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Türkiye’de hanehalkı sigara tüketiminin belirleyicileri

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 478 - 494, 12.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.715513

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de yerleşik hanehalklarının sigara tüketimini etkileyen sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik faktörlerin 2014 TÜİK Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi (HBA) verileri üzerinden Çift Eşik ve Tobit yöntemleri yardımıyla belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Sigara tüketimi üzerinde etkisi olduğu düşünülen hanehalkı reisine ait demografik değişkenlerden eğitim seviyesi, medeni durum, cinsiyet ve yaş ile hanehalkı büyüklüğü çalışmada kullanılan sosyo-demografik değişkenler olarak belirlenmiştir. Ekonomik değişken olarak ise hanenin bir yıl içinde elde ettiği toplam kullanılabilir gelir seviyesi kullanılmıştır. Kurulan modele ait katsayı tahminleri, katılım ve tüketim kararlarının farklı olduğunu varsayan Çift Eşik tahmin yöntemi ile bu kararları tek bir karar olarak ele alan Tobit tahmin yöntemleri yardımıyla elde edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen en önemli sonuç sigara tüketim ile katılım kararının farklı olduğu ve bu kararların sigara tüketimi üzerinde farklı etkilere sahip olduğudur. Analiz sonucunda hanehalkına ait demografik ve ekonomik değişkenlerin sigara katılımı üzerindeki etkisi düşük kalırken sigara tüketimi üzerinde önemli etkilere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum özellikle katılım ve tüketim kararının ayrı olarak dikkate alınması neticesinde sigara tüketiminin etkilerinin daha detaylı olarak ortaya konulmasını sağlamıştır. Tahmin edilen katsayılar sigara tüketimini azaltıcı yönde en yüksek marjinal etkiye sahip olan sosyo-ekonomik değişkenlerin olan hane büyüklüğü ve eğitim seviyesi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdifatah, A. & Bilgiç, A. (2016). Factors Influencing on Cigarette Consumption in Turkey: A Double-Hurdle Censored Model with Pooled Data, in 12th National Agricultural Economics Meeting, 25-27 Mayıs, Isparta
  • Adda, J. & Cornaglia, F. (2010). The Effect of Bans and Taxes on Passive Smoking, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(1), 1-32.
  • Aksoy, A., Bilgiç, A., Yen, T. S. & Urak, F. (2019), “Determinants of Household Alcohol and Tobacco Expenditures in Turkey”, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 1-14.
  • Alam, Y. A., Iqbal, A., Mohamud, B. K., Laporte, E. R., Ahmed, A. & Nishtar, S. (2008). Investigating Socio-Economic-Demographic Determinants of Tobacco Use in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Bmc Public Health, 8(1), 50-60.
  • Anger, S., Kvasnicka, M. & Siedler, T.; (2011). One Last Puff? Public Smoking Bans And Smoking Behavior, Journal of Health Economics, 30(3), 591-601.
  • Aristei, D. & Pieroni, L. (2008). A Double Hurdle Approach to Modelling Tobacco Consumption in Italy, Applied Economics, 40(19), 2463-2476.
  • Avcı, O. & Demirci, Z. (2017). Türkiye’de Günah Vergisi Olarak Ötv III Sayılı Listenin İncelenmesi, Maliye Araştırmaları, (I), 47-60.
  • Barzel, Y. (1976). An Alternative Approach to the Analysis of Taxation, Journal of Political Economy, 84(6), 1177-1197.
  • Bilgiç, A. & Yen, T. S. (2015). Household Alcohol and Tobacco Expenditures in Turkey: A Sample‐Selection System Approach, Contemporary Economic Policy, 33(3), 571-585.
  • Bilgiç, A., Florkowski, J. W. & Akbay, C. (2010). Demand for Cigarettes in Turkey: An Application of Count Data Models, Empirical Economics, 39(3), 733-765.
  • Bitler, M. P., Carpenter, C. S., & Zavodny, M. (2010). Effects of Venue‐Specific State Clean Indoor Air Laws on Smoking‐Related Outcomes, Health Economics, 19(12), 1425-1440.
  • Blaylock, J. R. & Blisard, N. W. (1992). Us Cigarette Consumption: The Case of Low-Income Women, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74(3), 698-705.
  • Blaylock, J. R. & Blisard, N. W. (1993). Women and the Demand for Alcohol: Estimating Participation and Consumption, Journal of Consumer Affairs, 27(2), 319-334.
  • Boes, S., Marti J., & Maclean, J. C. (2015). The Impact of Smoking Bans on Smoking and Consumer Behavior: Quasi‐Experimental Evidence from Switzerland, Health Economics, 24(11), 1502-1516.
  • Çalışkan, S. & Metintaş, S. (2018). Dünyada Tütün Kontrol Uygulamalarının Küresel Ölçekte Değerlendirilmesi, Eskişehir Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 3(1), 32-41.
  • Çamoğlu S. M. (2013). Türkiye’de Sigara Talebinin Analizi: İki Aşamalı Heckman Süreci”, International Congress on Economics I (Eyc2013), 24-25 Ekim, Ankara.
  • Çetinkaya, M & Erkam, S. (2014). Workplace Smoking Bans and Tobacco Consumption in Turkey: Evidence From 2003-2011 Household Budget Surveys, The Empirical Economics Letters, 13(11), 1172-1177.
  • De Chaisemartin, C., Geoffard P. Y. & Le Faou, A. L. (2011). Workplace Smoking Ban Effects on Unhappy Smokers, Health Economics, 20(9), 1043-1055.
  • Do, Y. K. & Bautista, M. A. (2015). Tobacco Use and Household Expenditures on Food, Education, and Healthcare in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Multilevel Analysis, Bmc Public Health, 15(1), 1098.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2019). Offer Help to Quit Tobacco Use, https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1239531/retrieve, Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019.
  • Erdal, G., Erdal, H., Esengün, K. & Karakaş, G. (2015). Cigarette Consumption Habits and Related Factors among College Students in Turkey: A Logit Model Analysis, J Pak Med Assoc, 65(2), 136-41.
  • Fry, V. & Pashardes, P. (1994). Abstention and Aggregation in Consumer Demand: Zero Tobacco Expenditures, Oxford Economic Papers, 502-518
  • Garcia, J. & Labeaga, M. J. (1996). Alternative Approaches to Modelling Zero Expenditure: an Application to Spanish Demand for Tobacco, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 58(3), 489-506.
  • Gazete, Resmi TC (2008). Tütün Mamullerinin Zararlarının Önlenmesine Dair Kanunda Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun.
  • Gazete, Resmi TC (1996). Tütün Ürünlerinin Zararlarının Önlenmesi ve Kontrolü Hakkında Kanun.
  • Gilani, I. S. & Leon, A. D. (2013). Prevalence and Sociodemographic Determinants of Tobacco Use among Adults in Pakistan: Findings of a Nationwide Survey Conducted in 2012, Population Health Metrics, 11(1), 16.
  • Greene, W. (2011). Econometric Analysis, 7. Baskı, Pearson, Londra, Birleşik Krallık.
  • Ground, M. & Koch, F. S. (2008). Hurdle Models of Alcohol and Tobacco Expenditure in the South African Households, South African Journal of Economics, 76(1), 132-143.
  • Haines, S. P., Popkin M. B. & Guilkey, K. D. (1988). Modeling Food Consumption Decisions as a Two-Step Process, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(3), 543-552.
  • Harris, N. M. & Zhao X. (2007). A Zero-Inflated Ordered Probit Model, with an Application to Modelling Tobacco Consumption, Journal of Econometrics, 141(2), 1073-1099.
  • Hayrullahoğlu, B. (2015). Türkiye’de Tütün Mamulleri ve Alkollü İçkilerde Özel Tüketim Vergisinin Başarısı, Journal of Life Economics, 2(2), 89-112
  • Hou X., Xu X. & Anderson I. (2015). Determinants of Tobacco Consumption in Papua New Guinea: Challenges in Changing Behaviors, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 7302, University Of Papua New Guinea.
  • İpek, E. (2019). Türkiye’de Alkol Katılım ve Tüketim Kararları Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, Sosyoekonomi, 27(41), 57-71
  • Jackson, D. J. & Saba, P. R. (1997). Some Limits on Taxing Sin: Cigarette Taxation and Health Care Finance, Southern Economic Journal, 63(3), 761-775.
  • John, M. R., Ross, H. & Blecher, E. (2012). Tobacco Expenditure and Its Implications for Household Resource Allocation in Cambodia, Tobacco Control, 21(3), 341-346.
  • Jones, A. M. (1989a). A Double-Hurdle Model of Cigarette Consumption, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 4, 23-39.
  • Jones, A. M. (1989b). The Uk Demand for Cigarettes 1954-1986, A Double Hurdle Approach, Journal of Health Economics, 8, 133-141.
  • Jones, A. M. (1992). A Note on Computation of the Double‐Hurdle Model with Dependence with an Application to Tobacco Expenditure, Bulletin of Economic Research, 44(1), 67-74.
  • Jones, A. M., Laporte, A., Rice, N. & Zucchelli, E. (2015). Do Public Smoking Bans Have an Impact on Active Smoking? Evidence From The Uk, Health Economics, 24(2), 175-192.
  • Karaöz, M., Albeni, M. & Büyüktatlı, F. (2010). Yasal Düzenlemelerin Sigara Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkileri, Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 19-36.
  • Keeler, E. T., Hu, T. W., Manning, G. W. & Sung, H. Y. (2001). State Tobacco Taxation, Education and Smoking: Controlling for the Effects of Omitted Variables, National Tax Journal, 83-102.
  • Kleine, J. R. & Reeder, J. R. (1977). Cigarette Bootlegging: a State and Federal Responsibility: a Commission Report, Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, Washington, Dc.
  • Lee, W. J. & Kidane, A. (1988). Tobacco Consumption Pattern: a Demographic Analysis, Atlantic Economic Journal, 16(4), 92-92.
  • Origo, F. & Lucifora, C. (2013). The Effect of Comprehensive Smoking Bans in European Workplaces, Health Economics and Policy, 16(1), 55-81.
  • Özcebe, H. & Bilir, N. (2012). Kahvehane, Restoran ve Kafe Çalışan ve Müşterilerinin İkram Sektöründe Sigara İçilmesinin Yasaklanması Konusundaki Görüşleri, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 10(1), 22-36.
  • Özcebe, H., Ergüder, T., Balcılar, M. & Mauer-Stender, K. (2018). The Perspectives of Politicians on Tobacco Control in Turkey, European Journal of Public Health, 28(2), 17-21.
  • Pudney, S. (1989). Modelling Individual Choice: the Econometrics of Corners, Kinks, and Holes, London: Basil Blackwell.
  • Saba, P. R., Beard, T. R., Ekelund, B. R. & Ressler, W. R. (1995). The Demand for Cigarette Smuggling, Economic Inquiry, 33(2), 189-202.
  • Sahan, C., Günay, T., Şimşek, H., Soysal, A. & Ergör, G. (2018). Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Tobacco Smoking in Turkey: A Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Study, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 24(8), 705-713
  • Sissoko, M. (2002). Cigarette Consumption in Different US States, 1955–1998: An Empirical Analysis of The Potential Use of Excise Taxation to Reduce Smoking, Journal of Consumer Policy, 25(1), 89-106.
  • Şengül, S. (2002). Zeytinyağı Talebinin Çift Eşik Modeli ile Tahmini, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 93-114.
  • Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables, Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, .24-36
  • Uguru, P. N., Mbachu, C., Ibe, P. O., Uguru, C. C., Odukoya, O., Okwuosa, C. & Onwujekwe, O. (2015). Investigating Male Tobacco Use and Expenditure Patterns Across Socio-Economic Groups in Nigeria, Plos One, 10(4).
  • Vazquez-Segovia, L. A., Sesma-Vazquez, S. & Hernandez-Avila, M. (2002). Tobacco Use in Mexican Households: Results of the Income and Expenses Survey of Households, 1984-2000, Salud Publica De Mexico, 44, 76-81.
  • Vuong H. Q. (1989). Likelihood Ratio Tests for Model Selection and Non-Nested Hypotheses, Econometrica, 57, 307-333.
  • Wang, H., Sindelar, L. J. & Busch, H. S. (2006). The Impact of Tobacco Expenditure on Household Consumption Patterns in Rural China, Social Science & Medicine, 62(6), 1414-1426.
  • Wildman, J. & Hollingsworth B. (2013). Public Smoking Bans and Self-Assessed Health: Evidence from Great Britain, Economics Letters, 118(1), 209-212.
  • Yen, T. S. (1994). Cross-Section Estimation of U.S. Demand for Alcoholic Beverages”, Applied Economics, 26, 381-392.

Detarminants of household cigarette consumption in Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 478 - 494, 12.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.715513

Öz

In this study it is aimed to determine the socio-economic and demographic factors affecting cigarette consumption of resident households in Turkey using both Double-Hurdle and Tobit methods on TurkStat Household Budget Survey data for the year of 2014. In the model, education level, marital status, gender, age and household size, which are considered to have an impact on cigarette consumption, are determined as the socio-demographic variables. As an economic variable, the yearly total available income level of the household is used. The coefficient estimates for the model are obtained using the both Double-Hurdle estimation method, which assumes that the participation and consumption decisions are different from each other, and the Tobit estimation method, which consider these decisions as a single decision. The most important result obtained from the study is that cigarette consumption and participation decision are different and also these decisions have different effects on cigarette consumption. It is also observed that the demographic and economic variables of households have a low impact on cigarette consumption while having a low impact on cigarette participation decision. This result indicates that the effects of cigarette consumption are obtained in more detail by considering the participation and consumption decision separately. Finally, it is concluded that the socio-economic variables which have the highest marginal effect in reducing cigarette consumption are household size and education level.

Kaynakça

  • Abdifatah, A. & Bilgiç, A. (2016). Factors Influencing on Cigarette Consumption in Turkey: A Double-Hurdle Censored Model with Pooled Data, in 12th National Agricultural Economics Meeting, 25-27 Mayıs, Isparta
  • Adda, J. & Cornaglia, F. (2010). The Effect of Bans and Taxes on Passive Smoking, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(1), 1-32.
  • Aksoy, A., Bilgiç, A., Yen, T. S. & Urak, F. (2019), “Determinants of Household Alcohol and Tobacco Expenditures in Turkey”, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 1-14.
  • Alam, Y. A., Iqbal, A., Mohamud, B. K., Laporte, E. R., Ahmed, A. & Nishtar, S. (2008). Investigating Socio-Economic-Demographic Determinants of Tobacco Use in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Bmc Public Health, 8(1), 50-60.
  • Anger, S., Kvasnicka, M. & Siedler, T.; (2011). One Last Puff? Public Smoking Bans And Smoking Behavior, Journal of Health Economics, 30(3), 591-601.
  • Aristei, D. & Pieroni, L. (2008). A Double Hurdle Approach to Modelling Tobacco Consumption in Italy, Applied Economics, 40(19), 2463-2476.
  • Avcı, O. & Demirci, Z. (2017). Türkiye’de Günah Vergisi Olarak Ötv III Sayılı Listenin İncelenmesi, Maliye Araştırmaları, (I), 47-60.
  • Barzel, Y. (1976). An Alternative Approach to the Analysis of Taxation, Journal of Political Economy, 84(6), 1177-1197.
  • Bilgiç, A. & Yen, T. S. (2015). Household Alcohol and Tobacco Expenditures in Turkey: A Sample‐Selection System Approach, Contemporary Economic Policy, 33(3), 571-585.
  • Bilgiç, A., Florkowski, J. W. & Akbay, C. (2010). Demand for Cigarettes in Turkey: An Application of Count Data Models, Empirical Economics, 39(3), 733-765.
  • Bitler, M. P., Carpenter, C. S., & Zavodny, M. (2010). Effects of Venue‐Specific State Clean Indoor Air Laws on Smoking‐Related Outcomes, Health Economics, 19(12), 1425-1440.
  • Blaylock, J. R. & Blisard, N. W. (1992). Us Cigarette Consumption: The Case of Low-Income Women, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74(3), 698-705.
  • Blaylock, J. R. & Blisard, N. W. (1993). Women and the Demand for Alcohol: Estimating Participation and Consumption, Journal of Consumer Affairs, 27(2), 319-334.
  • Boes, S., Marti J., & Maclean, J. C. (2015). The Impact of Smoking Bans on Smoking and Consumer Behavior: Quasi‐Experimental Evidence from Switzerland, Health Economics, 24(11), 1502-1516.
  • Çalışkan, S. & Metintaş, S. (2018). Dünyada Tütün Kontrol Uygulamalarının Küresel Ölçekte Değerlendirilmesi, Eskişehir Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 3(1), 32-41.
  • Çamoğlu S. M. (2013). Türkiye’de Sigara Talebinin Analizi: İki Aşamalı Heckman Süreci”, International Congress on Economics I (Eyc2013), 24-25 Ekim, Ankara.
  • Çetinkaya, M & Erkam, S. (2014). Workplace Smoking Bans and Tobacco Consumption in Turkey: Evidence From 2003-2011 Household Budget Surveys, The Empirical Economics Letters, 13(11), 1172-1177.
  • De Chaisemartin, C., Geoffard P. Y. & Le Faou, A. L. (2011). Workplace Smoking Ban Effects on Unhappy Smokers, Health Economics, 20(9), 1043-1055.
  • Do, Y. K. & Bautista, M. A. (2015). Tobacco Use and Household Expenditures on Food, Education, and Healthcare in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Multilevel Analysis, Bmc Public Health, 15(1), 1098.
  • Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (2019). Offer Help to Quit Tobacco Use, https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1239531/retrieve, Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2019.
  • Erdal, G., Erdal, H., Esengün, K. & Karakaş, G. (2015). Cigarette Consumption Habits and Related Factors among College Students in Turkey: A Logit Model Analysis, J Pak Med Assoc, 65(2), 136-41.
  • Fry, V. & Pashardes, P. (1994). Abstention and Aggregation in Consumer Demand: Zero Tobacco Expenditures, Oxford Economic Papers, 502-518
  • Garcia, J. & Labeaga, M. J. (1996). Alternative Approaches to Modelling Zero Expenditure: an Application to Spanish Demand for Tobacco, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 58(3), 489-506.
  • Gazete, Resmi TC (2008). Tütün Mamullerinin Zararlarının Önlenmesine Dair Kanunda Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun.
  • Gazete, Resmi TC (1996). Tütün Ürünlerinin Zararlarının Önlenmesi ve Kontrolü Hakkında Kanun.
  • Gilani, I. S. & Leon, A. D. (2013). Prevalence and Sociodemographic Determinants of Tobacco Use among Adults in Pakistan: Findings of a Nationwide Survey Conducted in 2012, Population Health Metrics, 11(1), 16.
  • Greene, W. (2011). Econometric Analysis, 7. Baskı, Pearson, Londra, Birleşik Krallık.
  • Ground, M. & Koch, F. S. (2008). Hurdle Models of Alcohol and Tobacco Expenditure in the South African Households, South African Journal of Economics, 76(1), 132-143.
  • Haines, S. P., Popkin M. B. & Guilkey, K. D. (1988). Modeling Food Consumption Decisions as a Two-Step Process, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(3), 543-552.
  • Harris, N. M. & Zhao X. (2007). A Zero-Inflated Ordered Probit Model, with an Application to Modelling Tobacco Consumption, Journal of Econometrics, 141(2), 1073-1099.
  • Hayrullahoğlu, B. (2015). Türkiye’de Tütün Mamulleri ve Alkollü İçkilerde Özel Tüketim Vergisinin Başarısı, Journal of Life Economics, 2(2), 89-112
  • Hou X., Xu X. & Anderson I. (2015). Determinants of Tobacco Consumption in Papua New Guinea: Challenges in Changing Behaviors, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 7302, University Of Papua New Guinea.
  • İpek, E. (2019). Türkiye’de Alkol Katılım ve Tüketim Kararları Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, Sosyoekonomi, 27(41), 57-71
  • Jackson, D. J. & Saba, P. R. (1997). Some Limits on Taxing Sin: Cigarette Taxation and Health Care Finance, Southern Economic Journal, 63(3), 761-775.
  • John, M. R., Ross, H. & Blecher, E. (2012). Tobacco Expenditure and Its Implications for Household Resource Allocation in Cambodia, Tobacco Control, 21(3), 341-346.
  • Jones, A. M. (1989a). A Double-Hurdle Model of Cigarette Consumption, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 4, 23-39.
  • Jones, A. M. (1989b). The Uk Demand for Cigarettes 1954-1986, A Double Hurdle Approach, Journal of Health Economics, 8, 133-141.
  • Jones, A. M. (1992). A Note on Computation of the Double‐Hurdle Model with Dependence with an Application to Tobacco Expenditure, Bulletin of Economic Research, 44(1), 67-74.
  • Jones, A. M., Laporte, A., Rice, N. & Zucchelli, E. (2015). Do Public Smoking Bans Have an Impact on Active Smoking? Evidence From The Uk, Health Economics, 24(2), 175-192.
  • Karaöz, M., Albeni, M. & Büyüktatlı, F. (2010). Yasal Düzenlemelerin Sigara Tüketimi Üzerindeki Etkileri, Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 19-36.
  • Keeler, E. T., Hu, T. W., Manning, G. W. & Sung, H. Y. (2001). State Tobacco Taxation, Education and Smoking: Controlling for the Effects of Omitted Variables, National Tax Journal, 83-102.
  • Kleine, J. R. & Reeder, J. R. (1977). Cigarette Bootlegging: a State and Federal Responsibility: a Commission Report, Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, Washington, Dc.
  • Lee, W. J. & Kidane, A. (1988). Tobacco Consumption Pattern: a Demographic Analysis, Atlantic Economic Journal, 16(4), 92-92.
  • Origo, F. & Lucifora, C. (2013). The Effect of Comprehensive Smoking Bans in European Workplaces, Health Economics and Policy, 16(1), 55-81.
  • Özcebe, H. & Bilir, N. (2012). Kahvehane, Restoran ve Kafe Çalışan ve Müşterilerinin İkram Sektöründe Sigara İçilmesinin Yasaklanması Konusundaki Görüşleri, Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 10(1), 22-36.
  • Özcebe, H., Ergüder, T., Balcılar, M. & Mauer-Stender, K. (2018). The Perspectives of Politicians on Tobacco Control in Turkey, European Journal of Public Health, 28(2), 17-21.
  • Pudney, S. (1989). Modelling Individual Choice: the Econometrics of Corners, Kinks, and Holes, London: Basil Blackwell.
  • Saba, P. R., Beard, T. R., Ekelund, B. R. & Ressler, W. R. (1995). The Demand for Cigarette Smuggling, Economic Inquiry, 33(2), 189-202.
  • Sahan, C., Günay, T., Şimşek, H., Soysal, A. & Ergör, G. (2018). Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Tobacco Smoking in Turkey: A Cross-Sectional, Population-Based Study, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 24(8), 705-713
  • Sissoko, M. (2002). Cigarette Consumption in Different US States, 1955–1998: An Empirical Analysis of The Potential Use of Excise Taxation to Reduce Smoking, Journal of Consumer Policy, 25(1), 89-106.
  • Şengül, S. (2002). Zeytinyağı Talebinin Çift Eşik Modeli ile Tahmini, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 93-114.
  • Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables, Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, .24-36
  • Uguru, P. N., Mbachu, C., Ibe, P. O., Uguru, C. C., Odukoya, O., Okwuosa, C. & Onwujekwe, O. (2015). Investigating Male Tobacco Use and Expenditure Patterns Across Socio-Economic Groups in Nigeria, Plos One, 10(4).
  • Vazquez-Segovia, L. A., Sesma-Vazquez, S. & Hernandez-Avila, M. (2002). Tobacco Use in Mexican Households: Results of the Income and Expenses Survey of Households, 1984-2000, Salud Publica De Mexico, 44, 76-81.
  • Vuong H. Q. (1989). Likelihood Ratio Tests for Model Selection and Non-Nested Hypotheses, Econometrica, 57, 307-333.
  • Wang, H., Sindelar, L. J. & Busch, H. S. (2006). The Impact of Tobacco Expenditure on Household Consumption Patterns in Rural China, Social Science & Medicine, 62(6), 1414-1426.
  • Wildman, J. & Hollingsworth B. (2013). Public Smoking Bans and Self-Assessed Health: Evidence from Great Britain, Economics Letters, 118(1), 209-212.
  • Yen, T. S. (1994). Cross-Section Estimation of U.S. Demand for Alcoholic Beverages”, Applied Economics, 26, 381-392.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Miraç Ergin 0000-0003-2859-6531

Egemen İpek 0000-0002-1365-0526

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Nisan 2020
Kabul Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ergin, M., & İpek, E. (2021). Türkiye’de hanehalkı sigara tüketiminin belirleyicileri. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 478-494. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.715513
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