Araştırma Makalesi
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Sosyal Medyada İdeolojik ve Siyasi Kutuplaşma Üzerine Nicel Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 121 - 144, 29.11.2023

Çetin Murat Hazar Mahmut Fevzi Cengiz Özkan Avcı

https://doi.org/10.56202/mbsjcs.1320468

Öz

İnternet kullanıcılara yer ve zamandan bağımsız olarak sınırsız veriye ve enformasyona kolayca erişebilecekleri bir ortam sağlamıştır. Ancak özellikle sosyal medya mecralarının yaygınlaşması ile algoritmik filtreleme faktörleri ve kullanıcıların kendine benzer özelliklerde olan kullanıcılarla etkileşimde bulunma durumu bir kullanıcının tükettiği içeriğin genişliğini daraltmıştır. Bu durum sosyal medyadaki kullanıcıların yalnızca kendi inanç ve görüşleriyle benzer özelliklerde olan içerikleri tükettiği kısır bir döngüye yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma, sosyal medya mecralarını oluşturan algoritmaların filtreleme faktörlerinden bağımsız olarak kullanıcıların sosyal medya kullanma pratiklerinin ideolojik ve siyasi kutuplaşma üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Araştırmada basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle 770 katılımcı belirlenmiş ve anket soruları katılımcılara çevrim içi araçlarla ulaştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucu elde edilen bulgular katılımcıların büyük çoğunluğunun farklı ideolojik ve siyasi görüşe sahip diğer sıradan kullanıcıları takip etmediklerini ve bu kullanıcılarla etkileşimde bulunmadıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Benzer şekilde katılımcıların çoğunluğunun karşıt ideolojik görüşteki gazetecileri ve siyasi liderleri takip etmedikleri ve bu kişilerin sosyal medya paylaşımlarıyla etkileşimde bulunmadıkları bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak filtre balonlarının etkisiyle kendi ideolojik ve siyasi düşüncesine benzer içerikler sunulan kullanıcılar, bilinçli olarak farklı görüşlerin önüne set çekmekte ve kendilerini gönüllü olarak yankı odalarına hapsetmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal Medya Kutuplaşma Yankı Odaları Filtre Balonları Siyasi İdeoloji

Kaynakça

  • Alatawi, F, Cheng, L., Tahir, A., Karami, M., Jiang, B., Black, T. ve Liu, H. (2021). A Survey on Echo Chambers on Social Media: Description, Detection and Mitigation. arXiv.org e-Print archive. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.05084
  • Arora, S. D., Singh, G. P., Chakraborty, A. ve Maity, M. (2022). Polarization and social media: A systematic review and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 183, 121942, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121942
  • Arugute, N., Calvo, E. ve Ventura, T. (2023). Network activated frames: content sharing and perceived polarization in social media. Journal of Communication, 73(1), s.14-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac035
  • Bechmann, A. ve Nielbo, K. L. (2018). Are we exposed to the same “news” in the news feed?. Digital Journalism, 6(8), s.990-1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1510741
  • Belcastro, L., Cantini, R., Marozzo, F., Talia, D. ve Trunfio, P. (2020). Learning political polarization on social media using neural networks. IEEE Access, 8, 47177-47187. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2978950
  • Borgesius, F. J. Z., Trilling, D., Moller, J., Bodó, B., de Vreese, C. H. ve Helberger, N. (2016). Should we worry about filter bubbles?. Internet Policy Review: Journal on Internet Regulation, 5(1), s.1-16. https://doi.org/10.14763/2016.1.401
  • Bozdag, C. (2020). Managing diverse online networks in the context of polarization: Understanding how we grow apart on and through social media. Social Media+ Society, 6(4), https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120975713
  • Cantini, R., Marozzo, F., Talia, D. ve Tunfio P. (2022). Analyzing Political Polarization on Social Media by Deleting Bot Spamming. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6010003
  • Cardenal, A. S., Aguilar-Paredes, C., Cristancho, C. ve Majó-Vázquez, S. (2019). Echo-chambers in online news consumption: Evidence from survey and navigation data in Spain. European Journal of Communication, 34(4), s.360-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119844409
  • Cengiz, M. F. ve Patan, İ. (2021). Haberde Gerçeklik: Sosyal Medyada Gerçeklik Algısı Üzerine Bir Analiz. Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), s.235–259.
  • Chitra, U. ve Musco, C. (2020, January). Analyzing the impact of filter bubbles on social network polarization. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, s.115-123. https://doi.org/10.1145/3336191.3371825
  • Cinelli, M., Morales, G. D. F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W. ve Starnini, M. (2020). Echo chambers on social media: A comparative analysis. arXiv.org e-Print archive. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.09603
  • Coşkun, O. (2022). Arama motorlarında öneri algoritması ve filtre balonu etkisi: ‘Google Haberler’ sekmesi örneği. Etkileşim, 10, s.208-234. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2022.5.10.176
  • Dahlgren, P. M. (2021). A critical review of filter bubbles and a comparison with selective exposure. Nordicom Review, 42(1), s.15–33. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0002
  • DiFranzo, D. ve Gloria-Garcia, K. (2017). Filter bubbles and fake news. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students, 23(3), s.32-35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3055153
  • Flaxman, S., Goel, S. ve Rao, J. M. (2016). Filter bubbles, echo chambers, and online news consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), s.298-320. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw006
  • Garimella, K. (2018). Polarization on Social Media. Finland: Aalto University Doctoral Dissertations Publication Series.
  • Geschke, D., Lorenz, J. ve Holtz, P. (2019). The triple‐filter bubble: Using agent‐based modelling to test a metatheoretical framework for the emergence of filter bubbles and echo chambers. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(1), s.129-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12286
  • Hong, S. ve Kim, S. H. (2016). Political polarization on twitter: Implications for the use of social media in digital governments. Government Information Quarterly, 33(4), s.777-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.04.007
  • Hülür, H. ve Bayır, M. (2021). Doğruluk-Sonrası çağın bir boyutu olarak yankı odası. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Inquiries, 5(9), s.245-254.
  • Kaiser, J., Vaccari, C. ve Chadwick, A. (2022). Partisan Blocking: Biased Responses to Shared Misinformation Contribute to Network Polarization on Social Media. Journal of Communication, 72(2), s.214-240. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac002
  • Kitchens, B., Johnson, S. L. ve Gray, P. (2020). Understanding Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles: The Impact of Social Media on Diversification and Partisan Shifts in News Consumption. MIS Quarterly, 44(4), s.1619-1649. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2020/16371
  • Kozitsin, I. V. ve Chkhartishvili, A. G. (2020, September). Users’ Activity in Online Social Networks and the Formation of Echo Chambers. In 2020 13th International Conference “Management of large-scale system development (MLSD)”, IEEE Access, s.1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/MLSD49919.2020.9247720 Lev-On, A. (2022). Polarization of Deliberative and Participatory Activists on Social Media. Media and Communication, 10(4), s.56-65. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i4.5637
  • Narin, B. (2018). Kişiselleştirilmiş çevrimiçi haber akışının yankı odası etkisi, filtre balonu ve siberbalkanizasyon kavramları çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Selçuk İletişim, 11(2), s.232-251. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.340471
  • Neuman, W. L. (2006). Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri, Nitel ve Nicel Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Desen Ofset.
  • Nguyen, C. T. (2020). Echo chambers and epistemic bubbles. Episteme, 17(2), s.141-161. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.32
  • Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding From You. New York: The Penguin Press.
  • Pew Research Center (2021). Social Media Use in 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact sheet/social- media/, Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2023.
  • Quattrociocchi, W., Scala, A. ve Sunstein, C. R. (2016). Echo Chambers on Facebook. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2795110, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2795110
  • Reuters Institute Digital News Report (2018). Proportion Who Say They Were Exposed to Completely Made-Up News in The Last Week, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/digital-news-report-2018.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2023.
  • Reuters Institute Digital News Report (2022). Turkey. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ 2022-06/Digital_News-Report_2022.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2023.
  • Scruggs, J. F. (1998). The “Echo Chamber” approach to advocacy. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=ggxn0061, Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2023.
  • Sekaran, U. (2000). Resarch methods for business: A skill-building approach. UK: Wiley&Sons
  • Sun, R., Zhu, H. ve Guo, F. (2023). Impact of content ideology on social media opinion polarization: The moderating role of functional affordances and symbolic expressions. Decision Support Systems, 164, 113845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2022.113845
  • Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Republic.com. New Jersey: Princeton University Press
  • TUİK (2022). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması, 2022. https:// data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2022-45587, Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2023.
  • Tutkun Ünal, A. ve Deniz, L. (2020). Sosyal Medya Kuşaklarının Sosyal Medya Kullanım Seviyeleri ve Tercihleri. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches. 15(22), s.1289-1319. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.626283
  • Van Bavel, J. J., Rathje, S., Harris, E., Robertson, C. ve Sternisko, A. (2021). How social media shapes polarization. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(11), s.913-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.013
  • Wakefield, R. L. ve Wakefield, K. (2022). The antecedents and consequences of intergroup affective polarisation on social media. Information Systems Journal, s.1-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12419
  • Warner, B. R., Horstman, H. K. ve Kearney, C. C. (2020). Reducing political polarization through narrative writing. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 48(4), s.459-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2020.1789195
  • We Are Social (2022). Digital 2022 Global Overview Report. https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/01/digital- 2022-another-year-of-bumper-growth-2/, Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2023.
  • Wolfowicz, M., Weisburd, D. ve Hasisi, B. (2021). Examining the interactive effects of the filter bubble and the echo chamber on radicalization. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 19, s.119-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09471-0
  • Yarchi, M., Baden, C. ve Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2021) Political Polarization on the Digital Sphere: A Cross-platform, Over-time Analysis of Interactional, Positional, and Affective Polarization on Social Media. Political Communication, 38(1-2), s.98-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1785067

A Quantitative Research on Ideological and Political Polarization on Social Media

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 121 - 144, 29.11.2023

Çetin Murat Hazar Mahmut Fevzi Cengiz Özkan Avcı

https://doi.org/10.56202/mbsjcs.1320468

Öz

The Internet has provided users with an environment where they can easily access unlimited data and information regardless of place and time. However, especially with the spread of social media channels, algorithmic filtering factors and the tendency of users to interact with other users with similar characteristics have narrowed the limit of the content consumed by a user. This leads to a vicious
cycle in which users on social media only consume content that has similar characteristics to their own beliefs and opinions. This study examines the effects of users’ social media usage practices on ideological and political polarization in social media channels, regardless of the filtering factors of algorithms. In the study, 770 participants were determined by a simple random sampling method and the
survey questions were delivered to the participants via online tools. According to the results of the research, it has been revealed that the majority of the participants do not follow users with different ideological and political views on social media and do not interact with these users. In addition, it was observed that the majority of the participants do not follow journalists and political leaders with opposing
ideological and political views and do not interact with their posts. As a result, users, who are presented with content similar to their own ideological and political thoughts with the effect of filter bubbles, are also consciously blocking different opinions and voluntarily imprisoning themselves in echo chambers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social Media Polarization Echo Chambers Filter Bubbles Political Ideology

Kaynakça

  • Alatawi, F, Cheng, L., Tahir, A., Karami, M., Jiang, B., Black, T. ve Liu, H. (2021). A Survey on Echo Chambers on Social Media: Description, Detection and Mitigation. arXiv.org e-Print archive. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.05084
  • Arora, S. D., Singh, G. P., Chakraborty, A. ve Maity, M. (2022). Polarization and social media: A systematic review and research agenda. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 183, 121942, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121942
  • Arugute, N., Calvo, E. ve Ventura, T. (2023). Network activated frames: content sharing and perceived polarization in social media. Journal of Communication, 73(1), s.14-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac035
  • Bechmann, A. ve Nielbo, K. L. (2018). Are we exposed to the same “news” in the news feed?. Digital Journalism, 6(8), s.990-1002. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1510741
  • Belcastro, L., Cantini, R., Marozzo, F., Talia, D. ve Trunfio, P. (2020). Learning political polarization on social media using neural networks. IEEE Access, 8, 47177-47187. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2978950
  • Borgesius, F. J. Z., Trilling, D., Moller, J., Bodó, B., de Vreese, C. H. ve Helberger, N. (2016). Should we worry about filter bubbles?. Internet Policy Review: Journal on Internet Regulation, 5(1), s.1-16. https://doi.org/10.14763/2016.1.401
  • Bozdag, C. (2020). Managing diverse online networks in the context of polarization: Understanding how we grow apart on and through social media. Social Media+ Society, 6(4), https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120975713
  • Cantini, R., Marozzo, F., Talia, D. ve Tunfio P. (2022). Analyzing Political Polarization on Social Media by Deleting Bot Spamming. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6010003
  • Cardenal, A. S., Aguilar-Paredes, C., Cristancho, C. ve Majó-Vázquez, S. (2019). Echo-chambers in online news consumption: Evidence from survey and navigation data in Spain. European Journal of Communication, 34(4), s.360-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119844409
  • Cengiz, M. F. ve Patan, İ. (2021). Haberde Gerçeklik: Sosyal Medyada Gerçeklik Algısı Üzerine Bir Analiz. Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), s.235–259.
  • Chitra, U. ve Musco, C. (2020, January). Analyzing the impact of filter bubbles on social network polarization. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, s.115-123. https://doi.org/10.1145/3336191.3371825
  • Cinelli, M., Morales, G. D. F., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W. ve Starnini, M. (2020). Echo chambers on social media: A comparative analysis. arXiv.org e-Print archive. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2004.09603
  • Coşkun, O. (2022). Arama motorlarında öneri algoritması ve filtre balonu etkisi: ‘Google Haberler’ sekmesi örneği. Etkileşim, 10, s.208-234. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2022.5.10.176
  • Dahlgren, P. M. (2021). A critical review of filter bubbles and a comparison with selective exposure. Nordicom Review, 42(1), s.15–33. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0002
  • DiFranzo, D. ve Gloria-Garcia, K. (2017). Filter bubbles and fake news. XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students, 23(3), s.32-35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3055153
  • Flaxman, S., Goel, S. ve Rao, J. M. (2016). Filter bubbles, echo chambers, and online news consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1), s.298-320. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw006
  • Garimella, K. (2018). Polarization on Social Media. Finland: Aalto University Doctoral Dissertations Publication Series.
  • Geschke, D., Lorenz, J. ve Holtz, P. (2019). The triple‐filter bubble: Using agent‐based modelling to test a metatheoretical framework for the emergence of filter bubbles and echo chambers. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(1), s.129-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12286
  • Hong, S. ve Kim, S. H. (2016). Political polarization on twitter: Implications for the use of social media in digital governments. Government Information Quarterly, 33(4), s.777-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.04.007
  • Hülür, H. ve Bayır, M. (2021). Doğruluk-Sonrası çağın bir boyutu olarak yankı odası. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Inquiries, 5(9), s.245-254.
  • Kaiser, J., Vaccari, C. ve Chadwick, A. (2022). Partisan Blocking: Biased Responses to Shared Misinformation Contribute to Network Polarization on Social Media. Journal of Communication, 72(2), s.214-240. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac002
  • Kitchens, B., Johnson, S. L. ve Gray, P. (2020). Understanding Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles: The Impact of Social Media on Diversification and Partisan Shifts in News Consumption. MIS Quarterly, 44(4), s.1619-1649. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2020/16371
  • Kozitsin, I. V. ve Chkhartishvili, A. G. (2020, September). Users’ Activity in Online Social Networks and the Formation of Echo Chambers. In 2020 13th International Conference “Management of large-scale system development (MLSD)”, IEEE Access, s.1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/MLSD49919.2020.9247720 Lev-On, A. (2022). Polarization of Deliberative and Participatory Activists on Social Media. Media and Communication, 10(4), s.56-65. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i4.5637
  • Narin, B. (2018). Kişiselleştirilmiş çevrimiçi haber akışının yankı odası etkisi, filtre balonu ve siberbalkanizasyon kavramları çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Selçuk İletişim, 11(2), s.232-251. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.340471
  • Neuman, W. L. (2006). Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri, Nitel ve Nicel Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Desen Ofset.
  • Nguyen, C. T. (2020). Echo chambers and epistemic bubbles. Episteme, 17(2), s.141-161. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.32
  • Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding From You. New York: The Penguin Press.
  • Pew Research Center (2021). Social Media Use in 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact sheet/social- media/, Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2023.
  • Quattrociocchi, W., Scala, A. ve Sunstein, C. R. (2016). Echo Chambers on Facebook. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2795110, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2795110
  • Reuters Institute Digital News Report (2018). Proportion Who Say They Were Exposed to Completely Made-Up News in The Last Week, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/digital-news-report-2018.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2023.
  • Reuters Institute Digital News Report (2022). Turkey. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/ 2022-06/Digital_News-Report_2022.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2023.
  • Scruggs, J. F. (1998). The “Echo Chamber” approach to advocacy. https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=ggxn0061, Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2023.
  • Sekaran, U. (2000). Resarch methods for business: A skill-building approach. UK: Wiley&Sons
  • Sun, R., Zhu, H. ve Guo, F. (2023). Impact of content ideology on social media opinion polarization: The moderating role of functional affordances and symbolic expressions. Decision Support Systems, 164, 113845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2022.113845
  • Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Republic.com. New Jersey: Princeton University Press
  • TUİK (2022). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması, 2022. https:// data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2022-45587, Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2023.
  • Tutkun Ünal, A. ve Deniz, L. (2020). Sosyal Medya Kuşaklarının Sosyal Medya Kullanım Seviyeleri ve Tercihleri. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches. 15(22), s.1289-1319. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.626283
  • Van Bavel, J. J., Rathje, S., Harris, E., Robertson, C. ve Sternisko, A. (2021). How social media shapes polarization. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(11), s.913-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.07.013
  • Wakefield, R. L. ve Wakefield, K. (2022). The antecedents and consequences of intergroup affective polarisation on social media. Information Systems Journal, s.1-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12419
  • Warner, B. R., Horstman, H. K. ve Kearney, C. C. (2020). Reducing political polarization through narrative writing. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 48(4), s.459-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2020.1789195
  • We Are Social (2022). Digital 2022 Global Overview Report. https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/01/digital- 2022-another-year-of-bumper-growth-2/, Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2023.
  • Wolfowicz, M., Weisburd, D. ve Hasisi, B. (2021). Examining the interactive effects of the filter bubble and the echo chamber on radicalization. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 19, s.119-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09471-0
  • Yarchi, M., Baden, C. ve Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2021) Political Polarization on the Digital Sphere: A Cross-platform, Over-time Analysis of Interactional, Positional, and Affective Polarization on Social Media. Political Communication, 38(1-2), s.98-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1785067
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim Çalışmaları, Sosyal Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Çetin Murat Hazar 0000-0001-7173-8529

Mahmut Fevzi Cengiz 0000-0001-7398-3392

Özkan Avcı 0000-0003-1524-1379

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Hazar, Ç. M., Cengiz, M. F., & Avcı, Ö. (2023). Sosyal Medyada İdeolojik ve Siyasi Kutuplaşma Üzerine Nicel Bir Araştırma. Middle Black Sea Journal of Communication Studies, 8(2), 121-144. https://doi.org/10.56202/mbsjcs.1320468
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