Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları

Meltem Tufan; Şefika Evren

doi:10.47495/okufbed.830346

Derleme

Early Feeding Practices in Broiler Chickens

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 176 - 185, 01.06.2021

Meltem Tufan Şefika Evren

https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.830346

Öz

It is a known fact that chicken meat has an important potential in meeting the animal protein needs of people especially in developing countries. In human nutrition, chicken meat is one of the leading cheap and high quality protein sources besides its taste and flavor. The purpose of broiler chicken production is to raise chickens that grow fast, make better use of feed and produce quality carcass. The rate of growth is directly related to the genetic characteristics, physiology and metabolism of the animal. In order to obtain the production potential expected from this superior material, broilers should be grown under optimal conditions. The most important environmental conditions that determine efficiency in production is feding. Nowadays, researches are carried out on the application of early feeding in addition to standard feeding methods in 2 different periods as the pre-hatching period (incubation period) and the post-hatching period. These applications, known as in ovo and pre-starter feed, are feeding methods to increase the performance applied outside the broiler standard feeding period. Feeding chicks in the early period is essential for their systems to complete their rapid and precise development. In this review, the importance of feeding fast growing commercial broiler chickens with pre-starter feed at the end of incubation and early period for the first 0-5 days and its effect on their performance in the following periods were tried to be revealed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

broiler, early period, feeding, pre starter, in ovo, performance

Kaynakça

[1] Yang, N., & Jiang, R. S. (2005). Recent advances in breeding for quality chickens. World's Poultry Science Journal, 61(3), 373-381.
[2] Kutlu, H.R., 2015. Kümes Hayvanları Besleme Ders Notu. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi. Zootekni Bölümü, Adana.
[3] Kingston DJ. Some hatchery factors involved in early chick mortality. Australian Veterinary Journal 1979; 55:418-421. [4] Kop Bozbay, C., Konan, K., Ocak, N., Öztürk, E., 2016. Yumurta içi (İn Ovo) propolis enjeksiyonunun ve enjeksiyon yerinin kuluçka randımanı, civciv çıkış ağırlığı ve yaşama gücüne etkileri. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3:48-54.
[5] Hill, D., 2001. Chick length uniformity profiles as a field measurement of chick quality. Poultry Avian Biol Rev., 12:188 (Abstr).
[6] Noy, Y. and Sklan, D. (2001) Yolk and exogenous feed utilization in the post-hatch chick. Poultry Science 80: 1490-1495.
[7] Noy, Y., Sklan, D., 1999. Energy utilization in newly hatched chicks. Poultry Science, 78:1750-1756. [8] Aksoy, T., 1999. Tavuk Yetiştiriciliği. Sayfa, 77-81. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Zootekni A.B.D. Ankara.
[9] Christensen, V.L., Wireland, M.J., Farenko, G.M., Donaldson, W.E., 2001. Egg storage effects plasma glucose and supply and demand tissue glycogen concentrations of broiler embryos. Poultry Science, 80:1729-1735.
[10] Vieira, S.L., Moran, E.T., 1999. Effects of egg origin and chick posthatch nutrition on broiler live performance and meat yields. Word’s Poultry Science Journal, 56:125-142.
[11] LarbIer, M., Leclercq, B., 1994. Nutrition and Feeding of Poultry. Translated and Edited by J. Wiseman, INRA, Nottingham University Press, UK.
[12] Sklan, D., 2001. Development of the digestive tract of poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 57:415-427.
[13] Nitsan, Z., 1995. The development of digestive tract in posthatched chicks. 10th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, October 15-19th, 21-28p.
[14] Cooper, M. D., Peterson, R. D., South, M. A., & Good, R. A. (1966). The functions of the thymus system and the bursa system in the chicken. The Journal of experimental medicine, 123(1), 75-102.
[15] Panda, A. K., & Reddy, M. R. (2007). Setting chicks off to a good start-Boosting the chick's immune system through early nutrition-Research shows that chicks that feed soon after hatching are healthier and get off to a better start. Poultry international, 46(7), 22-27.
[16] Dibner, J. 1999. Feeding hatchling poultry. Feed Int., 12: 30-34. [17] Aviagen, 2018. Broiler Management Handbook. 1118-AVNR-032.
[18] Bigot, K., Mignon-Grasteau, S., Picard, M., Tesseraud, S., 2003. Effect of Delayed Feed İntake on Body, İntestive and Muscle Development in Neonate Broilers. Poultry Science, 82:781-788.
[19] Uni, Z., Ferket, R.P., 2004. Methods for early nutrition and their potential. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 60:101-111.
[20] Beiglou, R. E. (2010). The Effect Of In-Ovo Feeding On Intestinal Development And Performance Of Avian Species. Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi, 9(1), 34-41.
[21] Geyra, A., Uni Z., and Sklan D., 2001b. Enterocyte dynamics and mucosal development in the posthatch chick. Poultry Science, 80:776-782.
[22] Tako, E., Ferket P.R., and Uni, Z., 2004. Effects of in ovo feeding of carbonhydrates and β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate on the development of chicken intestine. Poultry Science, 83:2023-2028.
[23] Sharma, J. M., & Burmester, B. R. (1982). Resistance of Marek's disease at hatching in chickens vaccinated as embryos with the turkey herpesvirus. Avian diseases, 134-149.
[24] De Souza, F. M. (2008). Basic aspects of in ovo injection in commercial hatcheries. CEVA Sante Anim, 3-6.
[25] Williams, C. J. (2000). U.S. Patent No. 6,032,612. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[26] Moosanezhad, M., Salahi, A., & Mashayekhi, S. (2011, September). The best time for in ovo solution injection in old broiler breeder flock eggs. In XIV European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs And Products. XX European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat (pp. 4-8).
[27] Salahi, A., Mozhdeh, M.K., Seyed, N.M., 2011. Optimum time of in ovo injection in eggs of young broiler breeder flock. 18th Eur. Symp. On Poultry Nutrition, 557–559p.
[28] Wakenell, P.S., Bryan, T., Schaeffer, J., Avakian, A., Williams, C., Whitfill, C., 2002. Effect of in ovo vaccine delivery route on HVT/SB-1 efficacy and viremia. Avian Disease, 46 (2):274-280.
[29] Uni, Z., Tako,E., Gal-Garber, O., Sklan, D., 2003. Morphological, molecular and functional changes in the chicken small intestine in the late term embriyo. Poultry Science, 82(11): 1747-1754.
[30] Awachat, V. B., Elangovan, A. V., David, C. G., Ghosh, J., Bhanja, S. K., & Majumdar, S. (2018). Influence of in ovo and pre-starter amino acid supplementation on growth performance and immune response in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 18(1), 55-66.
[31] Bhanja, S., Mandal, A., 2005. Effect of in ovo injection of critical amino acids on pre-and post-hatch growth, immunocompetence and development of digestive organs in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18:524-531.
[32] Kadam, M.M., Bhanja, S.K., Mandal, A.B., Thakur, R., Vasan, P., Bhattacharyya, A., Tyagi, J.S., 2008. Effect of in-ovo threonine suplementation on early growth, immunological responses and digestive enzyme activities in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 49(6):736-741
[33] Salmanzadeh, M., Ebrahimnezhad, Y., Shahryar, H.A., Lotfi, A., 2011. The effects of in ovo injection of L-threonine in broiler breeder eggs on characters of hatching and growth performance broiler chickens. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 1(4):164-168.
[34] Bhanja, S.K., Mandal, A., Agarwal, S.K., Majumdar, S., Bhattacharyya, A., 2007. Effect of in ovo injection of vitamins on the chick weight and post-hatch growth performance in broiler chickens. World Poultry Science Association, Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, August 26 - 30, Strasbourg, France,143-146p.
[35] İpek, A., Şahan, Ü., ve Yılmaz, B., 2004. Effect of in ovo ascorbic acid and glucose injection in broiler breeder eggs on hatchability and chick weight. Archiv Für Geflügelkunde 68(3):132-135.
[36] Yılmaz, Ç. (2017). Yumurta içi (in ovo) Vitamin C ve Vitamin E uygulamasının kuluçka parametreleri ile civcivlerin performansına etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
[37] Yair, R., Shahar, R., & Uni, Z. (2013). Prenatal nutritional manipulation by in ovo enrichment influences bone structure, composition, and mechanical properties. Journal of animal science, 91(6), 2784-2793.
[38] Wu, Y. J., Valdez-Corcoran, M., Wright, J. T., & Cartwright, A. L. (2000). Abdominal fat pad mass reduction by in ovo administration of anti-adipocyte monoclonal antibodies in chickens. Poultry science, 79(11), 1640-1644.
[39] Hargis, P., Pardue, S., Lee, A., Sandel, G., 1989. In ovo growth hormone alters growth and adipose tissue development of chickens. Growth, Development, and Aging, 53(3):93-99. [40] Lamosova, D., Macajova, M., Zeman, M., Mozes, S., & Jezova, D. (2003). Effect of in ovo leptin administration on the development of Japanese quail. Physiological research, 52(2), 201-209.
[41] Pruszynska-Oszmalek, E., Kolodziejski, P.A., Stadnicka, K., Sassek, M., Chalupka, D., Kuston, B., Nogowski, L., Mackowiak, P., Maiorano, G., Jankowski, J., Bednarczyk, M., 2015. In ovo injection of prebiotics and synbiotics affects the digestive potency of the pancreas in growing chickens. Poultry Science, 94:1909-1916.
[42] Salahi, A., Adabi, S.G., Khabisip, M.M., Anissian, A., Cooper, R.G., 2015. Effect of In ovo administration of butyric acid into broiler breeder eggs on chicken small intestine pH and morphology. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 48(1):8-15.
[43] Jafari, A. Y., Hashemi, S. R., Akhlaghi, A., Atashi, H., Esmaili, Z., Ghorbani, M., ... & Davoodi, H. (2013). Effect of in ovo injection of royal jelly on post‐hatch growth performance and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with newcastle disease virus.
[44] Coşkun, İ., Çayan, H., Yılmaz. Ö., Taşkın. A., Tahtabiçen. E., Şamlı, H,E., 2014. Effects of in ovo pollen extract injection to fertile broiler eggs on hatchability and subsequent chick weight. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Naturel Sciences, 1(4):485-489.
[45] Aygun A. 2016. The effects of in-Ovo injection of propolis on egg hatchability and starter live performance of japanese quails. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 18(2): 83-89.
[46] Kop Bozbay, C., Konan, K., Ocak, N., Öztürk, E., 2016. Yumurta içi (İn Ovo) propolis enjeksiyonunun ve enjeksiyon yerinin kuluçka randımanı, civciv çıkış ağırlığı ve yaşama gücüne etkileri. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3:48-54. [47] Noy, Y., Pinchasov, Y., 1993. Effect of a single posthatch intubation of nutrients on subsequent early performance of broiler chicks and turkey poults. Poultry Science, 72:1861-1866.
[48] Huff, W. E., Balog, C.M., Bayarı, G.R., Rath, N. C., 1994. The effect of mycocurb, propionic acid, and calcium propionate on the intestinal strength of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 73 (8):1352-1356
[49] Donaldson, W.E., Christensen, V.L., Ferket, P.R., 1994. Administration of propionate to day old turkeys. Poultry Science, 73:1249-1253.
[50] Vieira, S.L., Moran, E.T., 1999. Effects of egg origin and chick posthatch nutrition on broiler live performance and meat yields. Word’s Poultry Science Journal, 56:125-142.
[51] Dooren, I.P., 2001. The use of milk products in young poultry nutrition. International Poultry Production, 9(5): 24-25.
[52] Wojcik, S., Adamczyk, M., Niedwiadek, T., 2001. The effect of some nutrients on growth of chikcs after hatching. Buletyn Nkowy Przemys Pszoweg. Vol, 20, No:1/4 pp.5-15.
[53] Longo, F.A., Menten, J.F.M., Sorbara, J.O.B., Pedroso, A.A., FIgueIredo, A.N., 2003. Metabolizable energy of carbohydrates for newly hatched broiler chicks. Poultry Science Association 92nd Annual Meeting Abstracts. July 6-9, 2003. Monona Terrace, Madison, WI.
[54] Ünsal, İ., 2004. Erken dönem besleme uygulamalarının etlik civcivlerin gelişimine etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Ç.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana. [55] Pinheiro, S. R. F., Barreto, S. L. D. T., Albino, L. F. T., Rostagno, H. S., Umigi, R. T., & Brito, C. O. (2008). Efeito dos níveis de triptofano digestível em dietas para codornas japonesas em postura. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 37(6), 1012-1016.
[56] Tüzün, C. G. (2009). Effects of feed accessing time after hatching on the methionine requirements, performances

Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 176 - 185, 01.06.2021

Meltem Tufan Şefika Evren

https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.830346

Öz

Piliç etinin özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde insanların hayvansal protein ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasında önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğu bilinen bir gerçektir. İnsan beslenmesinde piliç eti, tat ve lezzetinin yanı sıra ucuz ve kaliteli protein kaynaklarının başında gelmektedir. Etlik piliç üretiminde amaç, hızlı büyüyen, yemden daha iyi yararlanan ve kaliteli karkas üreten piliçler yetiştirmektir. Gelişim hızı direk olarak hayvanın genetik özelliği, fizyolojisi ve metabolizması ile yakından ilgilidir. Bu üstün materyalden beklenen üretim potansiyelinin elde edilebilmesi için etlik piliçlerin optimal koşullarda yetiştirilmesi gerekir. Üretimde verimi belirleyen çevre koşullarından en önemlisi beslemedir. Günümüzde stardart besleme yöntemlerine ilave erken dönem besleme olarak bilinen kuluçkadan çıkış öncesi (kuluçka dönemi) ve kuluçkadan çıkış sonrası olmak üzere 2 farklı dönemde beslemeye yönelik araştırmalar yapılmaktadır. İn ovo ve ön başlatma yemi olarak bilinen bu uygulamalar etlik piliç standart besleme periyodunun dışında uygulanan performans arttırmaya yönelik besleme metotlarıdır. Erken dönemde civcivleri besleme, sistemlerinin hızlı ve hassas gelişmelerini tamamlaması için oldukça önemlidir. Yapılan derlemede hızlı gelişen ticari etlik piliçlerin kuluçka sonu ve erken dönem ilk 0-5 gün boyunca ön başlatma yemi ile beslenmesinin önemi ve sonraki dönemlerinde performanslarına etkisi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Broyler, erken dönem, besleme, ön başlatma, in ovo, performans

Kaynakça

[1] Yang, N., & Jiang, R. S. (2005). Recent advances in breeding for quality chickens. World's Poultry Science Journal, 61(3), 373-381.
[2] Kutlu, H.R., 2015. Kümes Hayvanları Besleme Ders Notu. Ç.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi. Zootekni Bölümü, Adana.
[3] Kingston DJ. Some hatchery factors involved in early chick mortality. Australian Veterinary Journal 1979; 55:418-421. [4] Kop Bozbay, C., Konan, K., Ocak, N., Öztürk, E., 2016. Yumurta içi (İn Ovo) propolis enjeksiyonunun ve enjeksiyon yerinin kuluçka randımanı, civciv çıkış ağırlığı ve yaşama gücüne etkileri. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3:48-54.
[5] Hill, D., 2001. Chick length uniformity profiles as a field measurement of chick quality. Poultry Avian Biol Rev., 12:188 (Abstr).
[6] Noy, Y. and Sklan, D. (2001) Yolk and exogenous feed utilization in the post-hatch chick. Poultry Science 80: 1490-1495.
[7] Noy, Y., Sklan, D., 1999. Energy utilization in newly hatched chicks. Poultry Science, 78:1750-1756. [8] Aksoy, T., 1999. Tavuk Yetiştiriciliği. Sayfa, 77-81. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Zootekni A.B.D. Ankara.
[9] Christensen, V.L., Wireland, M.J., Farenko, G.M., Donaldson, W.E., 2001. Egg storage effects plasma glucose and supply and demand tissue glycogen concentrations of broiler embryos. Poultry Science, 80:1729-1735.
[10] Vieira, S.L., Moran, E.T., 1999. Effects of egg origin and chick posthatch nutrition on broiler live performance and meat yields. Word’s Poultry Science Journal, 56:125-142.
[11] LarbIer, M., Leclercq, B., 1994. Nutrition and Feeding of Poultry. Translated and Edited by J. Wiseman, INRA, Nottingham University Press, UK.
[12] Sklan, D., 2001. Development of the digestive tract of poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 57:415-427.
[13] Nitsan, Z., 1995. The development of digestive tract in posthatched chicks. 10th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, October 15-19th, 21-28p.
[14] Cooper, M. D., Peterson, R. D., South, M. A., & Good, R. A. (1966). The functions of the thymus system and the bursa system in the chicken. The Journal of experimental medicine, 123(1), 75-102.
[15] Panda, A. K., & Reddy, M. R. (2007). Setting chicks off to a good start-Boosting the chick's immune system through early nutrition-Research shows that chicks that feed soon after hatching are healthier and get off to a better start. Poultry international, 46(7), 22-27.
[16] Dibner, J. 1999. Feeding hatchling poultry. Feed Int., 12: 30-34. [17] Aviagen, 2018. Broiler Management Handbook. 1118-AVNR-032.
[18] Bigot, K., Mignon-Grasteau, S., Picard, M., Tesseraud, S., 2003. Effect of Delayed Feed İntake on Body, İntestive and Muscle Development in Neonate Broilers. Poultry Science, 82:781-788.
[19] Uni, Z., Ferket, R.P., 2004. Methods for early nutrition and their potential. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 60:101-111.
[20] Beiglou, R. E. (2010). The Effect Of In-Ovo Feeding On Intestinal Development And Performance Of Avian Species. Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi, 9(1), 34-41.
[21] Geyra, A., Uni Z., and Sklan D., 2001b. Enterocyte dynamics and mucosal development in the posthatch chick. Poultry Science, 80:776-782.
[22] Tako, E., Ferket P.R., and Uni, Z., 2004. Effects of in ovo feeding of carbonhydrates and β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate on the development of chicken intestine. Poultry Science, 83:2023-2028.
[23] Sharma, J. M., & Burmester, B. R. (1982). Resistance of Marek's disease at hatching in chickens vaccinated as embryos with the turkey herpesvirus. Avian diseases, 134-149.
[24] De Souza, F. M. (2008). Basic aspects of in ovo injection in commercial hatcheries. CEVA Sante Anim, 3-6.
[25] Williams, C. J. (2000). U.S. Patent No. 6,032,612. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
[26] Moosanezhad, M., Salahi, A., & Mashayekhi, S. (2011, September). The best time for in ovo solution injection in old broiler breeder flock eggs. In XIV European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs And Products. XX European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat (pp. 4-8).
[27] Salahi, A., Mozhdeh, M.K., Seyed, N.M., 2011. Optimum time of in ovo injection in eggs of young broiler breeder flock. 18th Eur. Symp. On Poultry Nutrition, 557–559p.
[28] Wakenell, P.S., Bryan, T., Schaeffer, J., Avakian, A., Williams, C., Whitfill, C., 2002. Effect of in ovo vaccine delivery route on HVT/SB-1 efficacy and viremia. Avian Disease, 46 (2):274-280.
[29] Uni, Z., Tako,E., Gal-Garber, O., Sklan, D., 2003. Morphological, molecular and functional changes in the chicken small intestine in the late term embriyo. Poultry Science, 82(11): 1747-1754.
[30] Awachat, V. B., Elangovan, A. V., David, C. G., Ghosh, J., Bhanja, S. K., & Majumdar, S. (2018). Influence of in ovo and pre-starter amino acid supplementation on growth performance and immune response in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 18(1), 55-66.
[31] Bhanja, S., Mandal, A., 2005. Effect of in ovo injection of critical amino acids on pre-and post-hatch growth, immunocompetence and development of digestive organs in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18:524-531.
[32] Kadam, M.M., Bhanja, S.K., Mandal, A.B., Thakur, R., Vasan, P., Bhattacharyya, A., Tyagi, J.S., 2008. Effect of in-ovo threonine suplementation on early growth, immunological responses and digestive enzyme activities in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 49(6):736-741
[33] Salmanzadeh, M., Ebrahimnezhad, Y., Shahryar, H.A., Lotfi, A., 2011. The effects of in ovo injection of L-threonine in broiler breeder eggs on characters of hatching and growth performance broiler chickens. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 1(4):164-168.
[34] Bhanja, S.K., Mandal, A., Agarwal, S.K., Majumdar, S., Bhattacharyya, A., 2007. Effect of in ovo injection of vitamins on the chick weight and post-hatch growth performance in broiler chickens. World Poultry Science Association, Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, August 26 - 30, Strasbourg, France,143-146p.
[35] İpek, A., Şahan, Ü., ve Yılmaz, B., 2004. Effect of in ovo ascorbic acid and glucose injection in broiler breeder eggs on hatchability and chick weight. Archiv Für Geflügelkunde 68(3):132-135.
[36] Yılmaz, Ç. (2017). Yumurta içi (in ovo) Vitamin C ve Vitamin E uygulamasının kuluçka parametreleri ile civcivlerin performansına etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
[37] Yair, R., Shahar, R., & Uni, Z. (2013). Prenatal nutritional manipulation by in ovo enrichment influences bone structure, composition, and mechanical properties. Journal of animal science, 91(6), 2784-2793.
[38] Wu, Y. J., Valdez-Corcoran, M., Wright, J. T., & Cartwright, A. L. (2000). Abdominal fat pad mass reduction by in ovo administration of anti-adipocyte monoclonal antibodies in chickens. Poultry science, 79(11), 1640-1644.
[39] Hargis, P., Pardue, S., Lee, A., Sandel, G., 1989. In ovo growth hormone alters growth and adipose tissue development of chickens. Growth, Development, and Aging, 53(3):93-99. [40] Lamosova, D., Macajova, M., Zeman, M., Mozes, S., & Jezova, D. (2003). Effect of in ovo leptin administration on the development of Japanese quail. Physiological research, 52(2), 201-209.
[41] Pruszynska-Oszmalek, E., Kolodziejski, P.A., Stadnicka, K., Sassek, M., Chalupka, D., Kuston, B., Nogowski, L., Mackowiak, P., Maiorano, G., Jankowski, J., Bednarczyk, M., 2015. In ovo injection of prebiotics and synbiotics affects the digestive potency of the pancreas in growing chickens. Poultry Science, 94:1909-1916.
[42] Salahi, A., Adabi, S.G., Khabisip, M.M., Anissian, A., Cooper, R.G., 2015. Effect of In ovo administration of butyric acid into broiler breeder eggs on chicken small intestine pH and morphology. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 48(1):8-15.
[43] Jafari, A. Y., Hashemi, S. R., Akhlaghi, A., Atashi, H., Esmaili, Z., Ghorbani, M., ... & Davoodi, H. (2013). Effect of in ovo injection of royal jelly on post‐hatch growth performance and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with newcastle disease virus.
[44] Coşkun, İ., Çayan, H., Yılmaz. Ö., Taşkın. A., Tahtabiçen. E., Şamlı, H,E., 2014. Effects of in ovo pollen extract injection to fertile broiler eggs on hatchability and subsequent chick weight. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Naturel Sciences, 1(4):485-489.
[45] Aygun A. 2016. The effects of in-Ovo injection of propolis on egg hatchability and starter live performance of japanese quails. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 18(2): 83-89.
[46] Kop Bozbay, C., Konan, K., Ocak, N., Öztürk, E., 2016. Yumurta içi (İn Ovo) propolis enjeksiyonunun ve enjeksiyon yerinin kuluçka randımanı, civciv çıkış ağırlığı ve yaşama gücüne etkileri. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3:48-54. [47] Noy, Y., Pinchasov, Y., 1993. Effect of a single posthatch intubation of nutrients on subsequent early performance of broiler chicks and turkey poults. Poultry Science, 72:1861-1866.
[48] Huff, W. E., Balog, C.M., Bayarı, G.R., Rath, N. C., 1994. The effect of mycocurb, propionic acid, and calcium propionate on the intestinal strength of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 73 (8):1352-1356
[49] Donaldson, W.E., Christensen, V.L., Ferket, P.R., 1994. Administration of propionate to day old turkeys. Poultry Science, 73:1249-1253.
[50] Vieira, S.L., Moran, E.T., 1999. Effects of egg origin and chick posthatch nutrition on broiler live performance and meat yields. Word’s Poultry Science Journal, 56:125-142.
[51] Dooren, I.P., 2001. The use of milk products in young poultry nutrition. International Poultry Production, 9(5): 24-25.
[52] Wojcik, S., Adamczyk, M., Niedwiadek, T., 2001. The effect of some nutrients on growth of chikcs after hatching. Buletyn Nkowy Przemys Pszoweg. Vol, 20, No:1/4 pp.5-15.
[53] Longo, F.A., Menten, J.F.M., Sorbara, J.O.B., Pedroso, A.A., FIgueIredo, A.N., 2003. Metabolizable energy of carbohydrates for newly hatched broiler chicks. Poultry Science Association 92nd Annual Meeting Abstracts. July 6-9, 2003. Monona Terrace, Madison, WI.
[54] Ünsal, İ., 2004. Erken dönem besleme uygulamalarının etlik civcivlerin gelişimine etkileri. Doktora Tezi, Ç.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana. [55] Pinheiro, S. R. F., Barreto, S. L. D. T., Albino, L. F. T., Rostagno, H. S., Umigi, R. T., & Brito, C. O. (2008). Efeito dos níveis de triptofano digestível em dietas para codornas japonesas em postura. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 37(6), 1012-1016.
[56] Tüzün, C. G. (2009). Effects of feed accessing time after hatching on the methionine requirements, performances

Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Hayvansal Üretim (Diğer)
Bölüm	Derlemeler (REVIEWS)
Yazarlar	Meltem Tufan Şefika Evren Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3096-4866
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi	23 Kasım 2020
Kabul Tarihi	6 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Tufan, M., & Evren, Ş. (2021). Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.830346
AMA	Tufan M, Evren Ş. Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları. OKÜ Fen Bil. Ens. Dergisi ((OKU Journal of Nat. & App. Sci). Haziran 2021;4(2):176-185. doi:10.47495/okufbed.830346
Chicago	Tufan, Meltem, ve Şefika Evren. “Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 4, sy. 2 (Haziran 2021): 176-85. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.830346.
EndNote	Tufan M, Evren Ş (01 Haziran 2021) Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 4 2 176–185.
IEEE	M. Tufan ve Ş. Evren, “Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları”, OKÜ Fen Bil. Ens. Dergisi ((OKU Journal of Nat. & App. Sci), c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 176–185, 2021, doi: 10.47495/okufbed.830346.
ISNAD	Tufan, Meltem - Evren, Şefika. “Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 4/2 (Haziran 2021), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.830346.
JAMA	Tufan M, Evren Ş. Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları. OKÜ Fen Bil. Ens. Dergisi ((OKU Journal of Nat. & App. Sci). 2021;4:176–185.
MLA	Tufan, Meltem ve Şefika Evren. “Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 176-85, doi:10.47495/okufbed.830346.
Vancouver	Tufan M, Evren Ş. Etlik Piliçlerde Erken Dönem Besleme Uygulamaları. OKÜ Fen Bil. Ens. Dergisi ((OKU Journal of Nat. & App. Sci). 2021;4(2):176-85.