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THE RELATIONS OF CORRUPTION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: EXAMPLES FROM LATIN AMERICA, EASTERN EUROPE AND ASIAN COUNTRIES

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 294 - 314, 20.10.2023

Ömer Faruk Gültekin

https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1352801

Öz

Corruption is one of the biggest obstacles to increasing social welfare. In addition to creating great costs for societies today, it also causes economic and social costs for future generations. Therefore, reducing corruption is very important for societies to achieve economic development. In order to investigate the relationship between corruption and economic development, two different models developed for some European and Asian countries under Soviet influence and Latin American countries. The variables included in the models for the period 2000-2019 are corruption perception index, per capita income, governance, inflation, public expenditures, foreign direct investments, trade openness and human capital index. After the basic tests of the models, estimations made based on the Two-Stage System GMM and panel ARDL approaches and 4 different estimation results obtained. According to the results, in the first model, per capita income growth, human capital index, commercialization and governance have a positive effect on corruption. Inflation has a negative impact on corruption. On the other hand, the results for public expenditures and FDI are not statistically significant for the System GMM estimation. In the second model, corruption has a negative impact on per capita income growth. In the last stage, Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test applied and it was determined that there is a unidirectional causality from some variables to corruption.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Corruption Economic Development Developing Countries System GMM Analysis Panel ARDL Analysis

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., ve Verdier, T., (2000). “The Choice between Market Failures and Corruption”, Amer. Econ. Rev, 90 (1), 194–211.
  • Acemoğlu, D. ve Robinson, J.A., (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins Of Power, Prosperity, And Poverty. New York: Crown Publishing.
  • Aidt, T. S., (2009). “Corruption, Institutions, and Economic Development”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 25 (2), 271-291.
  • Arif, I., (2022). “Educational Attainment, Corruption, and Migration: An Empirical Analysis from a Gravity Model”, Economic Modelling, 110, 105802.
  • Atilla, Y., ve Kök, R., (2020). “Askeri Harcamaların İktisadi Büyümeye Etkisi: Sistem GMM Yaklaşımı”, İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 35 (2), 299-316.
  • Baltagi, B.H., (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Blackburn, K., Bose, N., ve Haque, E.M., (2006). “The Incidence and Persistence of Corruption in Economic Development”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 30 (12), 2447-2467.
  • Bölük, G., ve Mert, M. (2016). “The Renewable Energy, Growth And Environmental Kuznets Curve İn Turkey: An ARDL Approach”, Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595.
  • Busse, M., ve Hefeker, C., (2007). “Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment”, European Journal of Political Economy, 23 (2), 397-415.
  • Cieslik, A., ve Goczek, L., (2018). “Control of Corruption, International Investment, and Economic Growth–Evidence from Panel Data”, World Development, 103, 323–335.
  • Dzhumashev, R., (2014). “Corruption and Growth: The Role of Governance, Public Spending, and Economic Development”, Economic Modelling, 37, 202-215.
  • Choi, I., (2006). “Nonstationary panels”, içinde Eds: Patterson, K., Mills, T.C., Palgrave Handbooks of Econometrics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 511–539.
  • Eren, M., (2022). “Different Impacts of Democracy and Income on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence from a Panel Quantile Regression Approach”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 71439–71459.
  • Feruni, N., Hysa, E., Panait, M., Radulescu, I.G., ve Brezoi, A., (2020). “The Impact of Corruption, Economic Freedom and Urbanization on Economic Development: Western Balkans versus EU-27”, Sustainability, 12 (22), 9743.
  • Huang, C.J., (2016). “Is Corruption Bad for Economic Growth? Evidence from Asia-Pacific Countries”, North Am. J. Econ. Finance, 35, 247–256.
  • Kennedy, P., (1992). A Guide to Econometrics. Oxford: Blackwell. Lash, N.L., (2004). “Corruption and Economic Development”, The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 1 (1), 85-109.
  • Leff, H.N., (1964). “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption”, American Behavioral Scientist, 8 (3), 8-14.
  • Lustrilanang, P., Suwarno, D., Rizki, L.T., Omar, N., ve Said, J., (2023). “The Role of Control of Corruption and Quality of Governance in ASEAN: Evidence from DOLS and FMOLS Test”, Cogent Business & Management, 10, 2154060.
  • Marquardt, D.W., (1970). “Generalized Inverses, Ridge Regression, Biased Linear Estimation, and Nonlinear Estimation”, Technometrics, 12, 591–256.
  • Mason, R.L., Gunst, R.F., ve Hess, J.L., (1989). Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments: Applications to Engineering and Science. New York: Wiley.
  • Moon, H.R., ve Perron, B., (2004). “Testing for a Unit Root in Panels with Dynamic Factors”, J. Econ, 122, 81–126.
  • O’Brien, R.M., (2007). “A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors”, Quality & Quantity, 41, 673–690.
  • Odugbesan, J.A., Rjoub, H., ve Ifediora, C.U., (2021). “Do Financial Regulations Matters for Sustainable Green Economy: Evidence from Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 56642–56657.
  • Olczyk, M., ve Kordalska, A., (2016). “International Competitiveness of Czech Manufacturing: A Sectoral Approach with Error Correction Model”, Prague Economic Papers, 26 (2), 1-14.
  • Paulo, L.D., Andrade Lima, R.C., ve Tigre, R., (2022). “Corruption and Economic Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean”, Rev Dev Econ, 26, 756-773.
  • Pedauga, L.E., Pedauga, L.D., ve Delgado-Márquez, B.L., (2017). “Relationships between Corruption, Political Orientation, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Latin America”, Applied Economics, 49 (17), 1689–1705.
  • Pesaran, M.H., (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence”, J. Appl. Econ, 22, 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M.H., (2020). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panels”, Empirical Economics, 60 (1), 13–50.
  • Roodman, D. (2009). “How to do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata” Stata J, 9 (1), 86–136.
  • Shleifer, A., ve Wishny, R.W., (1993). “Corruption, The Quarterly”, Journal of Economics, 108 (3), 599–617.
  • Sini, S., Abdul-Rahim, A.S., Chin, L., Said, R., ve Sulaiman, C., (2022). “Natural Resources Impact on Capital Flow and Conflict Relationship in Africa: A Novel Insight from GMM and Quantile Regression”, Resources Policy, 78, 102791.
  • Uroos, A., Shabbir, M.S., Zahid, M.U., Yahya, G., ve Abbasi, B.A., (2022). “Economic Analysis of Corruption: Evidence from Pakistan”, Transnational Corporations Review, 14 (1), 46-61.

YOLSUZLUK VE İKTİSADİ GELİŞME İLİŞKİLERİ: LATİN AMERİKA, DOĞU AVRUPA VE ASYA ÜLKELERİ’NDEN ÖRNEKLER

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 294 - 314, 20.10.2023

Ömer Faruk Gültekin

https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1352801

Öz

Yolsuzluk, toplumsal refah artışının önündeki en büyük engellerden biridir. Toplumlara bugün için büyük maliyetler oluşturmasının yanı sıra gelecek nesillere de ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan maliyetler oluşturur. Bu nedenle yolsuzluğun azaltılması, toplumların ekonomik gelişme gerçekleştirebilmeleri için çok önemlidir. Yolsuzluğun ekonomik gelişmeyle ilişkilerini araştırmak için Sovyet etkisi altında kalan bazı Avrupa ve Asya ülkeleri ve Latin Amerika ülkelerini kapsayan iki farklı model geliştirilmiştir. 2000-2019 döneminin araştırıldığı modellerde yer alan değişkenler yolsuzluk algı endeksi, kişi başına düşen gelir, yönetişim, enflasyon, kamu harcamaları, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, ticari dışa açıklık ve beşeri sermaye endeksidir. Modellerle ilgili temel sınamalar sonrası İki Aşamalı Sistem GMM ve panel ARDL yaklaşımlarına dayalı tahminler yapılmış ve 4 farklı tahmin sonucu elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, ilk modelde kişi başına düşen gelir artışı, beşeri sermaye endeksi, ticarileşme ve yönetişim, yolsuzluk üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye sahiptir. Öte yandan kamu harcamaları ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların sonuçları Sistem GMM tahmini için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir. İkinci modelde yolsuzluğun kişi başına düşen gelir artışını olumsuz etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Son aşamada Dumitrescu-Hurlin nedensellik testi yapılmış ve bazı değişkenlerden yolsuzluğa doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkilerinin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yolsuzluk Ekonomik Gelişme Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Sistem GMM Analizi Panel ARDL Analizi.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., ve Verdier, T., (2000). “The Choice between Market Failures and Corruption”, Amer. Econ. Rev, 90 (1), 194–211.
  • Acemoğlu, D. ve Robinson, J.A., (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins Of Power, Prosperity, And Poverty. New York: Crown Publishing.
  • Aidt, T. S., (2009). “Corruption, Institutions, and Economic Development”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 25 (2), 271-291.
  • Arif, I., (2022). “Educational Attainment, Corruption, and Migration: An Empirical Analysis from a Gravity Model”, Economic Modelling, 110, 105802.
  • Atilla, Y., ve Kök, R., (2020). “Askeri Harcamaların İktisadi Büyümeye Etkisi: Sistem GMM Yaklaşımı”, İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 35 (2), 299-316.
  • Baltagi, B.H., (2008). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Blackburn, K., Bose, N., ve Haque, E.M., (2006). “The Incidence and Persistence of Corruption in Economic Development”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 30 (12), 2447-2467.
  • Bölük, G., ve Mert, M. (2016). “The Renewable Energy, Growth And Environmental Kuznets Curve İn Turkey: An ARDL Approach”, Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595.
  • Busse, M., ve Hefeker, C., (2007). “Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment”, European Journal of Political Economy, 23 (2), 397-415.
  • Cieslik, A., ve Goczek, L., (2018). “Control of Corruption, International Investment, and Economic Growth–Evidence from Panel Data”, World Development, 103, 323–335.
  • Dzhumashev, R., (2014). “Corruption and Growth: The Role of Governance, Public Spending, and Economic Development”, Economic Modelling, 37, 202-215.
  • Choi, I., (2006). “Nonstationary panels”, içinde Eds: Patterson, K., Mills, T.C., Palgrave Handbooks of Econometrics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 511–539.
  • Eren, M., (2022). “Different Impacts of Democracy and Income on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence from a Panel Quantile Regression Approach”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 71439–71459.
  • Feruni, N., Hysa, E., Panait, M., Radulescu, I.G., ve Brezoi, A., (2020). “The Impact of Corruption, Economic Freedom and Urbanization on Economic Development: Western Balkans versus EU-27”, Sustainability, 12 (22), 9743.
  • Huang, C.J., (2016). “Is Corruption Bad for Economic Growth? Evidence from Asia-Pacific Countries”, North Am. J. Econ. Finance, 35, 247–256.
  • Kennedy, P., (1992). A Guide to Econometrics. Oxford: Blackwell. Lash, N.L., (2004). “Corruption and Economic Development”, The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 1 (1), 85-109.
  • Leff, H.N., (1964). “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption”, American Behavioral Scientist, 8 (3), 8-14.
  • Lustrilanang, P., Suwarno, D., Rizki, L.T., Omar, N., ve Said, J., (2023). “The Role of Control of Corruption and Quality of Governance in ASEAN: Evidence from DOLS and FMOLS Test”, Cogent Business & Management, 10, 2154060.
  • Marquardt, D.W., (1970). “Generalized Inverses, Ridge Regression, Biased Linear Estimation, and Nonlinear Estimation”, Technometrics, 12, 591–256.
  • Mason, R.L., Gunst, R.F., ve Hess, J.L., (1989). Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments: Applications to Engineering and Science. New York: Wiley.
  • Moon, H.R., ve Perron, B., (2004). “Testing for a Unit Root in Panels with Dynamic Factors”, J. Econ, 122, 81–126.
  • O’Brien, R.M., (2007). “A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors”, Quality & Quantity, 41, 673–690.
  • Odugbesan, J.A., Rjoub, H., ve Ifediora, C.U., (2021). “Do Financial Regulations Matters for Sustainable Green Economy: Evidence from Turkey”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 56642–56657.
  • Olczyk, M., ve Kordalska, A., (2016). “International Competitiveness of Czech Manufacturing: A Sectoral Approach with Error Correction Model”, Prague Economic Papers, 26 (2), 1-14.
  • Paulo, L.D., Andrade Lima, R.C., ve Tigre, R., (2022). “Corruption and Economic Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean”, Rev Dev Econ, 26, 756-773.
  • Pedauga, L.E., Pedauga, L.D., ve Delgado-Márquez, B.L., (2017). “Relationships between Corruption, Political Orientation, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Latin America”, Applied Economics, 49 (17), 1689–1705.
  • Pesaran, M.H., (2007). “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence”, J. Appl. Econ, 22, 265–312.
  • Pesaran, M.H., (2020). “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross-Sectional Dependence in Panels”, Empirical Economics, 60 (1), 13–50.
  • Roodman, D. (2009). “How to do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata” Stata J, 9 (1), 86–136.
  • Shleifer, A., ve Wishny, R.W., (1993). “Corruption, The Quarterly”, Journal of Economics, 108 (3), 599–617.
  • Sini, S., Abdul-Rahim, A.S., Chin, L., Said, R., ve Sulaiman, C., (2022). “Natural Resources Impact on Capital Flow and Conflict Relationship in Africa: A Novel Insight from GMM and Quantile Regression”, Resources Policy, 78, 102791.
  • Uroos, A., Shabbir, M.S., Zahid, M.U., Yahya, G., ve Abbasi, B.A., (2022). “Economic Analysis of Corruption: Evidence from Pakistan”, Transnational Corporations Review, 14 (1), 46-61.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyasi Coğrafya
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ömer Faruk Gültekin 0000-0002-4832-4683

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Gültekin, Ö. F. (2023). YOLSUZLUK VE İKTİSADİ GELİŞME İLİŞKİLERİ: LATİN AMERİKA, DOĞU AVRUPA VE ASYA ÜLKELERİ’NDEN ÖRNEKLER. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(3), 294-314. https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd.1352801
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