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Joseph Addison’un Cato ve George Lillo’nun Londralı Tüccar Eserlerinde Tragedyanın Maskülenleşmesi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 233 - 252, 18.12.2018

Sinan Gül

Öz

On sekizinci yüzyıl, modern Batı dünyasının toplumsal cinsiyet ve biyolojik cinsiyet kavramlarının gelişiminde fazlaca etkili oldu. Bu makale, Addison’un Cato adlı oyununun sonradan düzenlenmiş hali olan Cato. A Tragedy. By Mr. Addison. Without the Love (1764) ve Lillo’nun Londralı Tüccar (1731), adlı eserleri üzerinden, on sekizinci yüzyıl İngiliz tragedyasının maskülen karakterini analiz edip aynı zamanda aşk sahnelerine yönelik görmezden gelmenin ve hakir görmenin sebep ve sonuçlarını incelemektedir. Komedi kadınların ve onlara ait değerlerin açıkça hor görüldüğü bir tür olma özelliğini kazanmış iken tragedya ise erkeksi değerlerin ve patriarkal kuralların sıkı sıkıya kollandığı bir tür olmuştur. Toplumun hem normlarını hem de ideallerini gösteren Cato ve Lonralı Tüccar oyunları, maskülen değerlerin evrimine de tanıklık etmektedirler. 
Kadınların politik ve sosyal kültürde etkilerinin artmasina rağmen, kamusal alanda, genellikle feminen özelliklerle bağdaştırılmış olan aşk hor görülmüştür. Bunu yaparken oyun yazarları, eşleri ortalıkta gözükmeyen kocalar ya da annesiz evlatlar yaratarak kadınların varlığını oyunlarında ya yok saymışlardır ya da kadınları bütün toplumun ama özellikle erkeklerin yıkımına neden olacak tutku kaynakları olarak lanse etmişlerdir. Bu yüzden oyun yazarları feminen kavramları oyunlarında ihmal etmiş, değersizleştirmiş veya tamamen görmezden gelmişlerdir ve bunun yerine vatan veya kapitalizm sevgisinin erdemlerini yerleştirerek, metinlerinin kitlesel beğeniye uygun olarak da onların gönlünü kazanmasını beklemişlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cato Londralı Tüccar On Sekizinci Yüzyıl Tragedyası Joseph Addison George Lillo

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, M. H. (1999). A glossary of literary terms. Boston, MS: Heinle & Heinle.
  • Addison, J. (2004) Cato: A tragedy and selected essays. Indianapolis,Indiana: Liberty Fund.
  • Addison, J. (2010). Cato: A tragedy. By Mr. Addison. Without the love scenes. New York, NY: Gale ECCO.
  • Cowley, H. (2016). The Belle’s Strategem. London, UK: Wentworth Press.
  • Curtis-Wendlandt, L. (2013). Staging virtue: Women, death, and liberty in Elise Reimarus’s Cato. Journal of the History of Ideas, 74(1), 69–92.
  • Faller, L. B. (1988). The popularity of Addison’s Cato and Lillo’s The London Merchant, 1700-1776. New York, NY: Garland Publishers.
  • Freeman, L. (2013). Character’s theater: Genre and identity on the eighteenth century English stage. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Freeman, L. (1999). What’s love got to do with Addison’s Cato? Studies in English Literature, 39(3), 463–482.
  • Halliwell, S., & Aristotle. (1998). Aristotle’s Poetics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Harper, K. (2014). Cato, Roman stoicism, and the American revolution. (Doctoral Dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database. (UMI No. 9743523)
  • Hnatko, E. (1971). The failure of eighteenth century tragedy. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 11(3), 459–468.
  • Hume, R. (1980). The London theater world, 1660-1800. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP.
  • Johnson, S. (1778) “Review” in the literary panaroma. C. Retrieved from www.babel.hathitrust.org
  • Lillo, G. (1995). The London Merchant or the story of George Barnwell. Eighteenth-Century Plays. New York, NY: Oxford UP.
  • Morrissey, L. (1998). Sexuality and consumer culture in eighteenth century England: ‘Mutual love from Pole to Pole’ in The London Merchant. Restoration and 18th Century Theater Research, 13(1), 47–64.
  • Mountfort, W. (2018). Zelmane: Or, the Corinthian Queen. A tragedy. New York, NY: Gale Ecco.
  • Nicoll, A. (1995). A History of restoration drama, 1660-1700. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nussbaum, F. A. (1984). The brink of all we hate: English satires on women 1660-1750. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky.
  • Schille, C. B. K. (2003). Now, Cato: Addison, gender, and cultural occasion. Restoration and 18th Century Theater Research, 18(1), 31–48.
  • Straub, K. (1992). Sexual suspects: Eighteenth century players and sexual ideology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Wharton, J. (1778) “Review” in the literary panorama. Retrieved from www.babel.hathitrust.org

Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 233 - 252, 18.12.2018

Sinan Gül

Öz

During the 18th century, the development of gender and sexuality in the modern Western world was under tremendous impact of visual and literary culture. Considering this, by examining Addison’s Cato. A Tragedy. By Mr. Addison. Without the Love Scenes (1764) (Latin version) and Lillo’s The London Merchant (1731), this article analyzes the masculine features of the characters of 18th-century tragedies in England and investigates the reasons behind the dismissal and belittlement of love scenes and feminine qualities in those tragedies. In comedies, women and their qualities were openly ridiculed, while in tragedies, masculine values and patriarchal rules were overtly protected. Depicting societal norms and ideals, Cato and The London Merchant portray the evolving notions of masculinity.
Despite increasing female influence in political and social culture, love, often associated with feminine qualities, was belittled in domestic and public domains. In doing so, playwrights either entirely ignored the idea of using female characters in their plays, thus creating contextual errors of portraying husbands without wives or sons without mothers, or depicted women as the sources of passion that could potentially destroy society, men in particular. Therefore, the concept of love was neglected, undervalued, or dismissed, with playwrights rather offering patriotic or capitalist virtues to substitute the idea of love so that their plays would be deemed as appropriate for public appreciation. They also did not include any signs of sentiment, which was considered the reason behind a considerable decline in tragedies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cato The London Merchant Eighteenth Century Tragedy Joseph Addison George Lillo

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, M. H. (1999). A glossary of literary terms. Boston, MS: Heinle & Heinle.
  • Addison, J. (2004) Cato: A tragedy and selected essays. Indianapolis,Indiana: Liberty Fund.
  • Addison, J. (2010). Cato: A tragedy. By Mr. Addison. Without the love scenes. New York, NY: Gale ECCO.
  • Cowley, H. (2016). The Belle’s Strategem. London, UK: Wentworth Press.
  • Curtis-Wendlandt, L. (2013). Staging virtue: Women, death, and liberty in Elise Reimarus’s Cato. Journal of the History of Ideas, 74(1), 69–92.
  • Faller, L. B. (1988). The popularity of Addison’s Cato and Lillo’s The London Merchant, 1700-1776. New York, NY: Garland Publishers.
  • Freeman, L. (2013). Character’s theater: Genre and identity on the eighteenth century English stage. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Freeman, L. (1999). What’s love got to do with Addison’s Cato? Studies in English Literature, 39(3), 463–482.
  • Halliwell, S., & Aristotle. (1998). Aristotle’s Poetics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Harper, K. (2014). Cato, Roman stoicism, and the American revolution. (Doctoral Dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database. (UMI No. 9743523)
  • Hnatko, E. (1971). The failure of eighteenth century tragedy. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 11(3), 459–468.
  • Hume, R. (1980). The London theater world, 1660-1800. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP.
  • Johnson, S. (1778) “Review” in the literary panaroma. C. Retrieved from www.babel.hathitrust.org
  • Lillo, G. (1995). The London Merchant or the story of George Barnwell. Eighteenth-Century Plays. New York, NY: Oxford UP.
  • Morrissey, L. (1998). Sexuality and consumer culture in eighteenth century England: ‘Mutual love from Pole to Pole’ in The London Merchant. Restoration and 18th Century Theater Research, 13(1), 47–64.
  • Mountfort, W. (2018). Zelmane: Or, the Corinthian Queen. A tragedy. New York, NY: Gale Ecco.
  • Nicoll, A. (1995). A History of restoration drama, 1660-1700. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nussbaum, F. A. (1984). The brink of all we hate: English satires on women 1660-1750. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky.
  • Schille, C. B. K. (2003). Now, Cato: Addison, gender, and cultural occasion. Restoration and 18th Century Theater Research, 18(1), 31–48.
  • Straub, K. (1992). Sexual suspects: Eighteenth century players and sexual ideology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Wharton, J. (1778) “Review” in the literary panorama. Retrieved from www.babel.hathitrust.org
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sinan Gül 0000-0002-4529-6699

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gül, S. (2018). Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 28(2), 233-252.
AMA Gül S. Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant. Litera. Aralık 2018;28(2):233-252.
Chicago Gül, Sinan. “Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 28, sy. 2 (Aralık 2018): 233-52.
EndNote Gül S (01 Aralık 2018) Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 28 2 233–252.
IEEE S. Gül, “Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant”, Litera, c. 28, sy. 2, ss. 233–252, 2018.
ISNAD Gül, Sinan. “Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 28/2 (Aralık 2018), 233-252.
JAMA Gül S. Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant. Litera. 2018;28:233–252.
MLA Gül, Sinan. “Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, c. 28, sy. 2, 2018, ss. 233-52.
Vancouver Gül S. Masculinization of Tragedy in Joseph Addison’s Cato and George Lillo’s The London Merchant. Litera. 2018;28(2):233-52.
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