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Çevrim İçinden Çevrim Dışına: İspanyol Indignados Hareketi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 113 - 128, 16.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.1266834

Öz

İnternet ve sosyal medya uygulamaları artık hayatımızın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Bu teknolojiler hemen hemen her alanda kullanılmaktadır. Demokrasinin krizine ilişkin tartışmalarının yapıldığı bir dönemde bu teknolojiler siyasal katılıma ve aktivizme yeni bir boyut kazandırdığı düşünülmektedir. 2011 yılı bu varsayımın teste tabi tutulduğu bir zaman dilimidir. Farklı ülkelerde ortaya çıkan protesto hareketleri interneti ve Twitter, Facebook gibi sosyal medya uygulamalarını yoğun ve etkin bir biçimde kullanmışlardır. Çevrim içinde oluşan veya örgütlenen sanal cemaatler çevrim dışına sokaklara ve meydanlara çıkmışlardır. Bu hareketlerden bir tanesi de İspanya’da ortaya çıkan Indignados (Öfkeliler) Hareketi’dir. Dönemin sosyalist hükümetinin kemer sıkma politikalarına ve ekonomik krizi ilişkin aldığı tedbirlere öfkelenen İspanyollar meydanlara çıkmışlardır. Çevrim içinde başlayan aktivizm çevrim dışına yansımıştır. Bu çalışma Indignados Hareketini internet teknolojileri ve çevrim içi uygulamaları kullanımı açısından ele almaktadır. Öncelikle bu teknolojilerin demokratik potansiyeline ilişkin kavramsal çerçeve ele alınır ve sonrasında Indignados Hareketi bu çerçevede değerlendirilir. Bu çalışma ortaya konulurken Türkçe yazılmış kaynakların azlığı ve yazarın İspanyolca bilmemesi nedeniyle çoğunlukla ikincil kaynaklara -İngilizce literatüre- başvurulmuştur. Tek bir örnek olay bağlamında internet ve çevrim içi uygulamaların potansiyeline ilişkin bir genelleme yapılamasa da bu uygulamaların nasıl kullanıldığı ve olası faydaları ortaya konulabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott. J. (2012). Democracy@internet.org revisited: Analysing the socio-political impact of the internet and new social media in East Asia. Third World Quarterly. 33(2). 333–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.666015.
  • Abbott. J. P. (2001). Democracyιnternet.asia? The challenges to the emancipatory potential of the net: Lessons from China and Malaysia. Third World Quarterly. 22(1). 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590020022600.
  • Anduiza. E., Cristancho, C., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2014). Mobilization through online social networks: The political protest of the Indignados in Spain. Information Communication and Society. 17(6). 750–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.808360.
  • Antentas. J. M. (2015). Internationalist Challenges: Antiglobalisation, Occupy and Indignados. Globalizations. 13(4). 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1041270.
  • Arif. R. (2016). Internet as a hope or a hoax for emerging democracies: Revisiting the concept of citizenship in the digital age. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 236 (December 2015). 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.12.002.
  • Barbas. A., & Postill, J. (2017). Communication activism as a school of politics: Lessons from Spain’s Indignados movement. Journal of Communication, 64(2). 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12321.
  • Bennett. W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information Communication and Society. 15(5). 739–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661.
  • Bohman. J. (2004). Expanding dialogue: The internet, the public sphere and prospects for transnational democracy. The Sociological Review. 52(1_suppl). 131–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2004.00477.x.
  • Buchstein. H. (1997). Bytes that bite: The internet and deliberative democracy. Constellations. 4(2). 248–263.
  • Büyükküpcü. A. (2017). Sosyal Medyanın Toplumsal Hareketler Üzerindeki Etkisi: Gezi Parkı Örnek Olayı. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp.
  • Dahlberg. L. (2007). The internet, deliberative democracy and power: Radicalizing the public sphere. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics. 3(1). 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.3.1.47/1. Evans. O. (2019). Digital politics: internet and democracy in Africa. Journal of Economic Studies. 46(1). 169–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-08-2017-0234.
  • Faber. S., & Seguín, B. (2019). Spain After the Indignados/15M Movement. Spain After the Indignados/15M Movement (Ed. O. Pereira-Zazo & S. L. Torres. (s. 171–187). Palgrave Macmillan. Cham. s. 171-187.
  • Ferdinand. P. (2000). The internet, democracy and democratization. Democratization. 7(1). 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340008403642.
  • Ferré-Pavia. C., & García, C. P. (2015). News or social mobilization? An exploratory study about the role of Twitter in the Spanish Indignados protests. Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies. 7(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs.7.1.21_1.
  • Gerbaudo. P. (2012). Tweets and The Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. UK: Pluto Press. Gimmler. A. (2001). Deliberative democracy, the public sphere and the internet. Philosophy & Social Criticism. 27(4). 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/019145370102700402.
  • Güven. E. (2021). Manuel Castells’in ağ toplumu kavramı ve ötekiler: Yeni toplumsal hareketler ve marjinal yapılanmalar. Global Media Edition TR Edition. 12(23). 1–27.
  • Habermas. J. (1987). The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Polity Press.
  • Hill. D. T., & Sen, K. (2000). The internet in Indonesia’s new democracy. Democratization. 7(1). 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340008403648.
  • Hoff. J., & Bjerke, F. (2005). Fences and gates in cyberspace: Is the internet becoming a threat to democracy? Information Polity. 10(1–2). 141–151. https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-2005-0070.
  • Howard. P. (2011). The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kaldor. M., Selchow, S., Sean, D., & Murray-Leach, T. (2012). The “bubbling up” of subterranean politics in Europe. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/44873/1/The%20%E2%80%98bubbling%20up%E2%80%99%20of%20subterranean%20politics%20in%20Europe%28lsero%29.pdf.
  • Konieczny. P. (2009). Governance, organization, and democracy on the internet: The iron law and the evolution of Wikipedia. Sociological Forum. 24(1). 162–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.01090.x.
  • Kyriakidou. M., & Olivas Osuna, J. J. (2017). The Indignados protests in the Spanish and Greek press: Moving beyond the ‘protest paradigm’? European Journal of Communication. 32(5). 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117720342.
  • Leane. G. W. G. (2010). Deliberative democracy and the internet: New possibilities for legitimising law through public discourse? Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence. 23(2). 373–401. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900004975.
  • Lee. S. H. (2017). Digital democracy in Asia: The impact of the Asian internet on political participation. Journal of Information Technology and Politics. 14(1). 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1214095.
  • Mansfield-Devine. S. (2018). Hacking democracy: Abusing the internet for political gain. Network Security. 2018(10). 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-4858(18)30102-8.
  • Mößner. N., & Kitcher, P. (2017). Knowledge, democracy, and the internet. Minerva. 55(1). 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-016-9310-0.
  • Nisbet. E. C., Stoycheff, E., & Pearce, K. E. (2012). Internet use and democratic demands: A multinational, multilevel model of internet use and citizen attitudes about democracy. 62(2). 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01627.x.
  • Papa. V., & Milioni, D. L. (2016). "I don't wear blinkers, all right?" The multiple meanings of civic identity in the Indignados and the role of social media. Javnost. 23(3). 290–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2016.1210464.
  • Peña-López. I., Congosto, M., & Aragón, P. (2014). Spanish Indignados and the evolution of the 15M movement on Twitter: Towards networked para-institutions. Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 15(1–2). 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2014.931678.
  • Persily. N., & Persily, N. (2018). The 2016 U.S. election: Can democracy survive the internet? Journal of Democracy. 28(2). 63–76. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/653377/summary.
  • Porta. D., & Andretta, M. (2013). Protesting for justice and democracy: Italian Indignados? Contemporary Italian Politics. 5(1). 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2013.783196.
  • Postill. J. (2014). Democracy in an age of viral reality: A media epidemiography of Spain’s Indignados movement. Ethnography. 15(1). 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138113502513
  • Romanos. E. (2016). Immigrants as brokers: dialogical diffusion from Spanish Indignados to Occupy Wall Street. Social Movement Studies. 15(3). 247–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2015.1095084
  • Rovisco. M. (2016). A new “Europe from below” cosmopolitan citizenship, digital media and the Indignados social movement. Comparative European Politics. 14(4). 435–457. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2015.30
  • Ruijgrok. K. (2017). From the web to the streets: Internet and protests under authoritarian regimes. Democratization, 24(3), 498–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1223630
  • Shah. N. M., Bahadur, A. S., & Adnan, A. M. (2018). Rebirth of democracy in Pakistan through internet. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 11(31). 1–9. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i31/130214
  • Stoycheff. E. (2020). Relatively democratic: How perceived internet interference shapes attitudes about democracy. International Journal of Press/Politics. 25(3). 390–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220909741
  • Theocharis. Y., Lowe, W., van Deth, J. W., & García-Albacete, G. (2015). Using Twitter to mobilize protest action: Online mobilization patterns and action repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street, Indignados, and Aganaktismenoi movements. Information Communication and Society. 18(2). 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.948035
  • Zaid. B. (2016). Internet and democracy in Morocco: A force for change and an instrument for repression. Global Media and Communication. 12(1). 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766515626826

From Online to Offline: The Spanish Indignados Movement

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 113 - 128, 16.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.1266834

Öz

Internet and social media applications have now become an integral part of our lives. These technologies are used in almost every field. It is thought that these technologies add a new dimension to political participation and activism at a time when there are discussions about the crisis of democracy. 2011 is a time period in which this assumption was put to the test. Protest movements that emerged in different countries have used the internet and social media applications such as Twitter and Facebook intensively and effectively. Virtual communities formed or organized online have taken to the streets and squares. One of these movements is the Indignados Movement which emerged in Spain. The Spaniards, angered by the austerity policies of the socialist government of the period and the measures taken regarding the economic crisis, took to the streets. The activism that had started online went offline. This study analyzes the Indignados Movement in terms of the use of internet technologies and online applications. First of all, the conceptual framework regarding the democratic potential of these technologies is discussed and then the Indignados Movement is evaluated within this framework. While presenting this study, secondary sources -English literature- are mostly reviewed due to the scarcity of sources written in Turkish and the author's lack of knowledge of Spanish. Although it is not possible to generalize about the potential of the internet and online applications in the context of a single case, how these applications are used and their possible benefits can be revealed.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott. J. (2012). Democracy@internet.org revisited: Analysing the socio-political impact of the internet and new social media in East Asia. Third World Quarterly. 33(2). 333–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.666015.
  • Abbott. J. P. (2001). Democracyιnternet.asia? The challenges to the emancipatory potential of the net: Lessons from China and Malaysia. Third World Quarterly. 22(1). 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590020022600.
  • Anduiza. E., Cristancho, C., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2014). Mobilization through online social networks: The political protest of the Indignados in Spain. Information Communication and Society. 17(6). 750–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.808360.
  • Antentas. J. M. (2015). Internationalist Challenges: Antiglobalisation, Occupy and Indignados. Globalizations. 13(4). 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1041270.
  • Arif. R. (2016). Internet as a hope or a hoax for emerging democracies: Revisiting the concept of citizenship in the digital age. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 236 (December 2015). 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.12.002.
  • Barbas. A., & Postill, J. (2017). Communication activism as a school of politics: Lessons from Spain’s Indignados movement. Journal of Communication, 64(2). 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12321.
  • Bennett. W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information Communication and Society. 15(5). 739–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661.
  • Bohman. J. (2004). Expanding dialogue: The internet, the public sphere and prospects for transnational democracy. The Sociological Review. 52(1_suppl). 131–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2004.00477.x.
  • Buchstein. H. (1997). Bytes that bite: The internet and deliberative democracy. Constellations. 4(2). 248–263.
  • Büyükküpcü. A. (2017). Sosyal Medyanın Toplumsal Hareketler Üzerindeki Etkisi: Gezi Parkı Örnek Olayı. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp.
  • Dahlberg. L. (2007). The internet, deliberative democracy and power: Radicalizing the public sphere. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics. 3(1). 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1386/macp.3.1.47/1. Evans. O. (2019). Digital politics: internet and democracy in Africa. Journal of Economic Studies. 46(1). 169–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-08-2017-0234.
  • Faber. S., & Seguín, B. (2019). Spain After the Indignados/15M Movement. Spain After the Indignados/15M Movement (Ed. O. Pereira-Zazo & S. L. Torres. (s. 171–187). Palgrave Macmillan. Cham. s. 171-187.
  • Ferdinand. P. (2000). The internet, democracy and democratization. Democratization. 7(1). 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340008403642.
  • Ferré-Pavia. C., & García, C. P. (2015). News or social mobilization? An exploratory study about the role of Twitter in the Spanish Indignados protests. Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies. 7(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs.7.1.21_1.
  • Gerbaudo. P. (2012). Tweets and The Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. UK: Pluto Press. Gimmler. A. (2001). Deliberative democracy, the public sphere and the internet. Philosophy & Social Criticism. 27(4). 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/019145370102700402.
  • Güven. E. (2021). Manuel Castells’in ağ toplumu kavramı ve ötekiler: Yeni toplumsal hareketler ve marjinal yapılanmalar. Global Media Edition TR Edition. 12(23). 1–27.
  • Habermas. J. (1987). The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Polity Press.
  • Hill. D. T., & Sen, K. (2000). The internet in Indonesia’s new democracy. Democratization. 7(1). 119–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510340008403648.
  • Hoff. J., & Bjerke, F. (2005). Fences and gates in cyberspace: Is the internet becoming a threat to democracy? Information Polity. 10(1–2). 141–151. https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-2005-0070.
  • Howard. P. (2011). The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kaldor. M., Selchow, S., Sean, D., & Murray-Leach, T. (2012). The “bubbling up” of subterranean politics in Europe. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/44873/1/The%20%E2%80%98bubbling%20up%E2%80%99%20of%20subterranean%20politics%20in%20Europe%28lsero%29.pdf.
  • Konieczny. P. (2009). Governance, organization, and democracy on the internet: The iron law and the evolution of Wikipedia. Sociological Forum. 24(1). 162–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.01090.x.
  • Kyriakidou. M., & Olivas Osuna, J. J. (2017). The Indignados protests in the Spanish and Greek press: Moving beyond the ‘protest paradigm’? European Journal of Communication. 32(5). 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117720342.
  • Leane. G. W. G. (2010). Deliberative democracy and the internet: New possibilities for legitimising law through public discourse? Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence. 23(2). 373–401. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900004975.
  • Lee. S. H. (2017). Digital democracy in Asia: The impact of the Asian internet on political participation. Journal of Information Technology and Politics. 14(1). 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2016.1214095.
  • Mansfield-Devine. S. (2018). Hacking democracy: Abusing the internet for political gain. Network Security. 2018(10). 15–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1353-4858(18)30102-8.
  • Mößner. N., & Kitcher, P. (2017). Knowledge, democracy, and the internet. Minerva. 55(1). 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-016-9310-0.
  • Nisbet. E. C., Stoycheff, E., & Pearce, K. E. (2012). Internet use and democratic demands: A multinational, multilevel model of internet use and citizen attitudes about democracy. 62(2). 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01627.x.
  • Papa. V., & Milioni, D. L. (2016). "I don't wear blinkers, all right?" The multiple meanings of civic identity in the Indignados and the role of social media. Javnost. 23(3). 290–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2016.1210464.
  • Peña-López. I., Congosto, M., & Aragón, P. (2014). Spanish Indignados and the evolution of the 15M movement on Twitter: Towards networked para-institutions. Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 15(1–2). 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2014.931678.
  • Persily. N., & Persily, N. (2018). The 2016 U.S. election: Can democracy survive the internet? Journal of Democracy. 28(2). 63–76. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/653377/summary.
  • Porta. D., & Andretta, M. (2013). Protesting for justice and democracy: Italian Indignados? Contemporary Italian Politics. 5(1). 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2013.783196.
  • Postill. J. (2014). Democracy in an age of viral reality: A media epidemiography of Spain’s Indignados movement. Ethnography. 15(1). 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138113502513
  • Romanos. E. (2016). Immigrants as brokers: dialogical diffusion from Spanish Indignados to Occupy Wall Street. Social Movement Studies. 15(3). 247–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2015.1095084
  • Rovisco. M. (2016). A new “Europe from below” cosmopolitan citizenship, digital media and the Indignados social movement. Comparative European Politics. 14(4). 435–457. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2015.30
  • Ruijgrok. K. (2017). From the web to the streets: Internet and protests under authoritarian regimes. Democratization, 24(3), 498–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1223630
  • Shah. N. M., Bahadur, A. S., & Adnan, A. M. (2018). Rebirth of democracy in Pakistan through internet. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 11(31). 1–9. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i31/130214
  • Stoycheff. E. (2020). Relatively democratic: How perceived internet interference shapes attitudes about democracy. International Journal of Press/Politics. 25(3). 390–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220909741
  • Theocharis. Y., Lowe, W., van Deth, J. W., & García-Albacete, G. (2015). Using Twitter to mobilize protest action: Online mobilization patterns and action repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street, Indignados, and Aganaktismenoi movements. Information Communication and Society. 18(2). 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.948035
  • Zaid. B. (2016). Internet and democracy in Morocco: A force for change and an instrument for repression. Global Media and Communication. 12(1). 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766515626826
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İhsan Konak 0000-0003-2119-3369

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Konak, İ. (2023). Çevrim İçinden Çevrim Dışına: İspanyol Indignados Hareketi. Artuklu İnsan Ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 8(1), 113-128. https://doi.org/10.46628/itbhssj.1266834