Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Sosyal Biliş Becerilerinin Sosyal Kaygı Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Etkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: Ek 1, 226 - 241, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1167103

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı sosyal kaygı ile sosyal biliş becerileri (duygu tanıma/ayırt etme, zihin kuramı, atıf yanlılığı, sosyal işlevsellik) arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve sosyal biliş becerilerinin sosyal kaygıyı yordama gücünü araştırmaktır. Çalışmada ayrıca sosyal kaygı, sosyal biliş becerileri ve depresyon puanlarının cinsiyet, yaş, bildirilen tanı durumu ve sosyal kaygı düzeyine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini, 18-60 yaşları arasında bulunan toplam 385 kişi oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verileri çevrimiçi olarak Liebowitz Sosyal Anksiyete Ölçeği, Yüzde Dışavuran Duyguların Tanınması ve Ayırt Edilmesi Testi, Gözlerden Zihin Okuma Testi, İçsel, Kişisel ve Durumsal Atıflar Ölçeği, Sosyal İşlevsellik Ölçeği, Beck Depresyon Envanteri ve Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu kullanılarak katılımcılardan toplanmıştır. Sosyal kaygı ile duygu tanıma, duygu ayırt etme ve gözlerden zihin okuma arasında negatif, dışsallaştırma yanlılığı ve depresyon ile ise pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Depresyon, duygu tanıma ve ayırt etme, gözlerden zihin okuma ve öncül sosyal etkinlikler ölçek puanlarının sosyal kaygıyı anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Bu değişkenler sosyal kaygıya ilişkin toplam varyansın %52’sini açıklamaktadır. Ayrıca, depresyon etkisi kontrol edildiğinde sosyal biliş becerilerinin sosyal kaygıya ilişkin varyansın %32’sini açıkladığı görülmüştür. Sosyal biliş becerilerindeki bozulmanın ve depresyon puanlarının sosyal kaygının artışıyla ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, sosyal kaygıyı önlemeye yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Müdahale programları içerisinde bireylerin kişilerarası iletişimi için önemli olan sosyal biliş becerilerini geliştirmeye yönelik etkinliklere yer verilmesinin yararlı olacağı önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Albert PR (2015) Why is depression more prevalent in women?. J Psychiatry Neurosci; JPN, 40(4):219.
  • Altemus M, Sarvaiya N, Epperson CN (2014) Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol, 35(3):320-330.
  • Alvi T, Kouros CD, Lee J, Fulford D, Tabak BA (2020) Social anxiety is negatively associated with theory of mind and empathic accuracy. J Abnorm Psychol, 129(1):108.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (APA) (2013) Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı (DSM-5): Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı (5. Basım) (Çeviri Ed. E Köroğlu). Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2000) Psikiyatride Hastalıkların Tanımlanması ve Sınıflandırılması Elkitabı (Yeniden Gözden Geçirilmiş 4. Baskı) (DSM-IV-TR) (Çeviri Ed. E Köroğlu). Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Andersson G (2014) The internet and CBT: A clinical guide. CRC Press.
  • Albert PR (2015) Why is depression more prevalent in women?. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 40(4):219.
  • Alden LE, Taylor CT (2004) Interpersonal processes in social phobia. Clin Psychol Rev, 24(7):857-882.
  • Altemus M, Sarvaiya N, Neill Epperson C (2014) Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol, 35(3):320-330.
  • Arrais KC, Machado-de-Sousa JP, Trzesniak C, Santos Filho A, Ferrari MCF, Osório FL et al. (2010) Social anxiety disorder women easily recognize fearfull, sad and happy faces: the influence of gender. J Psychiatr Res, 44(8):535-540.
  • Asher M, Asnaani A, Aderka IM (2017) Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: A review. Clin Psychol Rev, 56:1-12.
  • Ballespí S, Vives J, Sharp C, Tobar A, Barrantes-Vidal N (2019) Hypermentalizing in social anxiety: Evidence for a context-dependent relationship. Front Psychol, 10:1501.
  • Bandelow B, Michaelis S (2015) Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 17(3):327.
  • Baron-Cohen S (2010) Empathizing, systemizing, and the extreme male brain theory of autism. Prog Brain Res, 186:167–175.
  • Bayraktutan M (2014) Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu olan hastalarda empati becerisi, aleksitimi, depresyon, anksiyete düzeyleri ile sempatik deri yanıtı ilişkisi ve tıbbi tedavinin etkileri (Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi) Denizli, Pamukkale Üniversitesi.
  • Beesdo K, Bittner A, Pine DS, Stein MB, Höfler M, Lieb R et al. (2007) Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64(8):903-912.
  • Beidel DC, Turner SM (2007) Shy children, phobic adults: Nature and treatment of social anxiety disorder. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
  • Bellack AS, Sayers M, Mueser KT, Bennett M (1994) Evaluation of social problem solving in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol, 103(2):371.
  • Berksun OE (2003) Anksiyete ve anksiyete bozuklukları. İstanbul, Turgut Yayıncılık.
  • Boettcher J, Berger T, Renneberg B (2012) Internet-based attention training for social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Cognit Ther Res, 36(5):522-536.
  • Bora E, Pantelis C (2016a) Meta-analysis of social cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Comparison with healthy controls and autistic spectrum disorder. Psychol Med, 46(4):699-716.
  • Bora E, Pantelis C (2016b) Social cognition in schizophrenia in comparison to bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res, 175(1):72-78.
  • Brosan L, Hoppitt L, Shelfer L, Sillence A, Mackintosh B (2011) Cognitive bias modification for attention and interpretation reduces trait and state anxiety in anxious patients referred to an out-patient service: Results from a pilot study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 42(3):258-264.
  • Brune M (2001) Social cognition and psychopathology in an evolutionary prespective: Current status and proposals for research. Psychopathology, 34(2):85.
  • Brüne M, Brüne-Cohrs U (2006) Theory of mind—evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 30(4):437-455.
  • Buhlmann U, Wacker R, Dziobek I (2015) Inferring other people's states of mind: Comparison across social anxiety, body dysmorphic, and obsessive–compulsive disorders. J Anxiety Disord, 34:107-113.
  • Campbell DW, Sareen J, Stein MB, Kravetsky LB, Paulus MP, Hassard ST et al. (2009) Happy but not so approachable: the social judgments of individuals with generalized social phobia. Depress Anxiety, 26(5):419-424.
  • Carlbring P, Andersson G, Cuijpers P, Riper H, Hedman-Lagerlöf E (2018) Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther, 47(1):1-18.
  • Chen J, Short M, Kemps E (2020) Interpretation bias in social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord, 276:1119-1130.
  • Chu X, Wang Q, Huang W, Wang Y, Yu J, Zhou Y et al. (2022) Neuroticism and problematic online gaming: The mediating role of social anxiety and the moderating role of family socioeconomic status. Curr Psychol, 1-10.
  • Clark DM, McManus F (2002) Information processing in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry, 51(1):92-100.
  • Clark DM, Wells A (1995) A cognitive model of social phobia. In RG Heimberg, MR Liebowitz, Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (Eds. DA Hope, FR Schneier):69-93. The Guilford Press.
  • Cook J M, Riggs DS, Thompson R, Coyne JC, Sheikh JI (2004) Posttraumatic stress disorder and current relationship functioning among World War II ex-prisoners of war. J Fam Psychol, 18(1):36.
  • Corrigan PW, Wallace CJ, Green MF (1992) Deficits in social schemata in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 8(2):129-135.
  • Crick NR, Dodge KA (1994) A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychol Bull, 115(1):74.
  • Di Girolamo M, Giromini L, Bosi J, Warmelink L, La Scala I, Loiacono C et al. (2021) The role played by theory of mind and empathy in the feigning of psychopathology. Int J Forensic Ment Health, 1-14.
  • Ermiş EN, Kantarcı S (2016) Investigation effect of moderator role of using social media and social communication between skills of recognition and distinguish emotional facial expressions and social anxiety in relationship. Int J Soc Sci Educ Res, 2(2):583-591.
  • Fiske AP (1992) The four elementary forms of sociality: framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychol Rev, 99(4):689.
  • Folz J, Akdağ R, Nikolic M, van Steenbergen H, Kret M (2022) Facial mimicry and metacognitive judgments in emotion recognition–modulated by social anxiety and autistic traits?. Available from: URL:https://psyarxiv.com/e7w6k/. Accessed date: 26.07.2022
  • Franklin ME, Huppert J, Langner R, Leiberg S, Foa EB (2005) Interpretation bias: A comparison of treated social phobics, untreated social phobics, and controls. Cognit Ther Res, 29(3):289-300.
  • Gallagher HL, Frith CD (2003) Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind’. Trends Cogn Sci, 7(2):77-83.
  • Gallagher HL, Happé F, Brunswick N, Fletcher PC, Frith U, Frith CD (2000) Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of ‘theory of mind’in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Neuropsychologia, 38(1):11-21.
  • Garner M, Clarke G, Graystone H, Baldwin DS (2011) Defensive startle response to emotional social cues in social anxiety. Psychiatry Res, 186(1):150-152.
  • Garner M, Baldwin DS, Bradley BP, Mogg K (2009) Impaired identification of fearful faces in Generalised Social Phobia. J Affect Disord, 115(3):460-465.
  • Goldin PR, Jazaieri H, Ziv M, Kraemer H, Heimberg R, Gross JJ (2013) Changes in Positive Self-Views Mediate the Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. Clin Psychol Sci, 1(3):301–310.
  • Gotlib IH, Whiffen VE (1989) Depression and marital functioning: an examination of specificity and gender differences. J Abnorm Psychol, 98(1):23.
  • Green MF, Penn DL, Bentall R, Carpenter WT, Gaebel W, Gur RC et al. (2008) Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophr Bull, 34(6):1211-1220.
  • Gur RE, Gur RC (2022) Gender differences in aging: cognition, emotions, and neuroimaging studies. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 4(2):197-210.
  • Harrington L, Siegert R, McClure J (2005) Theory of mind in schizophrenia: A critical review. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 10(4):249-286.
  • Heimberg RG, Brozovich FA, Rapee RM (2010) A cognitive behavioural model of social anxiety: Update and extension. In Social anxiety clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (Eds G Hofmann, PM Dibartolo):395–422. New York, Academic Press.
  • Henry JD, Cowan DG, Lee T, Sachdev PS (2015) Recent trends in testing social cognition. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 28(2):133-140.
  • Henry JD, Phillips LH, Crawford JR, Ietswaart M, Summers F (2006) Theory of mind following traumatic brain injury: The role of emotion recognition and executive dysfunction. Neuropsychologia, 44(10):1623-1628.
  • Hezel DM, McNally RJ (2014) Theory of mind impairments in social anxiety disorder. Behav Ther, 45(4):530-540.
  • Hofmann SG (2007) Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cogn Behav Ther, 36(4):193-209.
  • Jacobs M, Snow J, Geraci M, Vythilingam M, Blair RJR, Charney DS et al. (2008) Association between level of emotional intelligence and severity of anxiety in generalized social phobia. J Anxiety Disord, 22(8):1487-1495.
  • Kara N (2019) TAT Sosyal Biliş ve Nesne İlişkileri Ölçeği Global (SCORS-G)’in DSM-IV ve ICD-10 Kişilik Bozuklukları Değerlendirmesini (DIP-Q) Yordama Gücü (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Aydın, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi.
  • Kartal-Yağız A, Kuğu N, Kavakçı Ö, Semiz M (2016) Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğunda öfke ifadesinin beden imgesi ve yeme tutumu ile ilişkisi. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 27(1):15-22.
  • Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen HU (2012) Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 21(3):169-184.
  • Kinderman P, Bentall RP (1996) A new measure of causal locus: the internal, personal and situational attributions questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif, 20(2):261-264.
  • Leber S, Heidenreich T, Stangier U, Hofmann SG (2009) Processing of facial affect under social threat in socially anxious adults: mood matters. Depress Anxiety, 26(2):196-206.
  • Lenton-Brym AP, Moscovitch DA, Vidovic V, Nilsen E, Friedman O (2018) Theory of mind ability in high socially anxious individuals. Anxiety Stress Coping, 31(5):487-499.
  • Levitan MN, Nardi AE (2009) Social skill deficits in socially anxious subjects. World J Biol Psychiatry, 10(4-3):702-709.
  • Lyvers M, Salviani A, Costan S, Thorberg FA (2022) Alexithymia, narcissism and social anxiety in relation to social media and internet addiction symptoms. Int J Psychol:1-7.
  • Mackintosh B, Mathews A, Eckstein D, Hoppitt L (2013) Specificity effects in the modification of interpretation bias and stress reactivity. J Exp Psychopathol, 4(2):133-147.
  • Mathews A, MacLeod C (2005) Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 1(1):167-195.
  • Mayer JD, Caruso D, Salovey P (1999) Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27:267–298.
  • McClure EB (2000) A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychol Bull, 126:424–453.
  • McEvoy PM, Saulsman LM, Rapee RM (2018) Imagery-enhanced CBT for social anxiety disorder. Guilford Publications.
  • Moscovitch DA, Antony MM, Swinson RP (2009) Exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders: Theory and process. In Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders, (Eds MM Anthony, MB Stein):461-475.
  • Murphy R, Hirsch CR, Mathews A, Smith K, Clark DM (2007) Facilitating a benign interpretation bias in a high socially anxious population. Behav Res Ther, 45(7):1517-1529.
  • Nezlek JB, Hampton CP, Shean GD (2000) Clinical depression and day-to-day social interaction in a community sample. J Abnorm Psychol, 109(1):11.
  • Newman MG (2004) Technology in psychotherapy: An introduction. J Clin Psychol, 60(2):141-145.
  • Oğuzhanoğlu NK, Bayraktutan M, Varma GS, Uğurlu TT (2019) Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğunda aleksitimi ve sempatik deri yanıtları üzerine ilaç ve psikodrama grup terapisinin etkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(4).
  • Olgun-Kaval N (2021) Sosyal anksiyete belirtilerini azaltmaya yönelik internet temelli bir sosyal biliş eğitim programının uyarlanması ve etkililiğinin incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Pequet A, Warnell KR (2021) Thinking of you: Relations between mind‐mindedness, theory of mind, and social anxiety traits in middle childhood and adulthood. Social Development, 30:95-112.
  • Peters KD, Constans JI, Mathews A (2011) Experimental modification of attribution processes. J Abnorm Psychol, 120(1):168.
  • Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Tancer ME (2006) Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry, 59(5):424-429.
  • Plana I, Lavoie MA, Battaglia M, Achim AM (2014) A meta-analysis and scoping review of social cognition performance in social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord, 28(2):169-177.
  • Rapee RM, Heimberg RG (1997) A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behav Res Ther, 35(8):741-756.
  • Ronchi L, Banerjee R, Lecce S (2020) Theory of mind and peer relationships: The role of social anxiety. Social Development, 29(2):478-493.
  • Rosello B, Berenguer C, Baixauli I, García R, Miranda A (2020) Theory of mind profiles in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Adaptive/social skills and pragmatic competence. Front Psychol, 11.
  • Rosmarin DH, Bourque LM, Antony MM, McCabe RE (2009) Interpretation bias in panic disorder: self-referential or global?. Cognit Ther Res, 33(6):624.
  • Salemink E, van den Hout M, Kindt M (2007) Trained interpretive bias: Validity and effects on anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 38(2):212-224.
  • Scherer KR, Scherer U (2011) Assessing the ability to recognize facial and vocal expressions of emotion: Construction and validation of the emotion recognition ındex. J Nonverbal Behav, 35:305.
  • Schmidt KL, Cohn JF (2001) Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research. Am J Phys Anthropol, 116(S33):3-24.
  • Sharp C, Pane H, Ha C, Venta A, Patel AB, Sturek J et al. (2011) Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits. J Am Acad Child Psy, 50(6):563-573.
  • Stallard P (2010) Mental health prevention in UK classrooms: The FRIENDS anxiety prevention programme. Emot Behav Diffic, 15(1):23-35.
  • Stone VE, Baron-Cohen S, Knight RT (1998) Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. J Cogn Neurosci, 10(5):640-656.
  • Stopa L, Clark DM (2000) Social phobia and interpretation of social events. Behav Res Ther, 38(3):273-283.
  • Straube T, Kolassa IT, Glauer M, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH (2004) Effect of task conditions on brain responses to threatening faces in social phobics: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry, 56(12):921-930.
  • Taş C (2011) Şizofreni hastalarında aile etkileşimli sosyal biliş geliştirme programının etkinliği (Uzmanlık tezi). Manisa, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi.
  • Thayer J, Johnsen BH (2000) Sex differences in judgement of facial affect: A multivariate analysis of recognition errors. Scand J Psychol, 41(3):243-246.
  • Tibi-Elhanany Y, Shamay-Tsoory S (2011) Social cognition in social anxiety: First evidence for increased empathic abilities. Isr J Psychiatry, 48(2):98-106.
  • Tirapu-Ustárroz J, Pérez-Sayes G, Erekatxo-Bilbao M, Pelegrín-Valero C (2007) What is theory of mind?. Rev Neurol, 44(8):479-489.
  • Todd AR, Forstmann M, Burgmer P, Brooks AW, Galinsky AD (2015) Anxious and egocentric: How specific emotions influence perspective taking. J Exp Psychol Gen, 144(2):374.
  • Turan M (2018) Türkiye’nin yeni yönetim düzeni: Cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemi. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 7(3):42-91.
  • Turner SM, Beidel DC, Dancu CV, Keys DJ (1986) Psychopathology of social phobia and comparison to avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 95(4):389.
  • Uğurpala C (2018) Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu eştanılı ve eştanısız sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu hastalarında sosyal bilişsel işlevlerin karşılaştırılması (Uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Valença AM, Nardi AE, Nascimento I, Lopes FL, Freire RC, Mezzasalma MA et al. (2005) Do social anxiety disorder patients belong to a bipolar spectrum subgroup?. J Affect Disord, 86(1):11-18.
  • Vierck E, Joyce PR (2015) Influence of personality and neuropsychological ability on social functioning and self-management in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res, 229(3):715-723.
  • Yıldırım E, Alptekin K (2012) Şizofrenide öne çıkan yeni bir boyut: Sosyal biliş. Dusunen Adam, 25(4):368-375.
  • Yılmaz G (2016) Şizofreni tanısı alan hastaların zihin kuramı işlevleri ve sosyal değerlendirilme kaygısı düzeyleri açısından sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu tanılı hastalar ve sağlıklı kontroller ile karşılaştırılması (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi) İstanbul, İstanbul Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı ve Sinir Has. Eğt. ve Arş. Hastanesi.
  • Yoon KL, Fitzgerald DA, Angstadt M, McCarron RA, Phan KL (2007) Amygdala reactivity to emotional faces at high and low intensity in generalized social phobia: A 4-Tesla functional MRI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 154(1):93-98.
  • Youmans GL (2004) Theory of mind performance of individuals with alzheimer-type dementia profiles (Doctorial Thesis) Florida, Florida State University.
  • Washburn D, Wilson G, Roes M, Rnic K, Harkness KL (2016) Theory of mind in social anxiety disorder, depression, and comorbid conditions. J Anxiety Disord, 37:71-77.
  • Zeppegno P, Gramaglia C, Antona M, Gili S, Marchisio S, Gogliani A et al. (2014) Psychopathology, personality and theory of mind in a sample of university students. Riv Psichiatr, 49(3):132-139.
  • Zullow HM, Oettingen G, Peterson C, Seligman ME (1988) Pessimistic explanatory style in the historical record: CAVing LBJ, presidential candidates, and East versus West Berlin. Am Psychol, 43(9):673.

Predictive Effect of Social Cognitive Skills on Social Anxiety

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: Ek 1, 226 - 241, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1167103

Öz

The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social anxiety and social cognition skills (emotion identification/discrimination, theory of mind, attribution bias, social functioning) and to investigate the predictive power of social cognition skills on social anxiety. In the study, it was also investigated whether social anxiety, social cognition skills and depression scores differed according to gender, age, reported diagnosis status and anxiety level. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 385 participants between the ages of 18-60. The research data were collected from the participants online using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the Facial Emotion Identification and Facial Emotion Discrimination Tests, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributes Scale, the Social Functioning Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Sociodemographic Information Form. It was determined that there was a negative relationship between social anxiety and emotion recognition, emotion discrimination and mind reading, and a positive relationship with externalization bias and depression. It was found that depression, emotion recognition and discrimination, mind reading, and antecedent social activities scale scores significantly predicted social anxiety. These variables explain 52% of the total variance related to social anxiety. In addition, when the depression effect was controlled, it was seen that social cognition skills explained 32% of the variance related to social anxiety. It was determined that the deterioration in social cognition skills and depression scores were associated with an increase in social anxiety. According to the results obtained from the research, suggestions were made to prevent social anxiety. It is suggested that it would be beneficial to include activities to develop social cognition skills, which are important for individuals' interpersonal communication, within intervention programs.

Kaynakça

  • Albert PR (2015) Why is depression more prevalent in women?. J Psychiatry Neurosci; JPN, 40(4):219.
  • Altemus M, Sarvaiya N, Epperson CN (2014) Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol, 35(3):320-330.
  • Alvi T, Kouros CD, Lee J, Fulford D, Tabak BA (2020) Social anxiety is negatively associated with theory of mind and empathic accuracy. J Abnorm Psychol, 129(1):108.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (APA) (2013) Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı (DSM-5): Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı (5. Basım) (Çeviri Ed. E Köroğlu). Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2000) Psikiyatride Hastalıkların Tanımlanması ve Sınıflandırılması Elkitabı (Yeniden Gözden Geçirilmiş 4. Baskı) (DSM-IV-TR) (Çeviri Ed. E Köroğlu). Ankara, Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Andersson G (2014) The internet and CBT: A clinical guide. CRC Press.
  • Albert PR (2015) Why is depression more prevalent in women?. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 40(4):219.
  • Alden LE, Taylor CT (2004) Interpersonal processes in social phobia. Clin Psychol Rev, 24(7):857-882.
  • Altemus M, Sarvaiya N, Neill Epperson C (2014) Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol, 35(3):320-330.
  • Arrais KC, Machado-de-Sousa JP, Trzesniak C, Santos Filho A, Ferrari MCF, Osório FL et al. (2010) Social anxiety disorder women easily recognize fearfull, sad and happy faces: the influence of gender. J Psychiatr Res, 44(8):535-540.
  • Asher M, Asnaani A, Aderka IM (2017) Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: A review. Clin Psychol Rev, 56:1-12.
  • Ballespí S, Vives J, Sharp C, Tobar A, Barrantes-Vidal N (2019) Hypermentalizing in social anxiety: Evidence for a context-dependent relationship. Front Psychol, 10:1501.
  • Bandelow B, Michaelis S (2015) Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 17(3):327.
  • Baron-Cohen S (2010) Empathizing, systemizing, and the extreme male brain theory of autism. Prog Brain Res, 186:167–175.
  • Bayraktutan M (2014) Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu olan hastalarda empati becerisi, aleksitimi, depresyon, anksiyete düzeyleri ile sempatik deri yanıtı ilişkisi ve tıbbi tedavinin etkileri (Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi) Denizli, Pamukkale Üniversitesi.
  • Beesdo K, Bittner A, Pine DS, Stein MB, Höfler M, Lieb R et al. (2007) Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 64(8):903-912.
  • Beidel DC, Turner SM (2007) Shy children, phobic adults: Nature and treatment of social anxiety disorder. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
  • Bellack AS, Sayers M, Mueser KT, Bennett M (1994) Evaluation of social problem solving in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol, 103(2):371.
  • Berksun OE (2003) Anksiyete ve anksiyete bozuklukları. İstanbul, Turgut Yayıncılık.
  • Boettcher J, Berger T, Renneberg B (2012) Internet-based attention training for social anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. Cognit Ther Res, 36(5):522-536.
  • Bora E, Pantelis C (2016a) Meta-analysis of social cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Comparison with healthy controls and autistic spectrum disorder. Psychol Med, 46(4):699-716.
  • Bora E, Pantelis C (2016b) Social cognition in schizophrenia in comparison to bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res, 175(1):72-78.
  • Brosan L, Hoppitt L, Shelfer L, Sillence A, Mackintosh B (2011) Cognitive bias modification for attention and interpretation reduces trait and state anxiety in anxious patients referred to an out-patient service: Results from a pilot study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 42(3):258-264.
  • Brune M (2001) Social cognition and psychopathology in an evolutionary prespective: Current status and proposals for research. Psychopathology, 34(2):85.
  • Brüne M, Brüne-Cohrs U (2006) Theory of mind—evolution, ontogeny, brain mechanisms and psychopathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 30(4):437-455.
  • Buhlmann U, Wacker R, Dziobek I (2015) Inferring other people's states of mind: Comparison across social anxiety, body dysmorphic, and obsessive–compulsive disorders. J Anxiety Disord, 34:107-113.
  • Campbell DW, Sareen J, Stein MB, Kravetsky LB, Paulus MP, Hassard ST et al. (2009) Happy but not so approachable: the social judgments of individuals with generalized social phobia. Depress Anxiety, 26(5):419-424.
  • Carlbring P, Andersson G, Cuijpers P, Riper H, Hedman-Lagerlöf E (2018) Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther, 47(1):1-18.
  • Chen J, Short M, Kemps E (2020) Interpretation bias in social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord, 276:1119-1130.
  • Chu X, Wang Q, Huang W, Wang Y, Yu J, Zhou Y et al. (2022) Neuroticism and problematic online gaming: The mediating role of social anxiety and the moderating role of family socioeconomic status. Curr Psychol, 1-10.
  • Clark DM, McManus F (2002) Information processing in social phobia. Biol Psychiatry, 51(1):92-100.
  • Clark DM, Wells A (1995) A cognitive model of social phobia. In RG Heimberg, MR Liebowitz, Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (Eds. DA Hope, FR Schneier):69-93. The Guilford Press.
  • Cook J M, Riggs DS, Thompson R, Coyne JC, Sheikh JI (2004) Posttraumatic stress disorder and current relationship functioning among World War II ex-prisoners of war. J Fam Psychol, 18(1):36.
  • Corrigan PW, Wallace CJ, Green MF (1992) Deficits in social schemata in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 8(2):129-135.
  • Crick NR, Dodge KA (1994) A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychol Bull, 115(1):74.
  • Di Girolamo M, Giromini L, Bosi J, Warmelink L, La Scala I, Loiacono C et al. (2021) The role played by theory of mind and empathy in the feigning of psychopathology. Int J Forensic Ment Health, 1-14.
  • Ermiş EN, Kantarcı S (2016) Investigation effect of moderator role of using social media and social communication between skills of recognition and distinguish emotional facial expressions and social anxiety in relationship. Int J Soc Sci Educ Res, 2(2):583-591.
  • Fiske AP (1992) The four elementary forms of sociality: framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychol Rev, 99(4):689.
  • Folz J, Akdağ R, Nikolic M, van Steenbergen H, Kret M (2022) Facial mimicry and metacognitive judgments in emotion recognition–modulated by social anxiety and autistic traits?. Available from: URL:https://psyarxiv.com/e7w6k/. Accessed date: 26.07.2022
  • Franklin ME, Huppert J, Langner R, Leiberg S, Foa EB (2005) Interpretation bias: A comparison of treated social phobics, untreated social phobics, and controls. Cognit Ther Res, 29(3):289-300.
  • Gallagher HL, Frith CD (2003) Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind’. Trends Cogn Sci, 7(2):77-83.
  • Gallagher HL, Happé F, Brunswick N, Fletcher PC, Frith U, Frith CD (2000) Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of ‘theory of mind’in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Neuropsychologia, 38(1):11-21.
  • Garner M, Clarke G, Graystone H, Baldwin DS (2011) Defensive startle response to emotional social cues in social anxiety. Psychiatry Res, 186(1):150-152.
  • Garner M, Baldwin DS, Bradley BP, Mogg K (2009) Impaired identification of fearful faces in Generalised Social Phobia. J Affect Disord, 115(3):460-465.
  • Goldin PR, Jazaieri H, Ziv M, Kraemer H, Heimberg R, Gross JJ (2013) Changes in Positive Self-Views Mediate the Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. Clin Psychol Sci, 1(3):301–310.
  • Gotlib IH, Whiffen VE (1989) Depression and marital functioning: an examination of specificity and gender differences. J Abnorm Psychol, 98(1):23.
  • Green MF, Penn DL, Bentall R, Carpenter WT, Gaebel W, Gur RC et al. (2008) Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophr Bull, 34(6):1211-1220.
  • Gur RE, Gur RC (2022) Gender differences in aging: cognition, emotions, and neuroimaging studies. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 4(2):197-210.
  • Harrington L, Siegert R, McClure J (2005) Theory of mind in schizophrenia: A critical review. Cogn Neuropsychiatry, 10(4):249-286.
  • Heimberg RG, Brozovich FA, Rapee RM (2010) A cognitive behavioural model of social anxiety: Update and extension. In Social anxiety clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (Eds G Hofmann, PM Dibartolo):395–422. New York, Academic Press.
  • Henry JD, Cowan DG, Lee T, Sachdev PS (2015) Recent trends in testing social cognition. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 28(2):133-140.
  • Henry JD, Phillips LH, Crawford JR, Ietswaart M, Summers F (2006) Theory of mind following traumatic brain injury: The role of emotion recognition and executive dysfunction. Neuropsychologia, 44(10):1623-1628.
  • Hezel DM, McNally RJ (2014) Theory of mind impairments in social anxiety disorder. Behav Ther, 45(4):530-540.
  • Hofmann SG (2007) Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cogn Behav Ther, 36(4):193-209.
  • Jacobs M, Snow J, Geraci M, Vythilingam M, Blair RJR, Charney DS et al. (2008) Association between level of emotional intelligence and severity of anxiety in generalized social phobia. J Anxiety Disord, 22(8):1487-1495.
  • Kara N (2019) TAT Sosyal Biliş ve Nesne İlişkileri Ölçeği Global (SCORS-G)’in DSM-IV ve ICD-10 Kişilik Bozuklukları Değerlendirmesini (DIP-Q) Yordama Gücü (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Aydın, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi.
  • Kartal-Yağız A, Kuğu N, Kavakçı Ö, Semiz M (2016) Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğunda öfke ifadesinin beden imgesi ve yeme tutumu ile ilişkisi. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 27(1):15-22.
  • Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen HU (2012) Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res, 21(3):169-184.
  • Kinderman P, Bentall RP (1996) A new measure of causal locus: the internal, personal and situational attributions questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif, 20(2):261-264.
  • Leber S, Heidenreich T, Stangier U, Hofmann SG (2009) Processing of facial affect under social threat in socially anxious adults: mood matters. Depress Anxiety, 26(2):196-206.
  • Lenton-Brym AP, Moscovitch DA, Vidovic V, Nilsen E, Friedman O (2018) Theory of mind ability in high socially anxious individuals. Anxiety Stress Coping, 31(5):487-499.
  • Levitan MN, Nardi AE (2009) Social skill deficits in socially anxious subjects. World J Biol Psychiatry, 10(4-3):702-709.
  • Lyvers M, Salviani A, Costan S, Thorberg FA (2022) Alexithymia, narcissism and social anxiety in relation to social media and internet addiction symptoms. Int J Psychol:1-7.
  • Mackintosh B, Mathews A, Eckstein D, Hoppitt L (2013) Specificity effects in the modification of interpretation bias and stress reactivity. J Exp Psychopathol, 4(2):133-147.
  • Mathews A, MacLeod C (2005) Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 1(1):167-195.
  • Mayer JD, Caruso D, Salovey P (1999) Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27:267–298.
  • McClure EB (2000) A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychol Bull, 126:424–453.
  • McEvoy PM, Saulsman LM, Rapee RM (2018) Imagery-enhanced CBT for social anxiety disorder. Guilford Publications.
  • Moscovitch DA, Antony MM, Swinson RP (2009) Exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders: Theory and process. In Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders, (Eds MM Anthony, MB Stein):461-475.
  • Murphy R, Hirsch CR, Mathews A, Smith K, Clark DM (2007) Facilitating a benign interpretation bias in a high socially anxious population. Behav Res Ther, 45(7):1517-1529.
  • Nezlek JB, Hampton CP, Shean GD (2000) Clinical depression and day-to-day social interaction in a community sample. J Abnorm Psychol, 109(1):11.
  • Newman MG (2004) Technology in psychotherapy: An introduction. J Clin Psychol, 60(2):141-145.
  • Oğuzhanoğlu NK, Bayraktutan M, Varma GS, Uğurlu TT (2019) Sosyal anksiyete bozukluğunda aleksitimi ve sempatik deri yanıtları üzerine ilaç ve psikodrama grup terapisinin etkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(4).
  • Olgun-Kaval N (2021) Sosyal anksiyete belirtilerini azaltmaya yönelik internet temelli bir sosyal biliş eğitim programının uyarlanması ve etkililiğinin incelenmesi (Doktora tezi). İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Pequet A, Warnell KR (2021) Thinking of you: Relations between mind‐mindedness, theory of mind, and social anxiety traits in middle childhood and adulthood. Social Development, 30:95-112.
  • Peters KD, Constans JI, Mathews A (2011) Experimental modification of attribution processes. J Abnorm Psychol, 120(1):168.
  • Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Tancer ME (2006) Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry, 59(5):424-429.
  • Plana I, Lavoie MA, Battaglia M, Achim AM (2014) A meta-analysis and scoping review of social cognition performance in social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord, 28(2):169-177.
  • Rapee RM, Heimberg RG (1997) A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behav Res Ther, 35(8):741-756.
  • Ronchi L, Banerjee R, Lecce S (2020) Theory of mind and peer relationships: The role of social anxiety. Social Development, 29(2):478-493.
  • Rosello B, Berenguer C, Baixauli I, García R, Miranda A (2020) Theory of mind profiles in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Adaptive/social skills and pragmatic competence. Front Psychol, 11.
  • Rosmarin DH, Bourque LM, Antony MM, McCabe RE (2009) Interpretation bias in panic disorder: self-referential or global?. Cognit Ther Res, 33(6):624.
  • Salemink E, van den Hout M, Kindt M (2007) Trained interpretive bias: Validity and effects on anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 38(2):212-224.
  • Scherer KR, Scherer U (2011) Assessing the ability to recognize facial and vocal expressions of emotion: Construction and validation of the emotion recognition ındex. J Nonverbal Behav, 35:305.
  • Schmidt KL, Cohn JF (2001) Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research. Am J Phys Anthropol, 116(S33):3-24.
  • Sharp C, Pane H, Ha C, Venta A, Patel AB, Sturek J et al. (2011) Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits. J Am Acad Child Psy, 50(6):563-573.
  • Stallard P (2010) Mental health prevention in UK classrooms: The FRIENDS anxiety prevention programme. Emot Behav Diffic, 15(1):23-35.
  • Stone VE, Baron-Cohen S, Knight RT (1998) Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. J Cogn Neurosci, 10(5):640-656.
  • Stopa L, Clark DM (2000) Social phobia and interpretation of social events. Behav Res Ther, 38(3):273-283.
  • Straube T, Kolassa IT, Glauer M, Mentzel HJ, Miltner WH (2004) Effect of task conditions on brain responses to threatening faces in social phobics: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry, 56(12):921-930.
  • Taş C (2011) Şizofreni hastalarında aile etkileşimli sosyal biliş geliştirme programının etkinliği (Uzmanlık tezi). Manisa, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi.
  • Thayer J, Johnsen BH (2000) Sex differences in judgement of facial affect: A multivariate analysis of recognition errors. Scand J Psychol, 41(3):243-246.
  • Tibi-Elhanany Y, Shamay-Tsoory S (2011) Social cognition in social anxiety: First evidence for increased empathic abilities. Isr J Psychiatry, 48(2):98-106.
  • Tirapu-Ustárroz J, Pérez-Sayes G, Erekatxo-Bilbao M, Pelegrín-Valero C (2007) What is theory of mind?. Rev Neurol, 44(8):479-489.
  • Todd AR, Forstmann M, Burgmer P, Brooks AW, Galinsky AD (2015) Anxious and egocentric: How specific emotions influence perspective taking. J Exp Psychol Gen, 144(2):374.
  • Turan M (2018) Türkiye’nin yeni yönetim düzeni: Cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemi. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 7(3):42-91.
  • Turner SM, Beidel DC, Dancu CV, Keys DJ (1986) Psychopathology of social phobia and comparison to avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 95(4):389.
  • Uğurpala C (2018) Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu eştanılı ve eştanısız sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu hastalarında sosyal bilişsel işlevlerin karşılaştırılması (Uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Valença AM, Nardi AE, Nascimento I, Lopes FL, Freire RC, Mezzasalma MA et al. (2005) Do social anxiety disorder patients belong to a bipolar spectrum subgroup?. J Affect Disord, 86(1):11-18.
  • Vierck E, Joyce PR (2015) Influence of personality and neuropsychological ability on social functioning and self-management in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res, 229(3):715-723.
  • Yıldırım E, Alptekin K (2012) Şizofrenide öne çıkan yeni bir boyut: Sosyal biliş. Dusunen Adam, 25(4):368-375.
  • Yılmaz G (2016) Şizofreni tanısı alan hastaların zihin kuramı işlevleri ve sosyal değerlendirilme kaygısı düzeyleri açısından sosyal anksiyete bozukluğu tanılı hastalar ve sağlıklı kontroller ile karşılaştırılması (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi) İstanbul, İstanbul Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı ve Sinir Has. Eğt. ve Arş. Hastanesi.
  • Yoon KL, Fitzgerald DA, Angstadt M, McCarron RA, Phan KL (2007) Amygdala reactivity to emotional faces at high and low intensity in generalized social phobia: A 4-Tesla functional MRI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging, 154(1):93-98.
  • Youmans GL (2004) Theory of mind performance of individuals with alzheimer-type dementia profiles (Doctorial Thesis) Florida, Florida State University.
  • Washburn D, Wilson G, Roes M, Rnic K, Harkness KL (2016) Theory of mind in social anxiety disorder, depression, and comorbid conditions. J Anxiety Disord, 37:71-77.
  • Zeppegno P, Gramaglia C, Antona M, Gili S, Marchisio S, Gogliani A et al. (2014) Psychopathology, personality and theory of mind in a sample of university students. Riv Psichiatr, 49(3):132-139.
  • Zullow HM, Oettingen G, Peterson C, Seligman ME (1988) Pessimistic explanatory style in the historical record: CAVing LBJ, presidential candidates, and East versus West Berlin. Am Psychol, 43(9):673.
Toplam 107 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Nesibe Olgun Kaval 0000-0002-3591-9397

Haluk Arkar 0000-0002-1103-1203

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 2 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 14 Sayı: Ek 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Olgun Kaval N, Arkar H. Predictive Effect of Social Cognitive Skills on Social Anxiety. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2022;14(Ek 1):226-241. doi:10.18863/pgy.1167103

Creative Commons Lisansı
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.