019). Ebeveyn kısmi süreli çalışmanın kadın istihdamına etkisi; Bursa örneği. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Glass Ceiling Commission (1995). Glass ceiling commission-a solid investment: making full use of the nation's human capital, Recommendations of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, Washington, D.C. November
  • Gliem J A ve Gliem R R. (2003). Calculating, interpreting, and reporting cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for likert-type scales. Midwest Research to Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, 82-88.
  • Gül, H., Yalçınoğlu, N. ve Atlı, Z.C. (2014). Türkiye’de çalışma yaşamında kadının konumu ve sorunları. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 13(2):169-176.
  • Hakim, C. (2006). Women, careers, and work-life preferences. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34(3), 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600769118
  • Heilman, M. E. (1983). Sex bias in work settings: the lack of fit model. Research in Organizational Behavior, 5, 269–298.
  • Hymowitz, C. ve Schellhardt, T. D. (1986, March 24). The glass ceiling. The Wall Street Journal. Special Report on the Corporate Woman.
  • International Labour Organization (2021). Empowering women at work. Government laws and policies for gender equality.Genova, Switzerland. www.ilo.org/publns.
  • İmadoğlu, T., Kurşuncu, R. S. ve Çavuş, M. F. (2020). The effect of glass ceiling syndrome on women’s career barriers in management and job motivation. Holistica,11(2), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2020-0021
  • Karasar, N. (2020). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler, İkinci Yazım, 34. Basım. İstanbul, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım
  • Kurtaiş, G. D. (2019). Örgütsel bağlılığı açıklamada algılanan cam tavan etkisinin rolü (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Çankaya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Kuzgun, Y. ve Sevim, S. A. (2004). Kadınların çalışmasına karşı tutum ve dini yönelim arasındaki ilişki. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 14-27.
  • Lathabhavan R. ve Balasubramanian, S.A. (2017). Glass ceiling and women employees in Asian organizations: a tri-decadal review, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration 9 (3), 232-246. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjba-03-2017-0023
  • Lathabhavan, R. (2019). Glass ceiling beliefs, performance, and turnover intention through work engagement. International Journal of Environment, Workplace and Employment, 5(4), 304-321. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijewe.2019.10029235
  • Mincer, J. (1985). Intercountry comparisons of labor force trends and of related developments: an overview. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1, Part 2), 1-32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2534996
  • Mohammadkhani, F. ve Gholamzadeh, D. (2016). The influence of leadership styles on the women’s glass ceiling beliefs. Journal of Advanced Management Science 4(4). https://doi.org/10.12720/joams.4.4.276-282
  • Öge, S., Karasoy, A. ve Kara, Ö. (2014). A research on glass ceiling syndrome career barriers of women academics. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 8(9), 3019-3028. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1096151
  • Owen, C.L., Scherer,R.F., Sincoff, M.Z. ve Cordano, M. (2003). Perceptions of women as managers in chile and the united states. American Journal of Business, 18(2), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1108/19355181200300011.
  • Pai, K. ve Vaidya, S. (2009). Glass ceiling: Role of women in The Corporate World. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 19(2), 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1108/10595420910942270
  • Rodriguez, A.B. (2017). Women in the workplace: the impact of earning potential empowerment and the work-life balance. CUNY Academic Works. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2306
  • Sahoo, D.K. ve Lenka, U. (2016). Breaking the glass ceiling: opportunity for the organization, Industrıal and Commercıal Traınıng, 48(6), 311-319. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-02-2015-0017
  • Saleem, S, Rafiq, A. ve Yusaf, S. (2017). Investigating the glass ceiling phenomenon an empirical study of glass ceiling’s effects on selection-promotion and female effectiveness. South Asian Journal of Business Studies 6(3), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-04-2016-0028
  • Sığrı, Ü. ve Gürbüz, S. (2014). Örgütsel davranış. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları. Smith, P., Caputi, P. ve Crittenden, N. (2012). How are women’s glass ceiling beliefs related to career success?. Career Development International, 17(5), 458-474. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431211269702
  • Smith, P., Crittenden, N. ve Caputi, P. (2012). Measuring women's beliefs about glass ceilings: Development of the career pathways survey. Gender in Management, 27 (2), 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411211214130
  • Sposito, C.A, (2013). Career barriers for women executives and the glass ceiling syndrome: The case study comparison between French and Turkish women executives. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 75, 488 – 497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.053
  • Stone, P. (2007). Opting out? Why women really quit careers and head home. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Sullivan J, Ciociolo A ve Moss-Racusin C.A. (2022). Establishing the content of gender stereotypes across development. PLoS One. 2022 Jul 12;17(7):e0263217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263217
  • The Economist (2005, 21 Temmuz). The conundrum of the glass ceiling. https://www.economist.com/briefing/2005/07/21/the-conundrum-of-the-glass-ceiling
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2021, 04 Mart). İstatistiklerle Kadın, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Kadin-2021-45635
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu,(2022, 12 Mayıs). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması Bölgesel Sonuçları, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Arastirmasi-Bolgesel-Sonuclari-2021-45582
  • Turesky, M. ve Warner, M. E. (2020). Gender dynamics in the planning workplace: The importance of women in management. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2019.1691041
  • U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2004, 19 Nisan). 2004 EEO-1 Aggregate Report for OR, https://www.eeoc.gov/eeo-1/2004-eeo-1-aggregate-report-or
  • Umutlu, S. ve Öztürk, M. (2020). İş yaşamında kadın ve karşılaştığı sorunlar, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 297-306
  • Williams, J. (2017). Women at work, women vs feminism. Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-475-020171002.
  • Wrigley, B. J. (2002). Glass ceiling? What glass ceiling? A qualitative study of how women view the glass ceiling in public relations and communications management. Journal of public relations research, 14(1), 27-55. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1401_2
  • Zimmer, L. (1988). Tokenism and women in the workplace: The limits of gender-neutral theory. Social Problems, 35(1), 64-77. https://doi.org/10.2307/800667
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İsmail Bakan 0000-0001-7533-4724

Burcu Erşahan 0000-0003-2546-0567

Zümrüt Hatice Şekkeli 0000-0001-5090-4372

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Şubat 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 20

Kaynak Göster

APA Bakan, İ., Erşahan, B., & Şekkeli, Z. H. (2023). Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi. İktisadi İdari Ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(20), 250-268. https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1216289
AMA Bakan İ, Erşahan B, Şekkeli ZH. Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi. İKTİSAD. Şubat 2023;8(20):250-268. doi:10.25204/iktisad.1216289
Chicago Bakan, İsmail, Burcu Erşahan, ve Zümrüt Hatice Şekkeli. “Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi”. İktisadi İdari Ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8, sy. 20 (Şubat 2023): 250-68. https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1216289.
EndNote Bakan İ, Erşahan B, Şekkeli ZH (01 Şubat 2023) Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8 20 250–268.
IEEE İ. Bakan, B. Erşahan, ve Z. H. Şekkeli, “Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi”, İKTİSAD, c. 8, sy. 20, ss. 250–268, 2023, doi: 10.25204/iktisad.1216289.
ISNAD Bakan, İsmail vd. “Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi”. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi 8/20 (Şubat 2023), 250-268. https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.1216289.
JAMA Bakan İ, Erşahan B, Şekkeli ZH. Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi. İKTİSAD. 2023;8:250–268.
MLA Bakan, İsmail vd. “Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi”. İktisadi İdari Ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 20, 2023, ss. 250-68, doi:10.25204/iktisad.1216289.
Vancouver Bakan İ, Erşahan B, Şekkeli ZH. Cam Tavan Sendromunun Kadınların Çalışmasına Karşı Tutum Üzerindeki Etkisi. İKTİSAD. 2023;8(20):250-68.


Creative Commons Lisansı

Bu dergide yayınlanan tüm makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.