Araştırma Makalesi
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Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 452 - 465, 10.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1301705

Öz

Bu çalışmada spor-iktidar ilişkisi ünlü boksör Muhammed Ali örneği üzerinden incelenmiştir. Kitlelerin yeni afyonu olarak tanımlanan modern spor, iktidarla kurduğu bağımlılık ilişkisi nedeniyle ciddi eleştiriler almıştır. Lous Althusser bu anlamda sporu Devletin İdeolojik Aygıtı (DİA) olarak tanımlamıştır. Bunun yanında sporun iktidara karşı bir mücadele aracına dönüşebileceğini iddia eden çalışmalar ve örnek olaylar da mevcuttur. Bu çalışma modern sporun hem DİA hem de iktidar karşıtı bir araç olabileceği iddiasını taşımaktadır. Söz konusu iddiaya uygun olarak Muhammed Ali’nin hayatı nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi tekniğiyle incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre sporla modern iktidar arasında hayati sayılabilecek bir ilişki söz konusudur. Ancak bu ilişki pürüzsüz biçimde ilerlememektedir. İktidarın gücünü pekiştirmek adına kurguladığı spor, Ali örneğinde olduğu gibi iktidar aleyhine bir araca dönüşebilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akın, Y. (2004). Gürbüz ve yavuz evlatlar: erken cumhuriyet’te beden terbiyesi ve spor İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Althusser, L. (2000). İdeoloji ve devletin ideolojik aygıtları (Y. Alp & M. Özışık, Trans.; 4. baskı). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Boykoff, J. (2016). Power games: A political history of the Olympics. Verso.
  • Brown, S., & Brison, N. (2017). More Than an Athlete Constitutional and Contractual Analysis of Activism in Professional Sports. Arizona State University Sports and Entertainment Law Journal, 7, 249.
  • Cooky, C. (2018). 4. Women, Sports, and Activism. In 4. Women, Sports, and Activism (pp. 70–90). Rutgers University Press.
  • Cooper, J. N., Macaulay, C., & Rodriguez, S. H. (2019). Race and resistance: A typology of African American sport activism. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 54(2), 151–181.
  • CoseACaso (Director). (2017, February 26). Alì - What’s my name? Original audio - Rare. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu2bW70K6JE
  • Dere, İ., Aslan, A., Adakuş, Z., & Altun, H. (2017). Muhammed Ali’nin Maçlarını İzleyenlerin Hatıraları (1970-1980). Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(4).
  • Dorinson, J. (1997). Black Heroes in Sport: From Jack Johnson to Muhammad Ali. The Journal of Popular Culture, 31(3), 115–135.
  • Edwards, H. (1969). The Revolt of the Black Athlete. MacMillan Publishing Company.
  • Edwards, H. (2016, November 3). The fourth wave: Black athlete protests in the second decade of the 21st century. the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport conference, Florida.
  • FamousGreatSpeeches (Director). (2012, April 6). NBC News—Muhammad Ali on not going to war. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JDM4MY71G4
  • Grano, D. A. (2009). Muhammad Ali Versus the “Modern Athlete”: On Voice in Mediated Sports Culture. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 26(3), 191–211.
  • Giddens, A. ve Turner, J. (2013). Günümüzde sosyal teori. Çev. Ü. Tatlıcan. İstanbul: Say yayınları.
  • Güven, E. (2019). Vur Muhammed aşkına, vur Ali aşkına: siyaset ve spor ikonu olarak Muhammed Ali imgesi. TRt Akadem. Cilt: 4 Sayı:8. 299- 307.
  • Habermas, J. (1995). Sivil İtaatsizlik (H. Ökçesiz, Trans.). İstanbul: Afa yayınları.
  • Hartmann, D. (1996). The politics of race and sport: Resistance and domination in the 1968 African American Olympic protest movement. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(3), 548–566.
  • Hartmann, D. (2009). Activism, Organizing, and the Symbolic Power of Sport. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 3(2), 181–194.
  • Haslett, D., & Smith, B. (2021). Disability, sport and social activism (pp. 65–76).
  • Joseph Vincent (Director). (2018, March 16). Muhammad Ali—The Greatest (Greatest Ali Video on YOUTUBE). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ybnXgMMb5g
  • Kay, J. (2008). It Wasn’t Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(10), 1338–1354.
  • Lenskyj, H. (2008). Olympic industry resistance: Challenging Olympic power and propaganda. State University of New York Press.
  • Levy, P. B. (2015). The Civil Rights Movement in America: From Black Nationalism to the Women’s Political Council: From Black Nationalism to the Women’s Political Council. ABC-CLIO.
  • Lewins, C. (Yönetmen). (2014). Ben Ali. ABD: Universal Pictures.
  • Mählmann, P. (1988). Sport as a weapon of colonıalısm ın kenya: a revıew of the lıterature. Transafrican Journal of History, 17, 152–171.
  • Mangan, J. A. (2001). Soccer as Moral Training: Missionary Intentions and Imperial Legacies. Soccer & Society, 2(2), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/714004848
  • Markovits, A. S., & Rensmann, L. (2010). Gaming the world: How sports are reshaping global politics and culture. Princeton University Press.
  • Marqusee, M. (1995a). Sport and stereotype: From role model to Muhammad Ali. Race & Class, 36(4), 1–29.
  • Marqusee, M. (1995b). Sport and stereotype: From role model to Muhammad Ali. Race & Class, 36(4), 1–29.
  • Mazrui, A. A. (1977). Boxer Muhammad Ali and Soldier Idi Amin As International Political Symbols: The Bioeconomics of Sport and War. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 19(2), 189–215.
  • Montville, L. (2020). Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı (T. Alkaç, Trans.). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Morgan, H. (2022). Conducting a Qualitative Document Analysis. Qualitative Report, 27(1), 64–77.
  • McCormack, P. (Yönetmen). (2009). Muhammed Ali’ye Karşı. Kanada: Network Entertainment
  • Orhan Ayhan, Muhammed Ali’yi anlattı. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2022, from http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/141513.asp
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications.
  • Perelman, M. (2012). Barbaric sport: A global plague. Verso.
  • Reed, T. L. (2004). Peace profile: Muhammad Ali. Peace Review, 16(1), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040265042000210247
  • Saeed, A. (2002). What’s in a Name? Muhammad Ali and the Politics of Cultural Identity. Culture, Sport, Society, 5(3), 52–72.
  • Smith, J. M. (2015). The Resurrection: Atlanta, Racial Politics, and the Return of Muhammad Ali. Southern Cultures, 21(2), 5–26.
  • Sorek, T. (2013). Sport, Palestine, and Israel. In D. L. Andrews & B. Carrington (Eds.), A Companion to Sport (pp. 257–269). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Sports Ullustrated, S. I. (1974, February 3). Ali again. Sports Illustrated Vault | SI.Com. https://vault.si.com/vault/1974/02/04/45375
  • Tomlinson, A., & Young, C. (Eds.). (2006). National identity and global sports events: Culture, politics, and spectacle in the Olympics and the football World Cup. State University of New York Press.
  • Townsend, S., Osmond, G., & Phillips, M. G. (2018). ‘Where Cassius Clay Ends, Muhammad Ali Begins’: Sportspeople, Political Activism, and Methodology. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 35(11), 1149–1175.
  • Wakelin, J. (2020). Fighting for Religious Freedom; Muhammad Ali and His Battle Against the U.S. Supreme Court. Undergraduate Honors Theses. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1561

Sports as a Political Struggle: Muhammad Ali vs. America

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 452 - 465, 10.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1301705

Öz

In this study, the relationship between sport and power is examined through the example of famous boxer Muhammad Ali. Defined as the new opium of the masses, modern sport has received serious criticism due to its dependency relationship with power. In this sense, Lous Althusser defined sport as the State's Ideological Apparatus (ISA). In addition, there are studies and case studies claiming that sports can turn into a means of struggle against power. This study claims that modern sports can be both an ISA and an anti-government tool. In accordance with the aforementioned claim, Muhammad Ali's life was examined with the document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods. According to the findings, there is a vital relationship between sports and modern power. However, this relationship does not progress smoothly. Sports, which the government has designed to consolidate its power, can turn into a tool against the government, as in the example of Ali.

Kaynakça

  • Akın, Y. (2004). Gürbüz ve yavuz evlatlar: erken cumhuriyet’te beden terbiyesi ve spor İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Althusser, L. (2000). İdeoloji ve devletin ideolojik aygıtları (Y. Alp & M. Özışık, Trans.; 4. baskı). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Boykoff, J. (2016). Power games: A political history of the Olympics. Verso.
  • Brown, S., & Brison, N. (2017). More Than an Athlete Constitutional and Contractual Analysis of Activism in Professional Sports. Arizona State University Sports and Entertainment Law Journal, 7, 249.
  • Cooky, C. (2018). 4. Women, Sports, and Activism. In 4. Women, Sports, and Activism (pp. 70–90). Rutgers University Press.
  • Cooper, J. N., Macaulay, C., & Rodriguez, S. H. (2019). Race and resistance: A typology of African American sport activism. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 54(2), 151–181.
  • CoseACaso (Director). (2017, February 26). Alì - What’s my name? Original audio - Rare. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu2bW70K6JE
  • Dere, İ., Aslan, A., Adakuş, Z., & Altun, H. (2017). Muhammed Ali’nin Maçlarını İzleyenlerin Hatıraları (1970-1980). Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(4).
  • Dorinson, J. (1997). Black Heroes in Sport: From Jack Johnson to Muhammad Ali. The Journal of Popular Culture, 31(3), 115–135.
  • Edwards, H. (1969). The Revolt of the Black Athlete. MacMillan Publishing Company.
  • Edwards, H. (2016, November 3). The fourth wave: Black athlete protests in the second decade of the 21st century. the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport conference, Florida.
  • FamousGreatSpeeches (Director). (2012, April 6). NBC News—Muhammad Ali on not going to war. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JDM4MY71G4
  • Grano, D. A. (2009). Muhammad Ali Versus the “Modern Athlete”: On Voice in Mediated Sports Culture. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 26(3), 191–211.
  • Giddens, A. ve Turner, J. (2013). Günümüzde sosyal teori. Çev. Ü. Tatlıcan. İstanbul: Say yayınları.
  • Güven, E. (2019). Vur Muhammed aşkına, vur Ali aşkına: siyaset ve spor ikonu olarak Muhammed Ali imgesi. TRt Akadem. Cilt: 4 Sayı:8. 299- 307.
  • Habermas, J. (1995). Sivil İtaatsizlik (H. Ökçesiz, Trans.). İstanbul: Afa yayınları.
  • Hartmann, D. (1996). The politics of race and sport: Resistance and domination in the 1968 African American Olympic protest movement. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(3), 548–566.
  • Hartmann, D. (2009). Activism, Organizing, and the Symbolic Power of Sport. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 3(2), 181–194.
  • Haslett, D., & Smith, B. (2021). Disability, sport and social activism (pp. 65–76).
  • Joseph Vincent (Director). (2018, March 16). Muhammad Ali—The Greatest (Greatest Ali Video on YOUTUBE). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ybnXgMMb5g
  • Kay, J. (2008). It Wasn’t Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(10), 1338–1354.
  • Lenskyj, H. (2008). Olympic industry resistance: Challenging Olympic power and propaganda. State University of New York Press.
  • Levy, P. B. (2015). The Civil Rights Movement in America: From Black Nationalism to the Women’s Political Council: From Black Nationalism to the Women’s Political Council. ABC-CLIO.
  • Lewins, C. (Yönetmen). (2014). Ben Ali. ABD: Universal Pictures.
  • Mählmann, P. (1988). Sport as a weapon of colonıalısm ın kenya: a revıew of the lıterature. Transafrican Journal of History, 17, 152–171.
  • Mangan, J. A. (2001). Soccer as Moral Training: Missionary Intentions and Imperial Legacies. Soccer & Society, 2(2), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/714004848
  • Markovits, A. S., & Rensmann, L. (2010). Gaming the world: How sports are reshaping global politics and culture. Princeton University Press.
  • Marqusee, M. (1995a). Sport and stereotype: From role model to Muhammad Ali. Race & Class, 36(4), 1–29.
  • Marqusee, M. (1995b). Sport and stereotype: From role model to Muhammad Ali. Race & Class, 36(4), 1–29.
  • Mazrui, A. A. (1977). Boxer Muhammad Ali and Soldier Idi Amin As International Political Symbols: The Bioeconomics of Sport and War. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 19(2), 189–215.
  • Montville, L. (2020). Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı (T. Alkaç, Trans.). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Morgan, H. (2022). Conducting a Qualitative Document Analysis. Qualitative Report, 27(1), 64–77.
  • McCormack, P. (Yönetmen). (2009). Muhammed Ali’ye Karşı. Kanada: Network Entertainment
  • Orhan Ayhan, Muhammed Ali’yi anlattı. (n.d.). Retrieved September 20, 2022, from http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/141513.asp
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications.
  • Perelman, M. (2012). Barbaric sport: A global plague. Verso.
  • Reed, T. L. (2004). Peace profile: Muhammad Ali. Peace Review, 16(1), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040265042000210247
  • Saeed, A. (2002). What’s in a Name? Muhammad Ali and the Politics of Cultural Identity. Culture, Sport, Society, 5(3), 52–72.
  • Smith, J. M. (2015). The Resurrection: Atlanta, Racial Politics, and the Return of Muhammad Ali. Southern Cultures, 21(2), 5–26.
  • Sorek, T. (2013). Sport, Palestine, and Israel. In D. L. Andrews & B. Carrington (Eds.), A Companion to Sport (pp. 257–269). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Sports Ullustrated, S. I. (1974, February 3). Ali again. Sports Illustrated Vault | SI.Com. https://vault.si.com/vault/1974/02/04/45375
  • Tomlinson, A., & Young, C. (Eds.). (2006). National identity and global sports events: Culture, politics, and spectacle in the Olympics and the football World Cup. State University of New York Press.
  • Townsend, S., Osmond, G., & Phillips, M. G. (2018). ‘Where Cassius Clay Ends, Muhammad Ali Begins’: Sportspeople, Political Activism, and Methodology. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 35(11), 1149–1175.
  • Wakelin, J. (2020). Fighting for Religious Freedom; Muhammad Ali and His Battle Against the U.S. Supreme Court. Undergraduate Honors Theses. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1561
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muhammet N. Çakmak 0000-0003-3582-9989

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakmak, M. N. (2023). Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 452-465. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1301705
AMA Çakmak MN. Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Ağustos 2023;24(2):452-465. doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1301705
Chicago Çakmak, Muhammet N. “Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 452-65. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1301705.
EndNote Çakmak MN (01 Ağustos 2023) Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24 2 452–465.
IEEE M. N. Çakmak, “Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 2, ss. 452–465, 2023, doi: 10.17494/ogusbd.1301705.
ISNAD Çakmak, Muhammet N. “Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24/2 (Ağustos 2023), 452-465. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1301705.
JAMA Çakmak MN. Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;24:452–465.
MLA Çakmak, Muhammet N. “Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 452-65, doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1301705.
Vancouver Çakmak MN. Politik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Spor: Muhammed Ali Amerika’ya Karşı. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;24(2):452-65.