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Environment In The United States Of America’s Leaders’ Discourse In The Context Of Basic Concepts: Analysis Of Role Perceptions And Conflict Type Of Roles

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 36 - 56, 02.08.2022

İlke Taşdemir Barış Özdal

Öz

This study analyses the approaches to environmental problems of the leaders of the Democratic and the Republican Party in United States of America (USA) from a historical perspective. As known, environmental problems have become increasingly controversial problems in the US public opinion with the increasing concerns about global climate change. However, in spite of the fact that environmental problems are on the agenda of politicians and parties, their attitudes and theses in domestic politics have diverged. Environmental problems such as climate change, air pollution, water scarcity and the perception of them have been influential in the decisions of policy makers. The different attitudes and theses of the Democratic and Republican leaders in the US domestic politics, on the other hand, affect actors and diplomatic initiatives in the international system. In this context, by utilizing role theory, the study claims that there are conflicting roles in environmental problems in the US domestic politics and this disparity affects the foreign policy of the state.

Anahtar Kelimeler

USA Leaders Environment Role Theory Conflict Types Roles

Kaynakça

  • ABC News. (2021). President Biden delivers remarks at UN Climate Change Conference. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foMAlEIChxY, (25.6.2022).
  • Aggestam, L. (2004). Role identity and Europeanisation of foreign policy: A political-cultural approach. In T. Christiansen & E. Kirchner (Eds.) Rethinking European Union foreign policy, Manchester University Press, p. 81-98.
  • Aggestam, L. (2006). Role Theory and European foreign policy: A framework for analysis. In O. Elgström & M. Smith (Eds.) The European Unions roles in international politics: Concepts and analysis, Routledge, p. 11-29.
  • Andrews, R. N. L. (2011, 24 Ocak). The EPA at 40: Historical perspective. Environmental Law and Policy Forum Symposium, The Duke, p. 232-233
  • Bailey, C. J. (2016). US climate change policy. Roudledge.
  • Barnett, J. (2017). Çevre güvenliği. A. Collins (Der), Çağdaş güvenlik yaklaşımları içinde, Röle Akademik Yayıncılık (çev. Nasuh Uslu), ss. 191-192.
  • Barnett, M. (1993). Insititutions, roles and disorder: The case of Arab states system. International Studies Quarterly, 37(3), 271-296.
  • Bozdağlıoğlu, Y. (2012). Konstrüktivizm ve Rol Teorisi: Kimlik, rol ve dış politika analizi. T. Arı (Der.) Uluslararası İlişkilerde postmodern analizler-1 içinde. MKM Yayıncılık, ss.127-150.
  • BBC. (2015, 3 Ağustos). Obama: Climate change is ‘greatest threat’. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/ world-us-canada-33764762, (25.06.2022).
  • Bush, George W. (2001). Bush and the environment [Konuşma metni]. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/ newshour/show/bush-and-the-environment, (25.06.2022).
  • Bush, George W. (2002, 14 Şubat). George Bush’s global warming speech. [Konuşma metni]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2002/feb/14/usnews.globalwarming, (25.06.2022).
  • Cantir, C. & Kaarbo, J. (2012). Contested roles and domestic politics: reflections on Role Theory in foreign policy analysis and Ir theory. Foreign Policy Analysis, (8), 5-24.
  • Cantir, C. & Kaarbo, J. (2016). Unpacking ego in Role Theory: Vertical and horizontal role contestation and foreign policy. In C. Cantir & J. Kaarbo (Eds.) Domestic role contestation, foreign policy and international relations, Routledge, p. 1-22.
  • Clinton, B. (1993). Presidential Earth Day address [Konuşma metni]. C-SPAN. https://www.c-span. org/video/?39911-1/presidential-earth-day-address, (26.06.2022).
  • Clinton, B. (1993). Remarks on Earth Day [Konuşma metni]. GPO. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/ pkg/WCPD-1993-04-26/pdf/WCPD-1993-04-26-Pg630.pdf, (25.06.2022).
  • CNBC Television. (2021). President Joe Biden on climate change: ‘It’s a global fight’. [Video]. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EmdWnR4ty8, (23.06.2022).
  • CNN. (1997, 25 Haziran). Clinton warns of possible global warming. https://edition.cnn.com/ ALLPOLITICS/1997/06/26/clinton.UN/, (19.06.2022).
  • CNN. (2019, 9 Haziran). Fact-checking Trump’s speech on the US environment, https://edition.cnn. com/2019/07/08/politics/fact-check-trump-environmental-leadership-speech/index.html,(1.7.2022).
  • Congress.Gov. (2021). An act to establish a comprehensive and cordinated national climate policy and program and for other purposes. https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/house-bill/6669, (6.5.2021).
  • Congress.Gov. (2022). American recovery and reinvestment act of 2009. https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/1/text, (3.7.2022).
  • Crozier, R. & Ranyard, R. (1997). Cognitive process models and explanation of decision making In R. Ranyard, W. R. Crozier & O. Sevenson (Eds.), Decision making cognitive models and explanation. Routledge, p. 5-20.
  • Davis, C. (2006). The politics of grazing on federal lands. In R. Repetto (Eds.) Puntuated equilibrium and dynamics of U.S. environmental policy, United States of America: Yale University Press, p. 232-253.
  • Doty, R. L. (1993). Foreign policy as social construction: A post-positivist analysis of U.S. counterinsurgency policy in the Philippines, International Studies Quarterly, 37(3), 297-320.
  • Elliott, R. (1996). Discourse analysis: exploring action, function and conflict in social texts. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 14(6), 65-68.
  • Erensü, S. & Şahin, Ü. (2021, Nisan). İklim politikalarında Biden etkisi: İnkâr çağının sonu mu?. İstanbul Politikalar Merkezi Sabancı Üniversitesi,1-12.
  • Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887-917.
  • Folley, K. (1997, 9 Ekim). U.S.: Clinton says ‘global warming’ is a new real threat. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/1086758.html, (29.06.2022).
  • Giddens, A. (2013). İklim Değişikliği Siyaseti, çev. E. Baltacı, Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Harsnish, S. (2011). Role Theory: Operationalization of key concepts. In S. Harnish, C. Frank & H. W. Maul (Eds.) Role Theory in international relations, Routledge, p. 7-17.
  • Hillstrom, K. (2010). US Environmental policy and politics. Washington: CQ Press.
  • Holsti, K. J. (1970). National role conceptions in the study of foreign policy. International Studies Quarterly, 14(3), 233-309.
  • Hopf, T. (1998). The promise of constructivism in international relations theory. International Security, 23(1),171-200.
  • İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. (2021). Küresel Gündem: ABD İklim Rejimine Geri Döndü: 22-23 Nisan İklim Liderler Zirvesi. https://bulten.ikv.org.tr/?ust_id=11138&id=11139, (5.5.2021).
  • Köni, H. & Özdal, B. (2016). İklim değişikliği, göç ve politika. TESAM Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa, 26-27 Ekim 2016.
  • Küçük, M. (2017). Uluslararası ilişkilerde sosyal inşacılık. R. Gözen (Der) Uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri içinde, (4. b.), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, ss. 325-370.
  • Kylza, C. M. & Sousa, D. (2008). American environmental policy, 1990-2006. MIT Press.
  • Nandita, B. (2021, 8 Eylül). Biden tours flood-hit areas; calls climate change ‘exisdential treat’ . Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-renews-focus-domestic-issues-with-tour-new-yorkarea-flood-damage-2021-09-07/, (30.06.2022).
  • Nye, J. & Welch, D. (2018). Küresel çatışma ve işbirliğini anlamak, çev. R. Akman, (5. b.), İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Obama, B. (2017). Barack Obama on food and climate change: ‘We can still act and it won’t be too late.’ [Konuşma metni]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/ may/26/barack-obama-food-climate-change, (27.06.2022).
  • REV. (2020, 16 Haziran). Donald Trump speech transcript on rolling back environmental regulations, https:// www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-transcript-on-rolling-back-environmentalregulations, (25.06.2022).
  • Rumelili, B. (2014). İnşacılık / Konstrüktivizm. E. Balta (Der.) Küresel siyasete giriş, (1. b.), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, ss. 151-172.
  • Shapiro M. J. & Bonham, G: M. (1973). Cognitive process and foreign policy decision-making. International Studies Quarterly, 17(2), 147-174.
  • Sekhri, S. (2009). A role approach as a theoretical framework fort he analysis of foreign policy in the third World countries. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 3(10), 423-432.
  • Talu, N. (2015). Türkiye’de iklim değişikliği siyaseti. Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • The Carter Center. (1980). The Global 2000 Report. https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/pdf-archive/global2000reporttothepresident--enteringthe21stcentury-01011991.pdf, (6.5.2021).
  • Thies, C. G. (2012). International socialization process vs. Israeli national role conceptions: Can Role Theory integrate IR Theory and foreign policy analysis?. Foreign Policy Analysis, 8(1), 25-46.
  • The Obama White House. (2012, 11 Ocak). President Obama speaks to Environmental Protection Agency staff. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro84d4RUtoc&t=566s, (20.06.2022).
  • The Washington Post. (2021). Biden calls climate change as an ‘existential threat’. [Video]. https://www. washingtonpost.com/video/politics/biden-calls-climate-change-an-existential-threat/2021/01/27/b82690c7-eda6-48b4-babd-6de0094ee9b1_video.html, (25.06.2022).
  • The White House. (2008, Nisan). President Bush discusses climate change. [Konuşma metni]. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/04/20080416-6.html, (19.06.2022).
  • The White House. (2009, Ocak). President Bush discusses conservation and the environment. [Konuşma metni]. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2009/01/20090106-4.html, (19.06.2022).
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AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ BAŞKANLARI’NIN SÖYLEMLERİNDE ÖNE ÇIKAN KAVRAMLAR BAĞLAMINDA ÇEVRE SORUNLARI: ROL ALGILARI VE ÇATIŞAN ROLLERİN ANALİZİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 36 - 56, 02.08.2022

İlke Taşdemir Barış Özdal

Öz

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD)’nin çevre sorunlarına yönelik politikalarının incelendiği bu çalışmada tarihsel bir bakış açısıyla Demokrat ve Cumhuriyetçi Parti liderlerinin çevre sorunlarına yönelik yaklaşımları analiz edilmiştir. Bilindiği üzere küresel iklim değişikliğine yönelik kaygıların artmasıyla birlikte son yıllarda çevre ile ilgili sorunlar ABD kamuoyunda daha fazla tartışılır hale gelmiştir. Lakin çevre sorunları politikacıların ve partilerin gündeminde yer almasına rağmen, iç politikadaki tutum ve tezleri farklılık göstermektedir. Zira iklim değişikliği, hava kirliliği, su kıtlığı gibi çevre sorunları ve bu sorunların algılanma biçimi politika yapıcıların kararlarında etkili olmaktadır. ABD iç siyasetinde Demokrat ve Cumhuriyetçi liderlerin çevre politikalarında görülen farklı tutum ve tezleri ise hiç şüphesiz, uluslararası sistemdeki diğer aktörleri ve diplomatik girişimleri de etkilemektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada rol teorisinden faydalanılarak ABD iç siyasetinde çevre sorunlarında farklılaşan rollerin olduğu ve bu farklılaşmanın devletin dış politikasını etkilediği iddia edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ABD Liderler Çevre Rol Teorisi Çatışan Roller

Kaynakça

  • ABC News. (2021). President Biden delivers remarks at UN Climate Change Conference. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foMAlEIChxY, (25.6.2022).
  • Aggestam, L. (2004). Role identity and Europeanisation of foreign policy: A political-cultural approach. In T. Christiansen & E. Kirchner (Eds.) Rethinking European Union foreign policy, Manchester University Press, p. 81-98.
  • Aggestam, L. (2006). Role Theory and European foreign policy: A framework for analysis. In O. Elgström & M. Smith (Eds.) The European Unions roles in international politics: Concepts and analysis, Routledge, p. 11-29.
  • Andrews, R. N. L. (2011, 24 Ocak). The EPA at 40: Historical perspective. Environmental Law and Policy Forum Symposium, The Duke, p. 232-233
  • Bailey, C. J. (2016). US climate change policy. Roudledge.
  • Barnett, J. (2017). Çevre güvenliği. A. Collins (Der), Çağdaş güvenlik yaklaşımları içinde, Röle Akademik Yayıncılık (çev. Nasuh Uslu), ss. 191-192.
  • Barnett, M. (1993). Insititutions, roles and disorder: The case of Arab states system. International Studies Quarterly, 37(3), 271-296.
  • Bozdağlıoğlu, Y. (2012). Konstrüktivizm ve Rol Teorisi: Kimlik, rol ve dış politika analizi. T. Arı (Der.) Uluslararası İlişkilerde postmodern analizler-1 içinde. MKM Yayıncılık, ss.127-150.
  • BBC. (2015, 3 Ağustos). Obama: Climate change is ‘greatest threat’. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/ world-us-canada-33764762, (25.06.2022).
  • Bush, George W. (2001). Bush and the environment [Konuşma metni]. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/ newshour/show/bush-and-the-environment, (25.06.2022).
  • Bush, George W. (2002, 14 Şubat). George Bush’s global warming speech. [Konuşma metni]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2002/feb/14/usnews.globalwarming, (25.06.2022).
  • Cantir, C. & Kaarbo, J. (2012). Contested roles and domestic politics: reflections on Role Theory in foreign policy analysis and Ir theory. Foreign Policy Analysis, (8), 5-24.
  • Cantir, C. & Kaarbo, J. (2016). Unpacking ego in Role Theory: Vertical and horizontal role contestation and foreign policy. In C. Cantir & J. Kaarbo (Eds.) Domestic role contestation, foreign policy and international relations, Routledge, p. 1-22.
  • Clinton, B. (1993). Presidential Earth Day address [Konuşma metni]. C-SPAN. https://www.c-span. org/video/?39911-1/presidential-earth-day-address, (26.06.2022).
  • Clinton, B. (1993). Remarks on Earth Day [Konuşma metni]. GPO. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/ pkg/WCPD-1993-04-26/pdf/WCPD-1993-04-26-Pg630.pdf, (25.06.2022).
  • CNBC Television. (2021). President Joe Biden on climate change: ‘It’s a global fight’. [Video]. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EmdWnR4ty8, (23.06.2022).
  • CNN. (1997, 25 Haziran). Clinton warns of possible global warming. https://edition.cnn.com/ ALLPOLITICS/1997/06/26/clinton.UN/, (19.06.2022).
  • CNN. (2019, 9 Haziran). Fact-checking Trump’s speech on the US environment, https://edition.cnn. com/2019/07/08/politics/fact-check-trump-environmental-leadership-speech/index.html,(1.7.2022).
  • Congress.Gov. (2021). An act to establish a comprehensive and cordinated national climate policy and program and for other purposes. https://www.congress.gov/bill/95th-congress/house-bill/6669, (6.5.2021).
  • Congress.Gov. (2022). American recovery and reinvestment act of 2009. https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/1/text, (3.7.2022).
  • Crozier, R. & Ranyard, R. (1997). Cognitive process models and explanation of decision making In R. Ranyard, W. R. Crozier & O. Sevenson (Eds.), Decision making cognitive models and explanation. Routledge, p. 5-20.
  • Davis, C. (2006). The politics of grazing on federal lands. In R. Repetto (Eds.) Puntuated equilibrium and dynamics of U.S. environmental policy, United States of America: Yale University Press, p. 232-253.
  • Doty, R. L. (1993). Foreign policy as social construction: A post-positivist analysis of U.S. counterinsurgency policy in the Philippines, International Studies Quarterly, 37(3), 297-320.
  • Elliott, R. (1996). Discourse analysis: exploring action, function and conflict in social texts. Marketing Intelligence & Planning. 14(6), 65-68.
  • Erensü, S. & Şahin, Ü. (2021, Nisan). İklim politikalarında Biden etkisi: İnkâr çağının sonu mu?. İstanbul Politikalar Merkezi Sabancı Üniversitesi,1-12.
  • Finnemore, M. & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887-917.
  • Folley, K. (1997, 9 Ekim). U.S.: Clinton says ‘global warming’ is a new real threat. Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/1086758.html, (29.06.2022).
  • Giddens, A. (2013). İklim Değişikliği Siyaseti, çev. E. Baltacı, Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Harsnish, S. (2011). Role Theory: Operationalization of key concepts. In S. Harnish, C. Frank & H. W. Maul (Eds.) Role Theory in international relations, Routledge, p. 7-17.
  • Hillstrom, K. (2010). US Environmental policy and politics. Washington: CQ Press.
  • Holsti, K. J. (1970). National role conceptions in the study of foreign policy. International Studies Quarterly, 14(3), 233-309.
  • Hopf, T. (1998). The promise of constructivism in international relations theory. International Security, 23(1),171-200.
  • İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. (2021). Küresel Gündem: ABD İklim Rejimine Geri Döndü: 22-23 Nisan İklim Liderler Zirvesi. https://bulten.ikv.org.tr/?ust_id=11138&id=11139, (5.5.2021).
  • Köni, H. & Özdal, B. (2016). İklim değişikliği, göç ve politika. TESAM Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa, 26-27 Ekim 2016.
  • Küçük, M. (2017). Uluslararası ilişkilerde sosyal inşacılık. R. Gözen (Der) Uluslararası ilişkiler teorileri içinde, (4. b.), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, ss. 325-370.
  • Kylza, C. M. & Sousa, D. (2008). American environmental policy, 1990-2006. MIT Press.
  • Nandita, B. (2021, 8 Eylül). Biden tours flood-hit areas; calls climate change ‘exisdential treat’ . Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-renews-focus-domestic-issues-with-tour-new-yorkarea-flood-damage-2021-09-07/, (30.06.2022).
  • Nye, J. & Welch, D. (2018). Küresel çatışma ve işbirliğini anlamak, çev. R. Akman, (5. b.), İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Obama, B. (2017). Barack Obama on food and climate change: ‘We can still act and it won’t be too late.’ [Konuşma metni]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/ may/26/barack-obama-food-climate-change, (27.06.2022).
  • REV. (2020, 16 Haziran). Donald Trump speech transcript on rolling back environmental regulations, https:// www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-transcript-on-rolling-back-environmentalregulations, (25.06.2022).
  • Rumelili, B. (2014). İnşacılık / Konstrüktivizm. E. Balta (Der.) Küresel siyasete giriş, (1. b.), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, ss. 151-172.
  • Shapiro M. J. & Bonham, G: M. (1973). Cognitive process and foreign policy decision-making. International Studies Quarterly, 17(2), 147-174.
  • Sekhri, S. (2009). A role approach as a theoretical framework fort he analysis of foreign policy in the third World countries. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 3(10), 423-432.
  • Talu, N. (2015). Türkiye’de iklim değişikliği siyaseti. Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • The Carter Center. (1980). The Global 2000 Report. https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/pdf-archive/global2000reporttothepresident--enteringthe21stcentury-01011991.pdf, (6.5.2021).
  • Thies, C. G. (2012). International socialization process vs. Israeli national role conceptions: Can Role Theory integrate IR Theory and foreign policy analysis?. Foreign Policy Analysis, 8(1), 25-46.
  • The Obama White House. (2012, 11 Ocak). President Obama speaks to Environmental Protection Agency staff. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ro84d4RUtoc&t=566s, (20.06.2022).
  • The Washington Post. (2021). Biden calls climate change as an ‘existential threat’. [Video]. https://www. washingtonpost.com/video/politics/biden-calls-climate-change-an-existential-threat/2021/01/27/b82690c7-eda6-48b4-babd-6de0094ee9b1_video.html, (25.06.2022).
  • The White House. (2008, Nisan). President Bush discusses climate change. [Konuşma metni]. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/04/20080416-6.html, (19.06.2022).
  • The White House. (2009, Ocak). President Bush discusses conservation and the environment. [Konuşma metni]. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2009/01/20090106-4.html, (19.06.2022).
  • The White House. (2014, 23 Eylül). President Obama: “No nation is immune” to climate change. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/09/23/president-obama-no-nation-immune-climatechange, (23.06.2022).
  • The White House. (2016, 3 Eylül). President Obama: The United States formally enters the Paris Agreement. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/09/03/president-obama-united-statesformally-enters-paris-agreement, (19.06.2022).
  • The White House (2021, 23 Nisan). President Biden delivers remarks at the Leaders Summit on Climate Session 5. [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKd5TY8jsN0,(28.06.2022).
  • Trump, D. (2017, Haziran). President Trump on Climate Agreement [Konuşma metni]. C-SPAN. https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4928564/user-clip-trumps-view-state-environment, (19.06.2022).
  • Trump, D. (2017, 1 Haziran). President Trump on Climate Agreement [Konuşma metni]. C-SPAN. https://www.c-span.org/video/?429363-1/president-announces-withdrawal-paris-climate-agreement, (19.06.2022).
  • Trump, D. (2020, 20 Eylül). President Trump on the environment [Konuşma metni]. C-SPAN. https:// www.c-span.org/video/?c4906820/president-trump-environment, (19.06.2022).
  • United Nation Climate Change. (2021). The Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement, (4.5.2021).
  • United Nations Development Programme. (1994). Human Development Report. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-1994, (6.5.2021).
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1983). Can We delay a greenhouse warming. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ols/catalog/advanced_brief_record.cfm?&FIELD1=SUBJECT&INPUT1=Energy%20 policy&TYPE1=EXACT&LOGIC1=AND&COLL=&SORT_TYPE=MTIC&item_count=66&item_accn=117214, (4.5.2021).
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). Environmental topics. https://www.epa.gov/environmental-topics, (5.5.2021).
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). History of Clean Water Act. https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act, (5.5.2021).
  • United State Environmental Protection Agency. National Environmental Polict Act. https://www.epa.gov/nepa, (7.5.2021).
  • US Department of Interior. (2021). Conserving Preserving America the Beautiful Report. https://www.doi. gov/sites/doi.gov/files/report-conserving-and-restoring-america-the-beautiful-2021.pdf, (1.6.2021).
  • Uysal Oğuz, C. (2019). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin iklim değişikliği politikası: Sorumluluk ve inkâr eylemi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 523-543.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (2000). Cognitive discourse analysis, http://www.discursos.org/unpublished%20 articles/cogn-dis-anal.htm, (1.7.2022).
  • Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy what state make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391-425.
  • Wendt. A. (1994). Collective identity formation and international state. The American Political Science Review, 88(2), 384-386.
  • Wish, N. B. (1980). Foreign policy makers and their national role conceptions. International Studies Quarterly, 24(4), 532-554.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İlke Taşdemir 0000-0002-7742-1001

Barış Özdal 0000-0001-5460-6655

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Taşdemir, İ., & Özdal, B. (2022). AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ BAŞKANLARI’NIN SÖYLEMLERİNDE ÖNE ÇIKAN KAVRAMLAR BAĞLAMINDA ÇEVRE SORUNLARI: ROL ALGILARI VE ÇATIŞAN ROLLERİN ANALİZİ. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 36-56.
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