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Coping: A Holistic Review

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 109 - 143, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.688844

Öz

One of the main bases of psycological and psychical health is adaptive coping with changes and tough experiences. Coping is a field of study that has a long history and is subjected to many researches today. Because experiences that need coping expand from serious life difficulties to the stresses of daily life. However, various disciplines of health and behavioral science, such as epidemiology, personality psychology, cognitive and social psychology, and medicine have also contributed to stress and coping field. In this direction, it’s been tried to brought explanations for coping within the context of many different approaches, models or related theories. Although great progress has been made, the differences in the concepts, classification and measurement tools used make it difficult to compare studies, and therefore, it is also noteworthy that research cannot be added to each other. The aim of this article is to examine the approaches, models and classifications regarding coping in a holistic and systematic way. In this context, it is aimed to reduce the complexities and create a holistic perspective for the researchers who want to make investigations and particularly psychological counselors as well as health professionals working in the field. Finally, some suggestions were presented for the researchers.

Kaynakça

  • Ağargün, M. Y., Beşiroğlu, L., Kıran, Ü. K., Özer, Ö. A. ve Kara, H. (2005). COPE (Başa Çıkma Tutumlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeği): Psikometrik özelliklere ilişkin bir ön çalışma. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 6, 221-226.
  • Alkan, N. (2004). Cognitive appraisals, emotion, and coping: A structural equation analysis of the interactional model of stress and coping. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Amirkhan, J. H. (1990). A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The Coping Strategy Indicator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 1066-1074. 158
  • Amirkhan, J. H. (1994). Criterion validity of a coping. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62(2), 242-261.
  • Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., West, S. G. ve Roosa, M. W. (1996). A dispositional and situational assessment of children’s coping: Testing alternative models of coping. Journal of Personality, 64, 923–958.
  • Baltaş, A. ve Baltaş, Z. (2013). Stres ve stresle başa çıkma yolları (35. baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K. ve Omar, H. A. (2015). Factors facilitating constructive coping with stress. Int J Child Adolesc Health, 8(1), 41-47.
  • Basut, E. (2006). Stresle başa çıkma ve ergenlik. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 13(1), 31-36.
  • Beck, A. T. (1970). Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 1(2), 184-200.
  • Bektaş, M. ve Karagöz, Ş. (2017). Stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının yalnızlığa etkisi: Meslek yüksekokulu öğrencileri üzerinde bir araştırma. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(21), 342-355.
  • Beutler, L. E., Moos, R. H. ve Lane, G. (2003). Coping, treatment planning,and treatment outcome: Discussion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(10), 1151-1167.
  • Blaxton, J. M. ve Bergeman, C. S. (2017). A process-oriented perspective examining the relationships among daily coping, stress, and affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 357-361.
  • Bolger, N. (1990). Coping as a personality process: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(3), 525-537.
  • Broom, D. M. (2001). Coping, stress and welfare. In D. M. Broom (Ed), Coping with Challenge: Welfare in Animals including Humans (pp. 1-9). Berlin: Dahlem University Press.
  • Cannon, W. (1932). Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393002055
  • Carver, C. S. ve Connor-Smith, J. (2010.). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679-704. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
  • Carver, C. S. ve Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control Theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92(1), 111-135.
  • Carver, C., Scheier, M. ve Weintrab, J. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283. doi:10.1037/0022-6514.56.2.267
  • Compas, B. E. (1987). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 101(3), 393-403.
  • Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H. ve Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 87-127.
  • Connor-Smith, J. K., Compas, B. E., Wadsworth, M. E., Thomsen, A. H. ve Saltzman, H. (2000). Responses to stress in adolescence: Measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 976-992.
  • Cook, D. ve Hayes, S. C. (2010). Acceptance-based coping and the psychological adjustment of Asian and Caucasian Americans. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 6(3), 186-197. doi: 10.1037/h0100907
  • Coveney, A., & Olver, M. (2017). Defence mechanism and coping strategy use associated with self-reported eating pathology in a non-clinical sample. Psychreg Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 18-39. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1296751
  • Edwards, J. R. (1992). A Cybernetic Theory Of Stress, Coping, And Well-being in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 17, 238-274. 170
  • Edwards, J. R. (1998). Cybernetic Theory of Stress, Coping, and Well-Being: Review and extension to work and family. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of organizational stress (pp. 122-152). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ellis, A. (1984). The Essence of RET. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 2(1), 1984. doi:10.1007/BF02283005
  • Endler, N. S. ve Parker, J. D. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 844-54.
  • Endler, N. S. ve Parker, J. D. (1994). Assessment of multidimensional coping: Task, emotion, and avoidance strategies. Psychological Assessment, 6(1), 50–60.
  • Endler, N. S., Parker, J. D. ve Summerfeldt, L. J. (1998). Coping with health problems: Developing a reliable and valid multidimensional measure. Psychological Assessment, 10(3), 195-205. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.3.195
  • Folkman, S. (2010). Stress, coping, and hope. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 901–908. doi:10.1002/pon.1836
  • Folkman, S. ve Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If ıt changes ıt must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 150-170.
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A. ve Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol., 50(5), 992-1003.
  • Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A. ve Fredrickson, B. L. (2011). Positive reappraisal coping mediates the stress-reductive effect of mindfulness: An upward spiral process. Mindfulness, 2, 59–67. doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0043-8
  • Garland, E., Gaylord, S. ve Park, J. (2009). The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal. Explore, 5(1), 37-44.
  • Glanz, K. ve Schwartz, M. D. (2008). Stress, Coping, And Health Behavior. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer ve K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 211-236). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Greenaway, K. H., Louis, W. R., Parker, S., Kalokerinos, E. K.., Smith, J. R. ve Terry, D. J. (2014). Successful coping for psychological well-being. In G. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske ve G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs (pp. 322-351). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Guo, M., Gan, Y. ve Tong, J. (2013). The role of meaning-focused coping in significant loss. Anxiety Stress Coping, 26(1), 87-102. doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.627507
  • Heth, J. ve Somer, E. (2002). Characterising stress tolerance: controllability awareness and its relationship to perceived stress and reported health. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 883-895.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
  • Kirby, R., Shakespeare-Finch, J. ve Palk, G. (2011). Adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies predict posttrauma outcomes. Traumatology, 17(4), 25-34.
  • Krohne, H. W. (2001). Stress and coping theories. The International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15163-15170. doi: 10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03817-1
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 1-22.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Emotions and interpersonal relationships: Toward a person-centered conceptualization of emotions and coping. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 9-46.
  • Lazarus, R. ve Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lazarus, R. S. ve Folkman, S. (1986). Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity. In M. H. Appley ve R. Trumbull (Eds.), Dynamics of Stress. Physiological, Psychologcal, and Social Perspectives (pp. 63–80). New York: Plenum.
  • Lee-Baggley, D., Preece, M. ve DeLongis, A. (2005). Coping with ınterpersonal stress: Role of big five traits. Journal of Personality, 73(5), 1142-1180. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00345.x
  • Leong, F. T., Bonz, M. H. ve Zachar, P. (1997). Coping styles as predictors of college adjustment among freshmen. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 10(2), 211-220. doi:10.1080/09515079708254173
  • Matheny, K. B., Aycock, D. W., Pugh, J. L., Curlette, W. L. ve Silva Cannella, K. A. (1986). Stress coping: A qualitative and quantitative synthesis with implications for treatment. The Counseling Psychologist, 14(4), 499-549. doi:10.1177/0011000086144001
  • Matthews, G. ve Wells, A. (2004). Rumination, depression, and metacognition: The S-REF model. In C. Papageorgiou ve A. Wells (Eds.), Rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment (pp. 125-151). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • McCrae, R. R. ve Costa, P. (1986). Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample. Journal of Personality, 54(2), 385-404.
  • Miller, S. (1987). Monitoring and blunting: Validation of a questionnaire to assess styles of information seeking under threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(2), 52(2):345 53.
  • Montaño, D. E. ve Kasprzyk, D. (2008). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In G. B. Rimer ve K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 67-96). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
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Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 109 - 143, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.688844

Öz

Psikolojik ve fizyolojik sağlığın önemli temellerinden biri değişimler ve zorlu yaşantılarla uyumlu bir şekilde başa çıkabilmektir. Başa çıkma, oldukça köklü bir geçmişe sahip olan ve günümüzde de çok fazla araştırmaya konu olan bir çalışma alanıdır. Öyle ki başa çıkmayı gerektiren yaşantılar ciddi yaşamsal zorluklardan günlük hayat streslerine kadar uzanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte epidemiyoloji, kişilik psikolojisi, bilişsel ve sosyal psikoloji ile tıp gibi çeşitli sağlık ve davranış bilimi disiplinleri de stres ve başa çıkma anlayışına katkıda bulunmuştur. Bu doğrultuda başa çıkma için pek çok farklı yaklaşım, model ya da ilişkili teoriler kapsamında açıklamalar getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Her ne büyük ilerlemeler kaydedilmiş olsa da kullanılan kavramlar, sınıflama ve ölçme araçlarının farklılıkları, yapılan çalışmaları karşılaştırmayı güçleştirmekte bu nedenle araştırmaların da birbiri üzerine eklenemediği de göze çarpmaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, başa çıkma alanına dair yaklaşımları, modelleri ve başa çıkma davranışlarına dair oluşturulmuş sınıflamaları bütüncül ve sistemli bir şekilde incelemektir. Bu bağlamda konu ile ilgili incelemeler yapmak isteyen araştırmacılar ve psikolojik danışmanlar başta olmak üzere, alanda çalışan sağlık uzmanları için var olan karmaşaları azaltabilmek ve bütüncül bir bakış açısı yaratabilmek hedeflenmiştir. Son olarak araştırmacılar için bazı öneriler de sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Ağargün, M. Y., Beşiroğlu, L., Kıran, Ü. K., Özer, Ö. A. ve Kara, H. (2005). COPE (Başa Çıkma Tutumlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeği): Psikometrik özelliklere ilişkin bir ön çalışma. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 6, 221-226.
  • Alkan, N. (2004). Cognitive appraisals, emotion, and coping: A structural equation analysis of the interactional model of stress and coping. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Amirkhan, J. H. (1990). A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The Coping Strategy Indicator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 1066-1074. 158
  • Amirkhan, J. H. (1994). Criterion validity of a coping. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62(2), 242-261.
  • Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., West, S. G. ve Roosa, M. W. (1996). A dispositional and situational assessment of children’s coping: Testing alternative models of coping. Journal of Personality, 64, 923–958.
  • Baltaş, A. ve Baltaş, Z. (2013). Stres ve stresle başa çıkma yolları (35. baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K. ve Omar, H. A. (2015). Factors facilitating constructive coping with stress. Int J Child Adolesc Health, 8(1), 41-47.
  • Basut, E. (2006). Stresle başa çıkma ve ergenlik. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 13(1), 31-36.
  • Beck, A. T. (1970). Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 1(2), 184-200.
  • Bektaş, M. ve Karagöz, Ş. (2017). Stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının yalnızlığa etkisi: Meslek yüksekokulu öğrencileri üzerinde bir araştırma. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(21), 342-355.
  • Beutler, L. E., Moos, R. H. ve Lane, G. (2003). Coping, treatment planning,and treatment outcome: Discussion. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(10), 1151-1167.
  • Blaxton, J. M. ve Bergeman, C. S. (2017). A process-oriented perspective examining the relationships among daily coping, stress, and affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 357-361.
  • Bolger, N. (1990). Coping as a personality process: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(3), 525-537.
  • Broom, D. M. (2001). Coping, stress and welfare. In D. M. Broom (Ed), Coping with Challenge: Welfare in Animals including Humans (pp. 1-9). Berlin: Dahlem University Press.
  • Cannon, W. (1932). Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393002055
  • Carver, C. S. ve Connor-Smith, J. (2010.). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679-704. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
  • Carver, C. S. ve Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control Theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92(1), 111-135.
  • Carver, C., Scheier, M. ve Weintrab, J. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283. doi:10.1037/0022-6514.56.2.267
  • Compas, B. E. (1987). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 101(3), 393-403.
  • Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H. ve Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 87-127.
  • Connor-Smith, J. K., Compas, B. E., Wadsworth, M. E., Thomsen, A. H. ve Saltzman, H. (2000). Responses to stress in adolescence: Measurement of coping and involuntary stress responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 976-992.
  • Cook, D. ve Hayes, S. C. (2010). Acceptance-based coping and the psychological adjustment of Asian and Caucasian Americans. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 6(3), 186-197. doi: 10.1037/h0100907
  • Coveney, A., & Olver, M. (2017). Defence mechanism and coping strategy use associated with self-reported eating pathology in a non-clinical sample. Psychreg Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 18-39. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1296751
  • Edwards, J. R. (1992). A Cybernetic Theory Of Stress, Coping, And Well-being in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 17, 238-274. 170
  • Edwards, J. R. (1998). Cybernetic Theory of Stress, Coping, and Well-Being: Review and extension to work and family. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of organizational stress (pp. 122-152). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ellis, A. (1984). The Essence of RET. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 2(1), 1984. doi:10.1007/BF02283005
  • Endler, N. S. ve Parker, J. D. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 844-54.
  • Endler, N. S. ve Parker, J. D. (1994). Assessment of multidimensional coping: Task, emotion, and avoidance strategies. Psychological Assessment, 6(1), 50–60.
  • Endler, N. S., Parker, J. D. ve Summerfeldt, L. J. (1998). Coping with health problems: Developing a reliable and valid multidimensional measure. Psychological Assessment, 10(3), 195-205. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.3.195
  • Folkman, S. (2010). Stress, coping, and hope. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 901–908. doi:10.1002/pon.1836
  • Folkman, S. ve Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If ıt changes ıt must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 150-170.
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A. ve Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol., 50(5), 992-1003.
  • Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A. ve Fredrickson, B. L. (2011). Positive reappraisal coping mediates the stress-reductive effect of mindfulness: An upward spiral process. Mindfulness, 2, 59–67. doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0043-8
  • Garland, E., Gaylord, S. ve Park, J. (2009). The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal. Explore, 5(1), 37-44.
  • Glanz, K. ve Schwartz, M. D. (2008). Stress, Coping, And Health Behavior. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer ve K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 211-236). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Greenaway, K. H., Louis, W. R., Parker, S., Kalokerinos, E. K.., Smith, J. R. ve Terry, D. J. (2014). Successful coping for psychological well-being. In G. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske ve G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs (pp. 322-351). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • Guo, M., Gan, Y. ve Tong, J. (2013). The role of meaning-focused coping in significant loss. Anxiety Stress Coping, 26(1), 87-102. doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.627507
  • Heth, J. ve Somer, E. (2002). Characterising stress tolerance: controllability awareness and its relationship to perceived stress and reported health. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 883-895.
  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
  • Kirby, R., Shakespeare-Finch, J. ve Palk, G. (2011). Adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies predict posttrauma outcomes. Traumatology, 17(4), 25-34.
  • Krohne, H. W. (2001). Stress and coping theories. The International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15163-15170. doi: 10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03817-1
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 1-22.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Emotions and interpersonal relationships: Toward a person-centered conceptualization of emotions and coping. Journal of Personality, 74(1), 9-46.
  • Lazarus, R. ve Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
  • Lazarus, R. S. ve Folkman, S. (1986). Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity. In M. H. Appley ve R. Trumbull (Eds.), Dynamics of Stress. Physiological, Psychologcal, and Social Perspectives (pp. 63–80). New York: Plenum.
  • Lee-Baggley, D., Preece, M. ve DeLongis, A. (2005). Coping with ınterpersonal stress: Role of big five traits. Journal of Personality, 73(5), 1142-1180. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00345.x
  • Leong, F. T., Bonz, M. H. ve Zachar, P. (1997). Coping styles as predictors of college adjustment among freshmen. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 10(2), 211-220. doi:10.1080/09515079708254173
  • Matheny, K. B., Aycock, D. W., Pugh, J. L., Curlette, W. L. ve Silva Cannella, K. A. (1986). Stress coping: A qualitative and quantitative synthesis with implications for treatment. The Counseling Psychologist, 14(4), 499-549. doi:10.1177/0011000086144001
  • Matthews, G. ve Wells, A. (2004). Rumination, depression, and metacognition: The S-REF model. In C. Papageorgiou ve A. Wells (Eds.), Rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment (pp. 125-151). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
  • McCrae, R. R. ve Costa, P. (1986). Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample. Journal of Personality, 54(2), 385-404.
  • Miller, S. (1987). Monitoring and blunting: Validation of a questionnaire to assess styles of information seeking under threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(2), 52(2):345 53.
  • Montaño, D. E. ve Kasprzyk, D. (2008). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In G. B. Rimer ve K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 67-96). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Mullen, B. ve Suls, J. (1982). The effectiveness of attention and rejection as coping styles. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 26, 43-49.
  • Murray, N. S. (2009). Dispositional coping styles and adult literacy: Exploring stress and coping in adult vocational training environments. A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, New Zealand. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1088 adresinden alındı.
  • Papathanasiou, I. V., Tsaras, K., Neroliatsiou, A. ve Roupa, A. (2015). Stress: Concepts, theoretical models and nursing interventions. American Journal of Nursing Science, 4(2-1), 45-50. doi:10.11648/j.ajns.s.2015040201.19
  • Parker, J. D. ve Wood, L. M. (2008). Personality and the coping process. In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews ve D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment (pp. 506-519). London: Sage.
  • Peacock, E. ve Wong, P. (1996). Anticipatory stress: the relation of locus of control, optimism, and control appraisals to coping. Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 204–222.
  • Roth, S. ve Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41(7), 813-819.
  • Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R. ve Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5–37.
  • Schwarzer, R. ve Knoll, N. (2003). Positive coping: Mastering demands and searching for meaning. In S. J. Lopez ve C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 393-409). Washington: American Psychological Association.
  • Seligman, M. E. (2002). Authentic Happiness. New York: Free Press.
  • Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being (1st Free Press hardcover ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Selye, H. (1950). Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. British Medical Journal, 17, 1383-1392.
  • Skinner, E. (2007). Coping assessment. In S. Ayers, A. Baum, C. McManus, S. Newman, K. Wallston, J. Weinman ve West, R. (Eds) Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine (pp. 245-250). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J. ve Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 216-269.
  • Stephenson, E., King, D. B. ve DeLongis, A. (2016). Coping process. İçinde: G. Fink (Ed.), Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior Handbook of Stress Series Volume 1 (s. 359-364). London: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00045-5
  • Tobin, D. L., Holroyd, K. A., Reynolds, R. V. ve Wigal, J. K. (1989). The hierarchical factor structure of the Coping Strategies Inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 343-361.
  • Turan, Ş. ve Poyraz, C. A. (2015). Günlük yaşam stresiyle baş etmek için kullanılan psikoterapi yöntemleri. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3, 133-140.
  • Vollrath, M. (2001). Personality and stress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 335-347.
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Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Saadet Zümbül 0000-0002-3812-3482

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Zümbül, S. (2021). Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 109-143. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.688844
AMA Zümbül S. Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme. INUEFD. Nisan 2021;22(1):109-143. doi:10.17679/inuefd.688844
Chicago Zümbül, Saadet. “Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme”. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 22, sy. 1 (Nisan 2021): 109-43. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.688844.
EndNote Zümbül S (01 Nisan 2021) Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 22 1 109–143.
IEEE S. Zümbül, “Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme”, INUEFD, c. 22, sy. 1, ss. 109–143, 2021, doi: 10.17679/inuefd.688844.
ISNAD Zümbül, Saadet. “Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme”. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 22/1 (Nisan 2021), 109-143. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.688844.
JAMA Zümbül S. Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme. INUEFD. 2021;22:109–143.
MLA Zümbül, Saadet. “Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme”. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 22, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 109-43, doi:10.17679/inuefd.688844.
Vancouver Zümbül S. Başa Çıkma: Bütüncül Bir Gözden Geçirme. INUEFD. 2021;22(1):109-43.

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