SAVUNMA HARCAMALARI, EKONOMİK BÜYÜME, GAYRİ SAFİ SABİT SERMAYE OLUŞUMU ARASINDAKİ DİNAMİK BAĞLANTILAR: NATO ÜLKELERİ İÇİN PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ
Öz
Bu çalışmanın
amacı, 1995 ile 2017 arası yıllık veriler kullanılarak 27 NATO ülkesinin
ekonomik büyümesi, savunma harcamaları ve gayri safi sabit sermaye oluşumu
arasındaki ilişkiyi ampirik olarak araştırmaktır. İki modelin kullanıldığı
çalışmada, ekonomik büyüme ve savunma harcamaları sırasıyla bağımlı değişken
olarak seçilmiştir. Ampirik bulgularda her iki modelde de “eşbütünleşme”
ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Nedensellik analizine göre, savunma harcamaları ile
ekonomik büyüme arasında, gayri safi sabit sermaye oluşumu ile ekonomik büyüme
arasında ve savunma harcamaları ile gayri safi sabit sermaye oluşumu arasında “çift
yönlü nedensellik” tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, politika
yapıcıların savunma harcamalarını artırıcı politikalar üretmesinin ekonomik
büyüme üzerinde olumlu etki bırakacağı gözlemlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Savunma Harcamaları Ekonomik Büyüme Gayri Safi Sabit Sermaye Oluşumu NATO
Kaynakça
- Ahmed, S., Alam, K., Rashid, A. ve Gow, J. (2019). Militarisation, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in Myanmar. Defence and Peace Economics, 1-27.
- Alptekin, A. ve Levine, P. (2012). Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 636-650.
- Bellos, S. K. (2017). The Relationship between Military Expenditure and Certain Growth and Development Related Variables in Transition Economies: A Panel Data Analysis. Applied Economics and Finance, 4(5), 31-44.
- Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
- Dakurah, A. H., Davies, S. P. ve Sampath, R. K. (2001). Defense spending and economic growth in developing countries: A causality analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23(6), 651-658.
- Dunne, J. P. ve Tian, N. (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth: A survey. The economics of peace and security journal, 8(1).
- Eberhardt, M. ve Bond, S. (2009). Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: a novel estimator. MPRA Paper. No. 17870
- Emirmahmutoglu, F. ve Kose, N. (2011). Testing for Granger causality in heterogeneous mixed panels. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876.
- Emmanouilidis, K. ve Karpetis, C. (2018). The Defense–Growth Nexus: A Review of Time Series Methods and Empirical Results. Defence and Peace Economics, 1-18.
- Farzanegan, M. R. (2014). Military spending and economic growth: the case of Iran. Defence and Peace Economics, 25(3), 247-269.
- Furuoka, F., Oishi, M. ve Karim, M. A. (2016). Military expenditure and economic development in China: an empirical inquiry. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(1), 137-160.
- Hatemi-J, A., Chang, T., Chen, W. Y., Lin, F. L. ve Gupta, R. (2018). Asymmetric causality between military expenditures and economic growth in top six defense spenders. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1193-1207.
- Khalid, M. A. ve Altaee, H. H. A. (2015). Military Spending and Economic Growth Relationship in the Case of France, ARDL and Causality Analysis. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 178.
- Kollias, C., Manolas, G. ve Paleologou, S. M. (2004). Defence expenditure and economic growth in the European Union: a causality analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 26(5), 553-569.
- Malizard, J. (2010). Causality between economic growth and military expenditure: The case of France. Defense & Security Analysis, 26(4), 401-413.
- Pan, C. I., Chang, T. ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East countries: Bootstrap panel causality test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443-456.
- Pan, C. I., Chang, T. ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East countries: Bootstrap panel causality test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443-456.
- Paparas, D., Richter, C. ve Paparas, A. (2016). Military Spending and economic growth in Greece and the Arms Race between Greece and Turkey. Journal of Economics Library, 3(1), 38-56.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics no. 435. University of Cambridge
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
- Pesaran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
- Pieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and peace economics, 20(4), 327-339.
- Shaaba, S. C. ve Ngepah, N. (2018). Military expenditure, industrialisation, and economic growth in Africa: evidence from a panel causality analysis. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 13(3), 29-48.
- Su, C., Xu, Y., Chang, H. L., Lobont, O. R. ve Liu, Z. (2018). Dynamic Causalities between Defense Expenditure and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Rolling Granger Causality Test. Defence and Peace Economics, 1-18.
- Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 311-323.
- Westerlund, J. ve Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
- Zaman, K. (2018). Does higher military spending affect business regulatory and growth specific measures? Evidence from the group of seven (G-7) countries. Economia Politica, 1-26.
- Zhong, M., Chang, T., Goswami, S., Gupta, R. ve Lou, T. W. (2017). The nexus between military expenditures and economic growth in the BRICS and the US: an empirical note. Defence and Peace Economics, 28(5), 609-620.
DYNAMIC LINKAGES BETWEEN MILITARY EXPENDITURES, ECONOMİC GROWTH, GROSS FIXED CAPITAL: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FOR NATO COUNTRIES
Öz
The aim of this
study is to investigate empirically the relationship between economic growth,
military expenditures and gross fixed capital formation of 27 NATO countries
using annual data from 1995 to 2017 period. In the study where two models were
used, economic growth and defense expenditures were chosen as dependent
variables, respectively. In the empirical findings, the cointegration
relationship was determined in both models. According to causality analysis,
two-way causality was determined between military expenditures and economic growth,
between gross fixed capital formation and economic growth, and between military
expenditures and gross fixed capital formation. According to the findings, it
was observed that policy makers would produce policies to increase defense
expenditures and this would have a positive impact on economic growth.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Military Expenditures Economic Growth Gross Fixed Capital NATO
Kaynakça
- Ahmed, S., Alam, K., Rashid, A. ve Gow, J. (2019). Militarisation, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in Myanmar. Defence and Peace Economics, 1-27.
- Alptekin, A. ve Levine, P. (2012). Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 636-650.
- Bellos, S. K. (2017). The Relationship between Military Expenditure and Certain Growth and Development Related Variables in Transition Economies: A Panel Data Analysis. Applied Economics and Finance, 4(5), 31-44.
- Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
- Dakurah, A. H., Davies, S. P. ve Sampath, R. K. (2001). Defense spending and economic growth in developing countries: A causality analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23(6), 651-658.
- Dunne, J. P. ve Tian, N. (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth: A survey. The economics of peace and security journal, 8(1).
- Eberhardt, M. ve Bond, S. (2009). Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: a novel estimator. MPRA Paper. No. 17870
- Emirmahmutoglu, F. ve Kose, N. (2011). Testing for Granger causality in heterogeneous mixed panels. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876.
- Emmanouilidis, K. ve Karpetis, C. (2018). The Defense–Growth Nexus: A Review of Time Series Methods and Empirical Results. Defence and Peace Economics, 1-18.
- Farzanegan, M. R. (2014). Military spending and economic growth: the case of Iran. Defence and Peace Economics, 25(3), 247-269.
- Furuoka, F., Oishi, M. ve Karim, M. A. (2016). Military expenditure and economic development in China: an empirical inquiry. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(1), 137-160.
- Hatemi-J, A., Chang, T., Chen, W. Y., Lin, F. L. ve Gupta, R. (2018). Asymmetric causality between military expenditures and economic growth in top six defense spenders. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1193-1207.
- Khalid, M. A. ve Altaee, H. H. A. (2015). Military Spending and Economic Growth Relationship in the Case of France, ARDL and Causality Analysis. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 178.
- Kollias, C., Manolas, G. ve Paleologou, S. M. (2004). Defence expenditure and economic growth in the European Union: a causality analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 26(5), 553-569.
- Malizard, J. (2010). Causality between economic growth and military expenditure: The case of France. Defense & Security Analysis, 26(4), 401-413.
- Pan, C. I., Chang, T. ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East countries: Bootstrap panel causality test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443-456.
- Pan, C. I., Chang, T. ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East countries: Bootstrap panel causality test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443-456.
- Paparas, D., Richter, C. ve Paparas, A. (2016). Military Spending and economic growth in Greece and the Arms Race between Greece and Turkey. Journal of Economics Library, 3(1), 38-56.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics no. 435. University of Cambridge
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
- Pesaran, M. H. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
- Pieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and peace economics, 20(4), 327-339.
- Shaaba, S. C. ve Ngepah, N. (2018). Military expenditure, industrialisation, and economic growth in Africa: evidence from a panel causality analysis. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 13(3), 29-48.
- Su, C., Xu, Y., Chang, H. L., Lobont, O. R. ve Liu, Z. (2018). Dynamic Causalities between Defense Expenditure and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Rolling Granger Causality Test. Defence and Peace Economics, 1-18.
- Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 311-323.
- Westerlund, J. ve Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
- Zaman, K. (2018). Does higher military spending affect business regulatory and growth specific measures? Evidence from the group of seven (G-7) countries. Economia Politica, 1-26.
- Zhong, M., Chang, T., Goswami, S., Gupta, R. ve Lou, T. W. (2017). The nexus between military expenditures and economic growth in the BRICS and the US: an empirical note. Defence and Peace Economics, 28(5), 609-620.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ekonomi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1 |
Kaynak Göster
