Araştırma Makalesi
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Covid-19 sağlık krizinden alınabilecek iletişim dersleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 949 - 962, 25.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1115484

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı Covid-19 salgınında ortaya çıkan bilgi kirliliğine dikkat çekmek ve dezenformasyona neden olan üç önemli aktörü (medya, siyaset, halk sağlığı uzmanları) açıklayarak, bunların yaşanan halk sağlığı krizine olan etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Ayrıca yaşanan küresel sağlık krizinin – bilinen adıyla Covid-19’un – iletişim yöntemlerimizi nasıl etkilediğini, hangi yollarla iletişim kurduğumuzu ortaya koymak ve iletişimin merkeziyetini vurgulamaktır. Bu amaçla kriz iletişimi, halk sağlığı iletişimi, siyasal iletişim ve medya iletişimi olmak üzere dört ana başlık ele alınmış, medya iletişimi ise geleneksel medya ve dijital medya olarak iki alt başlığa bölünmüştür. Bu makale sonucunda ortaya çıkan baskın görüş, iletişimin her zamankinden daha merkezi olması gerektiği, veriden çok duyguya, empatik tavra, şefkate ve anlayışa ihtiyaç duyulduğudur. Ayrıca siyasilerin tıp uzmanları ile ortak hareket etmesi, yeni çıkan, güncel bilimsel bilgileri ağız birliği ederek açıklaması, belirsizlik ve güvensizliğe neden olacak açıklamalardan kaçınmaları gerektiğidir. Medyanın da pandemiyi politize etmeden, siyasi çıkarların üstünde toplumsal çıkarı önceleyerek iletişim kurmasının hayati önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Dijital medya araçlarından sosyal medyanın dikkatlice yönetilmesi, yanlış bilgilerin dolaşımının engellenmesi ve Endüstri 4.0 araçlarından da bu dönemde sosyal mesafenin sürdürülebilirliği için yararlanılması gerektiğinin altı çizilmektedir. Nihai olarak söylenebilecek sonuç, kriz olarak değerlendirilen bu olayın önlenebilmesi için önceden planlamanın yapılması, medya-siyaset ve halk sağlığı uzmanlarının ortak hareket ederek aşı görevi görecek rahatlatıcı uygulamaların zaman kaybetmeden hayata geçirilmesidir.

Kaynakça

  • Abraham, T. (2020). COVID-19 communication in India. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, doi: 10.1080/17538068.2020.1758428
  • Abroms, L. C. ve Maibach, E. W. (2008). The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 219–234, doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090824
  • Ali, S.H, Foreman, J., Tozan, Y., Capasso, A., Jones, A.M. ve DiClemente, R.J. (2020). Trends and predictors of COVID-19 information sources and their relationship with knowledge and beliefs related to the pandemic: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Public Health Surveillance, 6(4), e21071.
  • Al-Motlaq, M.A. (2021). There is No Corona; It’s a Conspiracy: Addressing the Perceptions of People about COVID-19 through the Narrative of Their Comments on Social Media. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 25(1), 65-76, doi: 10.1080/15398285.2020.1867412
  • Back, A., Tulsky, J.A. ve Arnold, R.M. (2020). Communication Skills in the Age of COVID-19. Annals of Internal Medicine, American College of Physicians, 172(11), 759-761, doi 10.7326/M20-1376
  • Biss, M. (2020). Patient Voices: Covid-19 and the therapeutic value of communication. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 13(4), 260-261, doi: 10.1080/17538068.2020.1835328
  • Briand, S. (2020). A Voice from the frontline: the role of risk communication in managing the COVID-19 Infodemic and engaging communities in pandemic response. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 13(1), 6-9, doi: 10.1080/17538068.2020.175842
  • Bruine de Bruin, W. ve Bennett, D. (2020). USC study finds increasing actions, and risk perceptions, for coronavirus. The Evidence Base. https://healthpolicy.usc.edu/evidencebase/usc-study-finds-increasing-actions-and-self-diagnosis-with-coronavirus/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Choi, D.-H. ve Noh, G.-Y. (2020). The effect of presence in virtual reality video on handwashing intention. Asian Journal of Communication, 30(3/4), 261-278, doi: 10.1080/01292986.2020.1781218
  • Eysenbach, G. (2020). How to fight an Infodemic: The four pillars of Infodemic management. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e21820, doi: 10.2196/21820
  • First, J.M., Shin, H., Ranjit, Y.S. ve Houston, J.B. (2021). COVID-19 Stress and Depression: Examining Social Media, Traditional Media, and Interpersonal Communication. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(2), 101-115, doi: 10.1080/15325024.2020.1835386
  • Gabore, S.M. (2020). Western and Chinese media representation of Africa in COVID-19 news coverage. Asian Journal of Communication, 30(5), 299-316, doi: 10.1080/01292986.2020.1801781
  • Glik, D.C. (2007). Risk communication for public health emergencies. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, 33-54, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa758
  • Gong, X. ve Ye, X. (2021). Governors Fighting Crisis: Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic across U.S. States on Twitter. The Professional Geographer, doi: 10.1080/00330124.2021.1895850
  • Gordils, J., Elliot, A.J., Toprakkiran, S. ve Jamieson, J.P. (2021). The effects of COVID-19 on perceived intergroup competition and negative intergroup outcomes. The Journal of Social Psychology, doi: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1918617
  • Guttman, N. ve Lev, E. (2021). Ethical Issues in COVID-19 Communication to Mitigate the Pandemic: Dilemmas and Practical Implications. Health Communication, 36(1), 116-123, doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1847439
  • Hills, T.T. (2019). The dark side of information proliferation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 323-330, doi: 10.1177/1745691618803647
  • Jacobsen, K.H. ve Vraga, E.K. (2020). Improving communication about COVID‐19 and emerging infectious diseases. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 50(5), e13225, doi: 10.1111/eci.13225
  • Jiang, X., Hwang, J., Shah, D.V., Ghosh, S. ve Brauer, M. (2021). News Attention and Social-Distancing Behavior Amid COVID-19: How Media Trust and Social Norms Moderate a Mediated Relationship. Health Communication, 1-10, doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1868064
  • Kaur, M., Verma, R. ve Otoo, F.N.K. (2021). Emotions in leader’s crisis communication: Twitter sentiment analysis during COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(1-4), 362-372, doi: 10.1080/10911359.2020.1829239
  • Kaya, A. (2021). Hasta Danışmanlığında İletişimin Rolü, Taştan, K. (Ed.), İçinde İletişimin Temel Prensipleri (ss.164-168), Birinci Baskı, Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi
  • Kearns, C. ve Kearns, N. (2020). The role of comics in public health communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, doi: 10.1080/17453054.2020.1761248
  • Malecki, K.M.C., Keating, J.A. ve Safdar, N. (2021). Crisis communication and public perception of COVID-19 risk in the era of social media. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(4), 697-702, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa758
  • Nemes, L. ve Kiss, A. (2021) Social media sentiment analysis based on COVID-19. Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 5(1), 1-15, doi: 10.1080/24751839.2020.1790793
  • Noar, S.M. ve Austin, L. (2020). (Mis)communicating about COVID-19: Insights from Health and Crisis Communication. Health Communication, doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1838093
  • Rossmann, C., Meyer, L. ve Schulz, P.J. (2018). The mediated amplification of a crisis: Communicating the A/H1N1 pandemic in press releases and press coverage in Europe. Risk analysis, 38(2), 357-375, doi: 10.1111/risa.12841
  • Sakya, S.M., Scoy, L.J.V., Garman, J.C., Miller, E.L., Snyder, B., Wasserman, E., Chinchilli, V.M. ve Lennon, R.P. (2021). The impact of COVID-19-related changes in media consumption on public knowledge: results of a cross-sectional survey of Pennsylvania adults. Current Medical Research and Opinion, doi: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1901679
  • Schmidt, A., Brose, A., Kramer, A.C., Schmiedek, F., Witthöft, M. ve Neubauer, A.B. (2021). Dynamic relations among COVID-19-related media exposure and worries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology&Health, doi: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1912345
  • Sindhu, K.K. (2020). The Phone: Communication in the Age of COVID-19, Patient Education and Counseling, article in press, doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.013
  • Soto-Acosta, P. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Shifting Digital Transformation to a High-Speed Gear, Information Systems Management, 37(4), 260-266, doi: 10.1080/10580530.2020.1814461
  • Trueman, C. (2020). Pandemic leads to surge in video conferencing app downloads. https://www.computerworld.com/article/3535800/pandemic-leads-to-surgein-video-conferencing-app-downloads.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Van Scoy, L.J, Miller, E.L, Snyder, B., Wasserman, E., Chinchilli, V.M., Zgierska, A.E., Rabago, D., Lennon, C.L., Lipnick, D., Toyobo, O., Ruffin, M.T. ve Lennon, R.P. (2021). Knowledge, perceptions, and preferred information sources related to COVID-19 among central Pennsylvania adults early in the pandemic: results of a mixed methods cross sectional survey. Annals of Family Medicine, doi: 10.1370/afm.2674
  • Viswanath, K., Lee, E.W. ve Pinnamaneni, R. (2020). We Need the Lens of Equity in COVID-19 Communication. Health Communication, 35(14), 1743-1746, doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1837445
  • Voicu, M. ve Bădoi, D. (2021). Fertility and the COVID-19 crisis: do gender roles really matter?. European Societies, 23(sup1), 199-214, doi: 10.1080/14616696.2020.1822537
  • Wang, S.S. ve M.A. Roubidoux (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Video conferencing, and Gender. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 17(7), 918-920, doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.05.019
  • Wittenberg, E., Goldsmith, J.V., Chen, C., Prince-Paul, M. ve Johnson, R.R. (2021). Opportunities to improve COVID-19 provider communication resources: A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 104: 438-451 doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.12.031
  • Wright, T. (2002). Moving images: The media representation of refugees. Visual Studies, 17(1), 53-66. doi:10.1080/1472586022000005053
  • Wrycza, S. ve Maślankowski, J. (2020). Social Media Users’ Opinions on Remote Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Thematic and Sentiment Analysis. Information Systems Management, 37(4), 288-297, doi: 10.1080/10580530.2020.1820631
  • Yu, M., Li, Z., Yu, Z., He, J. ve Zhou, J. (2020). Communication related health crisis on social media: a case of COVID-19 outbreak. Current Issues in Tourism, doi: 10.1080/13683500.2020.1752632
  • Zhang, R. (2021). How media politicize COVID-19 lockdowns: a case study comparing frame use in the coverage of Wuhan and Italy lockdowns by The NewYork Times. Media Asia, 48(2), 89-107, doi: 10.1080/01296612.2021.1884518
  • BBC News (2021). Açık Havada Maske Takmak COVID-19’a Karşı Etkili mi? Bilim İnsanları Ne Diyor? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56946337 adresinden erişildi.
  • BBC News (2021). Covid’den Korunmak İçin Çift Maske Kullanmak Ne Kadar Etkili, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56041105 adresinden erişildi.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi (2021). Maske Takmak Konusunda Kafalar Karışık: 14 Soru 14 Cevap https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/maske-konusundaki-kafalar-karisik-undefined14-soru-14-cevap-41784433 adresinden erişildi.

Communication lessons to be taken from the Covid-19 health crisis

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 949 - 962, 25.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1115484

Öz

The aim of this article is to draw attention to the information pollution in the Covid-19 epidemic and to explain the three important actors (media, politics, public health experts) that cause disinformation and to reveal their effects on the public healthcrisis. In addition itis to reveal how the global health crisis –known as Covid-19 –affects our communication methods, to reveal the ways we communicate and to emphasize the centrality of communication. For this purpose, four main headings are discussed, namely crisis communication, public health communication, political communication and media communication, and media communication is divided into two subheadings as traditional media and digital media. The dominant view that emerged as a result of this article is that communication should be more central than ever, that emotion, empathic attitude, compassion and understanding are needed more than data. In addition, politicians should act jointly with medical experts, unanimously disclose new and up-to-date scientific information, and avoid statements that will cause uncertainty and distrust. It is also emphasized that it is vital for the media to communicate without politicizing the pandemic, prioritizing social interests over political interests. It is underlined that the digital media tools should be managed carefully, the circulation of false information should be prevented, and Industry 4.0 tools should be used for the sustainability of social distance in this period. The final result is to plan ahead in order to prevent this event, which is considered as a crisis, and to implement relaxing practices that will act as a vaccine until a vaccine is found, without wasting time.

Kaynakça

  • Abraham, T. (2020). COVID-19 communication in India. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, doi: 10.1080/17538068.2020.1758428
  • Abroms, L. C. ve Maibach, E. W. (2008). The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 219–234, doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090824
  • Ali, S.H, Foreman, J., Tozan, Y., Capasso, A., Jones, A.M. ve DiClemente, R.J. (2020). Trends and predictors of COVID-19 information sources and their relationship with knowledge and beliefs related to the pandemic: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Public Health Surveillance, 6(4), e21071.
  • Al-Motlaq, M.A. (2021). There is No Corona; It’s a Conspiracy: Addressing the Perceptions of People about COVID-19 through the Narrative of Their Comments on Social Media. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 25(1), 65-76, doi: 10.1080/15398285.2020.1867412
  • Back, A., Tulsky, J.A. ve Arnold, R.M. (2020). Communication Skills in the Age of COVID-19. Annals of Internal Medicine, American College of Physicians, 172(11), 759-761, doi 10.7326/M20-1376
  • Biss, M. (2020). Patient Voices: Covid-19 and the therapeutic value of communication. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 13(4), 260-261, doi: 10.1080/17538068.2020.1835328
  • Briand, S. (2020). A Voice from the frontline: the role of risk communication in managing the COVID-19 Infodemic and engaging communities in pandemic response. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 13(1), 6-9, doi: 10.1080/17538068.2020.175842
  • Bruine de Bruin, W. ve Bennett, D. (2020). USC study finds increasing actions, and risk perceptions, for coronavirus. The Evidence Base. https://healthpolicy.usc.edu/evidencebase/usc-study-finds-increasing-actions-and-self-diagnosis-with-coronavirus/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Choi, D.-H. ve Noh, G.-Y. (2020). The effect of presence in virtual reality video on handwashing intention. Asian Journal of Communication, 30(3/4), 261-278, doi: 10.1080/01292986.2020.1781218
  • Eysenbach, G. (2020). How to fight an Infodemic: The four pillars of Infodemic management. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e21820, doi: 10.2196/21820
  • First, J.M., Shin, H., Ranjit, Y.S. ve Houston, J.B. (2021). COVID-19 Stress and Depression: Examining Social Media, Traditional Media, and Interpersonal Communication. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 26(2), 101-115, doi: 10.1080/15325024.2020.1835386
  • Gabore, S.M. (2020). Western and Chinese media representation of Africa in COVID-19 news coverage. Asian Journal of Communication, 30(5), 299-316, doi: 10.1080/01292986.2020.1801781
  • Glik, D.C. (2007). Risk communication for public health emergencies. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, 33-54, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa758
  • Gong, X. ve Ye, X. (2021). Governors Fighting Crisis: Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic across U.S. States on Twitter. The Professional Geographer, doi: 10.1080/00330124.2021.1895850
  • Gordils, J., Elliot, A.J., Toprakkiran, S. ve Jamieson, J.P. (2021). The effects of COVID-19 on perceived intergroup competition and negative intergroup outcomes. The Journal of Social Psychology, doi: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1918617
  • Guttman, N. ve Lev, E. (2021). Ethical Issues in COVID-19 Communication to Mitigate the Pandemic: Dilemmas and Practical Implications. Health Communication, 36(1), 116-123, doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1847439
  • Hills, T.T. (2019). The dark side of information proliferation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 323-330, doi: 10.1177/1745691618803647
  • Jacobsen, K.H. ve Vraga, E.K. (2020). Improving communication about COVID‐19 and emerging infectious diseases. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 50(5), e13225, doi: 10.1111/eci.13225
  • Jiang, X., Hwang, J., Shah, D.V., Ghosh, S. ve Brauer, M. (2021). News Attention and Social-Distancing Behavior Amid COVID-19: How Media Trust and Social Norms Moderate a Mediated Relationship. Health Communication, 1-10, doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1868064
  • Kaur, M., Verma, R. ve Otoo, F.N.K. (2021). Emotions in leader’s crisis communication: Twitter sentiment analysis during COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(1-4), 362-372, doi: 10.1080/10911359.2020.1829239
  • Kaya, A. (2021). Hasta Danışmanlığında İletişimin Rolü, Taştan, K. (Ed.), İçinde İletişimin Temel Prensipleri (ss.164-168), Birinci Baskı, Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi
  • Kearns, C. ve Kearns, N. (2020). The role of comics in public health communication during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, doi: 10.1080/17453054.2020.1761248
  • Malecki, K.M.C., Keating, J.A. ve Safdar, N. (2021). Crisis communication and public perception of COVID-19 risk in the era of social media. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(4), 697-702, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa758
  • Nemes, L. ve Kiss, A. (2021) Social media sentiment analysis based on COVID-19. Journal of Information and Telecommunication, 5(1), 1-15, doi: 10.1080/24751839.2020.1790793
  • Noar, S.M. ve Austin, L. (2020). (Mis)communicating about COVID-19: Insights from Health and Crisis Communication. Health Communication, doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1838093
  • Rossmann, C., Meyer, L. ve Schulz, P.J. (2018). The mediated amplification of a crisis: Communicating the A/H1N1 pandemic in press releases and press coverage in Europe. Risk analysis, 38(2), 357-375, doi: 10.1111/risa.12841
  • Sakya, S.M., Scoy, L.J.V., Garman, J.C., Miller, E.L., Snyder, B., Wasserman, E., Chinchilli, V.M. ve Lennon, R.P. (2021). The impact of COVID-19-related changes in media consumption on public knowledge: results of a cross-sectional survey of Pennsylvania adults. Current Medical Research and Opinion, doi: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1901679
  • Schmidt, A., Brose, A., Kramer, A.C., Schmiedek, F., Witthöft, M. ve Neubauer, A.B. (2021). Dynamic relations among COVID-19-related media exposure and worries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology&Health, doi: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1912345
  • Sindhu, K.K. (2020). The Phone: Communication in the Age of COVID-19, Patient Education and Counseling, article in press, doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.013
  • Soto-Acosta, P. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Shifting Digital Transformation to a High-Speed Gear, Information Systems Management, 37(4), 260-266, doi: 10.1080/10580530.2020.1814461
  • Trueman, C. (2020). Pandemic leads to surge in video conferencing app downloads. https://www.computerworld.com/article/3535800/pandemic-leads-to-surgein-video-conferencing-app-downloads.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Van Scoy, L.J, Miller, E.L, Snyder, B., Wasserman, E., Chinchilli, V.M., Zgierska, A.E., Rabago, D., Lennon, C.L., Lipnick, D., Toyobo, O., Ruffin, M.T. ve Lennon, R.P. (2021). Knowledge, perceptions, and preferred information sources related to COVID-19 among central Pennsylvania adults early in the pandemic: results of a mixed methods cross sectional survey. Annals of Family Medicine, doi: 10.1370/afm.2674
  • Viswanath, K., Lee, E.W. ve Pinnamaneni, R. (2020). We Need the Lens of Equity in COVID-19 Communication. Health Communication, 35(14), 1743-1746, doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1837445
  • Voicu, M. ve Bădoi, D. (2021). Fertility and the COVID-19 crisis: do gender roles really matter?. European Societies, 23(sup1), 199-214, doi: 10.1080/14616696.2020.1822537
  • Wang, S.S. ve M.A. Roubidoux (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Video conferencing, and Gender. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 17(7), 918-920, doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.05.019
  • Wittenberg, E., Goldsmith, J.V., Chen, C., Prince-Paul, M. ve Johnson, R.R. (2021). Opportunities to improve COVID-19 provider communication resources: A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 104: 438-451 doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.12.031
  • Wright, T. (2002). Moving images: The media representation of refugees. Visual Studies, 17(1), 53-66. doi:10.1080/1472586022000005053
  • Wrycza, S. ve Maślankowski, J. (2020). Social Media Users’ Opinions on Remote Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Thematic and Sentiment Analysis. Information Systems Management, 37(4), 288-297, doi: 10.1080/10580530.2020.1820631
  • Yu, M., Li, Z., Yu, Z., He, J. ve Zhou, J. (2020). Communication related health crisis on social media: a case of COVID-19 outbreak. Current Issues in Tourism, doi: 10.1080/13683500.2020.1752632
  • Zhang, R. (2021). How media politicize COVID-19 lockdowns: a case study comparing frame use in the coverage of Wuhan and Italy lockdowns by The NewYork Times. Media Asia, 48(2), 89-107, doi: 10.1080/01296612.2021.1884518
  • BBC News (2021). Açık Havada Maske Takmak COVID-19’a Karşı Etkili mi? Bilim İnsanları Ne Diyor? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56946337 adresinden erişildi.
  • BBC News (2021). Covid’den Korunmak İçin Çift Maske Kullanmak Ne Kadar Etkili, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56041105 adresinden erişildi.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi (2021). Maske Takmak Konusunda Kafalar Karışık: 14 Soru 14 Cevap https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/maske-konusundaki-kafalar-karisik-undefined14-soru-14-cevap-41784433 adresinden erişildi.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yıldırım Yıldırım 0000-0002-5851-7788

Hatice Yıldırım 0000-0002-5250-0125

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Ekim 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Mayıs 2022
Kabul Tarihi 13 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, Y., & Yıldırım, H. (2022). Covid-19 sağlık krizinden alınabilecek iletişim dersleri. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(4), 949-962. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1115484
Creative Commons Lisansı
Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-AynıLisanslaPaylaş 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.