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Seçilmiş Makroekonomik Faktörler ve COVID-19’un OECD Ülkelerinde Genç İşsizliği Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 18 - 36, 29.03.2024

Yasemin Arı Kovancı

https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1382337

Öz

İşsizlik, gerek gelişmiş, gerekse gelişmekte olan ülkelerin en önemli sorunlarından biridir. Bu sorundan en fazla etkilenen kesimler arasında ise gençler yer almaktadır. 2020 yılında hızla tüm dünyaya yayılan COVID-19 pandemisi ile birlikte genç işsizliği sorunu çok daha ciddi boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Bu çalışmada, ekonomik büyüme, enflasyon, doğrudan yabancı yatırım, ticari açıklık gibi seçilmiş makroekonomik faktörlerin ve COVID-19’un OECD ülkelerinde genç işsizliği üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında 2000-2021 yılları arasındaki dönem incelenmiş olup, panel veri analizi yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, incelenen dönemde ekonomik büyüme ve ticari açıklıktaki artışın genç işsizlik oranını azalttığını, enflasyondaki artışın ise genç işsizlik oranını artırdığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, COVID-19 pandemisinin genç işsizlik oranında bir artışa neden olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Genç İşsizliği COVID-19 Panel Veri Analizi

Kaynakça

  • Ali, M.S. & Almula-Dhanoon, M.D.Y. (2021). Determinants of youth unemployment in arab countries. Tikrit Journal of Administration and Economics Sciences, 17(54), 416-429.
  • Ali, S., Yusop, Z., Kaliappan, S. R. & Chin, L. (2020). Trade-induced unemployment in labor-abundant and capital-abundant oic countries: asymmetric evidence from quantile-on-quantile regression. International Economic Journal, 34(4), 682-702.
  • Ali, S., Yusop, Z., Kaliappan, S. R., Chin, L. & Meo, M. S. (2022). Impact of trade openness, human capital, public expenditure and institutional performance on unemployment: evidence from oic countries. International Journal of Manpower, 43(5), 1108-1125.
  • Awad, A. (2019). Economic globalisation and youth unemployment-evidence from african countries. International Economic Journal, 33(2), 252-269.
  • Baltagi, B. H. & Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with ar(1) disturbances. Econometric Theory, 15(6), 814-823.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. Third Edition, England: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Bayrak, R. & Tatli, H. (2018). The determinants of youth unemployment: a panel data analysis of oecd countries. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 15(2), 231-248.
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L. & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549.
  • Bruno, G.S.F., Choudhry Tanveer, M., Marelli, E. & Signorelli, M. (2017). The short-and long-run impacts of financial crises on youth unemployment in oecd countries. Applied Economics, 49(34), 3372-3394.
  • Choudhry, M., Marelli, E. & Signorelli, M. (2012a). Key determinants of youth unemployment in oecd countries. 3 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Key-Determinants-of-Youth-Unemployment-in-OECD-Choudhry Marelli/e848ae3c3c206ee6a6d03c7961e6daae39285916 adresinden erişildi.
  • Choudhry, M. T., Marelli, E. & Signorelli, M. (2012b). Youth unemployment rate and impact of financial crises. International Journal of Manpower, 33(1), 76-95.
  • Driscoll, J. C. & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2015). Do icts reduce youth unemployment in mena countries?. Working Paper No. 964. Giza: Economic Research Forum.
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2016). Determinants of youth unemployment in oic member states: a dynamic panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 37(2), 81-102.
  • Ekin, N. (1980). Gençlerin işsizlik sorunu. Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, (18), 39-50.
  • Greene, W. (2000). Econometric analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Gündoğan, N. (1999). Genç işsizliği ve avrupa birliği’ne üye ülkelerde uygulanan genç istihdam politikaları. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 54(1), 63-79.
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan Akay, E. & Güriş, B. (2017). EViews ile temel ekonometri. 3. Basım, İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Güvenoğlu, H. & Bayır, M. (2020). Genç işsizliği etkileyen faktörlere ilişkin ampirik bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2),19-36.
  • Hasan, Z. & Sasana, H. (2020). Determinants of youth unemployment rate in asean. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(3), 6687-6691.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Ihensekhien, O.A & Aisien, L.N. (2019). Growth-youth unemployment nexus in upper-middle-income countries in sub saharan africa. Turkish Economic Review, 6(1), 62-76.
  • ILO. (2011). Tackling youth employment challenges: an overview of possible actions and policy considerations. Turin: International Training Centre of the ILO.
  • ILO. (2020). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Fourth edition updated estimates and analysis. Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • ILO. (2022). Global employment trends for youth 2022: investing in transforming futures for young people. Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • ILO. (2023). World employment and social outlook: trends 2023. Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • Kang, Y. D. (2021). Determinants of youth unemployment: empirical analysis of oecd and eu member countries. Journal of Economic Development, 46(3), 111-133.
  • Katris, C. (2021). Unemployment and covid-19 impact in greece: a vector autoregression (var) data analysis. 17 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/5/1/41 adresinden erişildi.
  • Kılınç, E. C. (2021). Covid-19 salgını ve işsizlik oranları ilişkisi: oecd ülkeleri örneği. KAÜİİBFD, 12(24), 922-945.
  • Kukaj, H., Nimani, A. & Usaj, V. (2022). Foreign direct investment, economic growth, and unemployment: evidence from developing countries. Journal of Governance and Regulation, 11(2), 293-300.
  • Lai, H., Khan, Y. A., Thaljaoui, A., Chammam, W. & Abbas, S. Z. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and unemployment rate: a hybrid unemployment rate prediction approach for developed and developing countries of asia. 13 Şubat 2023 tarihinde https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00500-021-05871-6 adresinden erişildi.
  • Liang, X., Rozelle, S. & Yi, H. (2022). The impact of covid-19 on employment and income of vocational graduates in china: evidence from surveys in january and july 2020. China Economic Review, 75, 1-21.
  • Liotti, G. (2020). Labour market flexibility, economic crisis and youth unemployment in italy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 54, 150-162.
  • Liu, Z., Ngo, T. Q., Saydaliev, H. B., He, H. & Ali, S. (2022). How do trade openness, public expenditure and institutional performance affect unemployment in oic countries? evidence from the dcce approach. Economic Systems, 46(4),1-15.
  • Meyer, D. F. (2017). An analysis of the short and long-run effects of economic growth on employment in south africa. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 9(1), 177-193.
  • Michael, E. & Geetha, C. (2020). Macroeconomic factors that affecting youth unemployment in malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics, 7(2), 181-181.
  • Mkombe, D., Tufa, A. H., Alene, A. D., Manda, J., Feleke, S., Abdoulaye, T. & Manyong, V. (2021). The effects of foreign direct investment on youth unemployment in the southern african development community. Development Southern Africa, 38(6), 863-878.
  • Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Lozano-Rojas, F., Schmutte, I.M., Simon, K.I., Weinberg, B. A. & Wing, C. (2020). Determinants of disparities in covid-19 job losses. Working Paper No. 27132. Cambridge: NBER Publications.
  • Moulton, B. R. & Randolph, W. C. (1989). Alternative tests of the error components model. Econometrica, 57(3), 685-693.
  • Murat, S. & Şahin, L. (2011). Nedenleri ve sonuçları bakımından gençler arasında yaygınlaşan işsizlik. Sosyoloji Konferansları Dergisi, (44), 1-48.
  • O’Higgins, N. (1997). The challenge of youth unemployment. International Social Security Review, 50(4), 63-93.
  • OECD. (2021). OECD employment outlook 2021: navigating the covid-19 crisis and recovery. Paris: OECD Publishing. 8 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2021_5a700c4b- en#page4 adresinden erişildi.
  • OECD. (2022). OECD employment outlook 2022: building back more inclusive labour markets. Paris: OECD Publishing. 11 Eylül 2023 tarihinde https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2022_1bb305a6- en#page2 adresinden erişildi.
  • OECD. 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=STLABOUR# adresinden erişildi.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. Bonn: IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted lm test of error cross‐section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Rokhim, F., Novianti, T. & Anggraeni, L. (2023). The effect of investment on youth unemployment rate in indonesia. International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends, 9(1), 76-84.
  • Siddiqa, A. (2021). Determinants of unemployment in selected developing countries: a panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Impact, 3(1), 19-26.
  • Singh, N.B. & Lee, Y. (2023). An analysis of factors affecting malaysia’s youth unemployment rate. International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting, 4(1), 68-86.
  • Su, C. W., Dai, K., Ullah, S. & Andlib, Z. (2022). Covid-19 pandemic and unemployment dynamics in european economies. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 1752-1764.
  • Syafril, S.S., Nikensari, S. I. & Zahra, S.F. (2022). The effect of economic growth, inflation, and pandemic covid-19 as control variable on unemployment in indonesia 2018-2021. International Journal of Current Economics & Business Ventures, 2(1), 73-83.
  • Tanaya, O. & Suyanto (2023). Investigating the role of foreign direct investment on youth unemployment rate in indonesia. Binus Business Review, 14(2), 121-131.
  • Tomić, I. (2018). What drives youth unemployment in europe? economic vs non‐economic determinants. International Labour Review, 157(3), 379-408.
  • Verick, S. S. (2023). The challenge of youth employment: new findings and approaches. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 66(2), 421-437.
  • Wen, L.L., Misiran, M., Sapiri, H., Supadi, S.S. & Yusof, Z.M. (2022). Quantitative assessment of unemployment among youths in malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 18(5), 530-540.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
  • Yelwa, M., David, O.O.K. & Awe, E. O. (2015). Analysis of the relationship between inflation, unemployment and economic growth in nigeria: 1987-2012. Applied Economics and Finance, 2(3), 102-109.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020a). Panel veri ekonometrisi stata uygulamalı. Genişletilmiş 5. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020b). Panel zaman serileri analizi stata uygulamalı. 3. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Zielinski, M. (2022). The effect of the covıd-19 pandemic on the labor markets of the visegrad countries. Sustainability, 14(12), 1-20.
  • Zribi, T.E.G., Temmi, H. & Zrelli, N. (2014). Can labor market flexibility affect unemployment? a panel data analysis. Journal of Human Resources Management and Labor Studies, 2(1), 17-40.
  • Zulfa Azhar, N. (2023). The impact of foreign direct investment, economic growth, trade, and covid-19 on unemployment: evidences from mena. Muslim Business and Economics Review, 2(1), 125-141.

The Effects of the Selected Macroeconomic Factors and COVID-19 on Youth Unemployment in OECD Countries

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 18 - 36, 29.03.2024

Yasemin Arı Kovancı

https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1382337

Öz

Unemployment is one of the most important problems of both developed and developing countries. Among the parts who have been mostly affected by this problem, there is the young. Along with the COVID-19 pandemic having rapidly spread all over the world in 2020, the problem of youth unemployment has reached much more serious dimensions. In this study, it has been aimed to examine the effects of the selected macroeconomic factors such as economic growth, inflation, direct foreign investment and trade openness, and of COVID-19 on youth unemployment in OECD countries. Within the scope of the study, the period between 2000 and 2021 has been analysed and the panel data analysis method has been used. The obtained data have shown that the increase in the economic growth and in trade openness decreased the rate of youth unemployment but the rise in inflation increased the rate of youth unemployment in the examined period. Also, it has revealed that COVID-19 pandemic caused an increase in youth unemployment rate.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Youth Unemployment COVID-19 Panel Data Analysis

Kaynakça

  • Ali, M.S. & Almula-Dhanoon, M.D.Y. (2021). Determinants of youth unemployment in arab countries. Tikrit Journal of Administration and Economics Sciences, 17(54), 416-429.
  • Ali, S., Yusop, Z., Kaliappan, S. R. & Chin, L. (2020). Trade-induced unemployment in labor-abundant and capital-abundant oic countries: asymmetric evidence from quantile-on-quantile regression. International Economic Journal, 34(4), 682-702.
  • Ali, S., Yusop, Z., Kaliappan, S. R., Chin, L. & Meo, M. S. (2022). Impact of trade openness, human capital, public expenditure and institutional performance on unemployment: evidence from oic countries. International Journal of Manpower, 43(5), 1108-1125.
  • Awad, A. (2019). Economic globalisation and youth unemployment-evidence from african countries. International Economic Journal, 33(2), 252-269.
  • Baltagi, B. H. & Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with ar(1) disturbances. Econometric Theory, 15(6), 814-823.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. Third Edition, England: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Bayrak, R. & Tatli, H. (2018). The determinants of youth unemployment: a panel data analysis of oecd countries. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 15(2), 231-248.
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L. & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549.
  • Bruno, G.S.F., Choudhry Tanveer, M., Marelli, E. & Signorelli, M. (2017). The short-and long-run impacts of financial crises on youth unemployment in oecd countries. Applied Economics, 49(34), 3372-3394.
  • Choudhry, M., Marelli, E. & Signorelli, M. (2012a). Key determinants of youth unemployment in oecd countries. 3 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Key-Determinants-of-Youth-Unemployment-in-OECD-Choudhry Marelli/e848ae3c3c206ee6a6d03c7961e6daae39285916 adresinden erişildi.
  • Choudhry, M. T., Marelli, E. & Signorelli, M. (2012b). Youth unemployment rate and impact of financial crises. International Journal of Manpower, 33(1), 76-95.
  • Driscoll, J. C. & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2015). Do icts reduce youth unemployment in mena countries?. Working Paper No. 964. Giza: Economic Research Forum.
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2016). Determinants of youth unemployment in oic member states: a dynamic panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 37(2), 81-102.
  • Ekin, N. (1980). Gençlerin işsizlik sorunu. Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, (18), 39-50.
  • Greene, W. (2000). Econometric analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Gündoğan, N. (1999). Genç işsizliği ve avrupa birliği’ne üye ülkelerde uygulanan genç istihdam politikaları. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 54(1), 63-79.
  • Güriş, S., Çağlayan Akay, E. & Güriş, B. (2017). EViews ile temel ekonometri. 3. Basım, İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Güvenoğlu, H. & Bayır, M. (2020). Genç işsizliği etkileyen faktörlere ilişkin ampirik bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2),19-36.
  • Hasan, Z. & Sasana, H. (2020). Determinants of youth unemployment rate in asean. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 9(3), 6687-6691.
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251-1271.
  • Ihensekhien, O.A & Aisien, L.N. (2019). Growth-youth unemployment nexus in upper-middle-income countries in sub saharan africa. Turkish Economic Review, 6(1), 62-76.
  • ILO. (2011). Tackling youth employment challenges: an overview of possible actions and policy considerations. Turin: International Training Centre of the ILO.
  • ILO. (2020). ILO monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Fourth edition updated estimates and analysis. Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • ILO. (2022). Global employment trends for youth 2022: investing in transforming futures for young people. Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • ILO. (2023). World employment and social outlook: trends 2023. Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • Kang, Y. D. (2021). Determinants of youth unemployment: empirical analysis of oecd and eu member countries. Journal of Economic Development, 46(3), 111-133.
  • Katris, C. (2021). Unemployment and covid-19 impact in greece: a vector autoregression (var) data analysis. 17 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/5/1/41 adresinden erişildi.
  • Kılınç, E. C. (2021). Covid-19 salgını ve işsizlik oranları ilişkisi: oecd ülkeleri örneği. KAÜİİBFD, 12(24), 922-945.
  • Kukaj, H., Nimani, A. & Usaj, V. (2022). Foreign direct investment, economic growth, and unemployment: evidence from developing countries. Journal of Governance and Regulation, 11(2), 293-300.
  • Lai, H., Khan, Y. A., Thaljaoui, A., Chammam, W. & Abbas, S. Z. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and unemployment rate: a hybrid unemployment rate prediction approach for developed and developing countries of asia. 13 Şubat 2023 tarihinde https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00500-021-05871-6 adresinden erişildi.
  • Liang, X., Rozelle, S. & Yi, H. (2022). The impact of covid-19 on employment and income of vocational graduates in china: evidence from surveys in january and july 2020. China Economic Review, 75, 1-21.
  • Liotti, G. (2020). Labour market flexibility, economic crisis and youth unemployment in italy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 54, 150-162.
  • Liu, Z., Ngo, T. Q., Saydaliev, H. B., He, H. & Ali, S. (2022). How do trade openness, public expenditure and institutional performance affect unemployment in oic countries? evidence from the dcce approach. Economic Systems, 46(4),1-15.
  • Meyer, D. F. (2017). An analysis of the short and long-run effects of economic growth on employment in south africa. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 9(1), 177-193.
  • Michael, E. & Geetha, C. (2020). Macroeconomic factors that affecting youth unemployment in malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics, 7(2), 181-181.
  • Mkombe, D., Tufa, A. H., Alene, A. D., Manda, J., Feleke, S., Abdoulaye, T. & Manyong, V. (2021). The effects of foreign direct investment on youth unemployment in the southern african development community. Development Southern Africa, 38(6), 863-878.
  • Montenovo, L., Jiang, X., Lozano-Rojas, F., Schmutte, I.M., Simon, K.I., Weinberg, B. A. & Wing, C. (2020). Determinants of disparities in covid-19 job losses. Working Paper No. 27132. Cambridge: NBER Publications.
  • Moulton, B. R. & Randolph, W. C. (1989). Alternative tests of the error components model. Econometrica, 57(3), 685-693.
  • Murat, S. & Şahin, L. (2011). Nedenleri ve sonuçları bakımından gençler arasında yaygınlaşan işsizlik. Sosyoloji Konferansları Dergisi, (44), 1-48.
  • O’Higgins, N. (1997). The challenge of youth unemployment. International Social Security Review, 50(4), 63-93.
  • OECD. (2021). OECD employment outlook 2021: navigating the covid-19 crisis and recovery. Paris: OECD Publishing. 8 Ocak 2023 tarihinde https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2021_5a700c4b- en#page4 adresinden erişildi.
  • OECD. (2022). OECD employment outlook 2022: building back more inclusive labour markets. Paris: OECD Publishing. 11 Eylül 2023 tarihinde https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2022_1bb305a6- en#page2 adresinden erişildi.
  • OECD. 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=STLABOUR# adresinden erişildi.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. Bonn: IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted lm test of error cross‐section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Rokhim, F., Novianti, T. & Anggraeni, L. (2023). The effect of investment on youth unemployment rate in indonesia. International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends, 9(1), 76-84.
  • Siddiqa, A. (2021). Determinants of unemployment in selected developing countries: a panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Impact, 3(1), 19-26.
  • Singh, N.B. & Lee, Y. (2023). An analysis of factors affecting malaysia’s youth unemployment rate. International Journal of Management, Finance and Accounting, 4(1), 68-86.
  • Su, C. W., Dai, K., Ullah, S. & Andlib, Z. (2022). Covid-19 pandemic and unemployment dynamics in european economies. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 1752-1764.
  • Syafril, S.S., Nikensari, S. I. & Zahra, S.F. (2022). The effect of economic growth, inflation, and pandemic covid-19 as control variable on unemployment in indonesia 2018-2021. International Journal of Current Economics & Business Ventures, 2(1), 73-83.
  • Tanaya, O. & Suyanto (2023). Investigating the role of foreign direct investment on youth unemployment rate in indonesia. Binus Business Review, 14(2), 121-131.
  • Tomić, I. (2018). What drives youth unemployment in europe? economic vs non‐economic determinants. International Labour Review, 157(3), 379-408.
  • Verick, S. S. (2023). The challenge of youth employment: new findings and approaches. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 66(2), 421-437.
  • Wen, L.L., Misiran, M., Sapiri, H., Supadi, S.S. & Yusof, Z.M. (2022). Quantitative assessment of unemployment among youths in malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 18(5), 530-540.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
  • Yelwa, M., David, O.O.K. & Awe, E. O. (2015). Analysis of the relationship between inflation, unemployment and economic growth in nigeria: 1987-2012. Applied Economics and Finance, 2(3), 102-109.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020a). Panel veri ekonometrisi stata uygulamalı. Genişletilmiş 5. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020b). Panel zaman serileri analizi stata uygulamalı. 3. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Zielinski, M. (2022). The effect of the covıd-19 pandemic on the labor markets of the visegrad countries. Sustainability, 14(12), 1-20.
  • Zribi, T.E.G., Temmi, H. & Zrelli, N. (2014). Can labor market flexibility affect unemployment? a panel data analysis. Journal of Human Resources Management and Labor Studies, 2(1), 17-40.
  • Zulfa Azhar, N. (2023). The impact of foreign direct investment, economic growth, trade, and covid-19 on unemployment: evidences from mena. Muslim Business and Economics Review, 2(1), 125-141.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yasemin Arı Kovancı 0000-0002-2730-6216

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 2 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Arı Kovancı, Y. (2024). Seçilmiş Makroekonomik Faktörler ve COVID-19’un OECD Ülkelerinde Genç İşsizliği Üzerine Etkileri. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(1), 18-36. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1382337
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