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An Evaluation on Kudurrus and Their Functions in Near East Archaeology

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 21, 21 - 48, 29.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.753175

Öz

Kudurru is the name given to inscribed and figurative stones which determine the boundaries of land donated by Kings to vassals in Southern Mesopotamia between 16-12 BC. However, studies conducted in recent years reveal that these stones are not used functionally in the lands, though they show that they define the lands. Copies of these boundary stones of dark limestone measuring between 40 and 90 cm have been stored in the temples. These three-dimensional stones are in written and illustrated form; its cylindrical form is tapered at the upper point and expands towards the base. The fact that the Kudurrus have little place in the scientific sources in Turkish literature triggers us to conduct an in-depth study of these boundary stones. This article tries to convey the information about the dynasty they emerged in Babylonian rule, the economic policies in their emergence, their purpose, their distribution area. The ancient Mesopotamian pantheon has also been tried to be examined through animals and objects engraved on the Kudurrus. In addition, questions such as why the Kudurrus have disappeared are tried to be answered.

Kaynakça

  • AKKUŞ MUTLU, Suzan (2014), “Eski Mezopotamya’da Beddua ve Felaketlerden Koruma Ritüelleri”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9, 278-293.
  • BELSER, Carl Wilhelm (1891), Die Babylonische Kudurru-Inschriften: III Rawl 41-45, Nach Den Originalen Umschrieben Übersetzt und Erklart Nebst Dem Zum Ersten Mal veröfeentlichten Text, Leipzig.
  • BLACK, Jeremy ve GREEN, Anthony (1998), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, The British Museum Press, Bath.
  • BRINGMANN, John A (1980-1983), “Kudurru”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Bd. 6, Berlin-New York, 267-274.
  • BUCCELLATI, Giorgio (1994), “The Kudurrus as Monuments”, Ed. Hermann Gasche, Cinquante-deux reflexions sur le Proche-Orient ancien: Offertes en hommage a Leon de Meyer, Mesopotamian History and Environment, Occasional Publications, Vol. 2. Peeters Publishers, Louvain, 283-291.
  • FALES, Frederick Mario (1990), “The Rural Landscape of the Neo-Assyrian Empire: a Survey”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, IV.2, 81-142.
  • GELB, Ignace J., STEİNKELLER, Piotr ve WHİTİNG JR, Robert M (1991), Earliest Land Tenure Systems in the Near East: Ancient Kudurrus, The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications, Vol. 104, Chicago, Illinois.
  • HILL, Andrew E (1988), “The Ebal Ceremony as Hebrew Land Grant?”, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 31.4, 399-406.
  • HINKE, William John (1911), Selected Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions, Semitic Studies Series Vol. XIV, Leiden: E.J. Brill, New York.
  • IWANISZEWSKI, Stanislaw (2003), “Archaeoastronomical Analysis of Assyrian and Babylonian Monuments: Methodological Issues”, Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. XXXIV, 79-93.
  • L. W. KING, M.A (1912), Babylonian Boundary-Stones and Memorial-Tablets in the British Museum, Printed by Order of the Trustees, London.
  • LEE, Rob., JONATHAN, Philip. ve ZİMAN, Pauline (2010), “A Response to Richard Sproat on Random Systems, Writing, and Entropy”, Computational Linguistics, 36.4, 791-794.
  • LIVINGSTONE, Alasdair (2006), “A Neglected Kudurru or Boundary Stone of Marduk-Nādin- Ahhē”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, 100, 75-82.
  • MANDACI, Ebru (2016), “Arkeolojik ve Yazılı Kaynaklar Işığında Eski Mezopotamya Toplumlarında Büyü ve Büyücülük”, Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8.16, 217-232.
  • NEMET-NEJAT, Karen Rhea (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, California: Greenwood. OATES, Joan (2004), Babil, Çev. Fatma Çizmeli, Arkadaş Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • ORNAN, Tallay (2005), The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban. Fribourg, Switzerland / Göttingen, Germany: Academic Press/ Vandenhoeck Ruprecht.
  • PAULUS, Susanne (2006), “Kudurru-Göttlicher Schutz für Königliche Geschenke, Untersuchungen zu einer Mesopotamischen Denkmä/Ergattung des 2. Jt. v. ehr.”, Originalveröffentlichung in: Conrad: ein Magazin von Alumni für Alumni 2, Münster, 26-29.
  • PAULUS, Susanne (2013), “The Limits of Middle Babylonian Archives”, Ed. Michele Faraguna, Archives and Archival Documents in Ancient Societies: Legal Documents in Ancient Societies IV, Trieste 30 September - 1 October 2011, Trieste, EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 87-103.
  • PAULUS, Susanne (2017), “The Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions and Their Legal and Sociohistorical Implications”, Ed. K. Sternitzke, A. Bartelmus, M. Roaf, Karduniash, Babylonien zur Kassitenzeit. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, Untersuchungen zur Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, De Gruyter, München, 229-244.
  • PIZZIMENTI, Sara (2014), “The Astral Family in Kassite Kudurrus Reliefs. Iconographical and Iconological Study of Sîn, Šamaš and Ištar Astral Representations”, Ed. Lionel Marti, La famille dans le Proche Orient ancien: réalités, symbolismes, et images. Proceedings of the 55th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Paris, 6-9 July 2009, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 151-161.
  • READE, Julian (2009), “Fez, Diadem, Turban, Chaplet: Power-Dressing at the Assyrian Court”, Ed. Mikko Luukko, Of God(s) Trees, Kings and Scholars, Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola, Finnish Oriental Society, 239-264
  • ROGERS, John H (1998), “Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamian Traditions”, British Astronomical Association, 108.1, 9-28.
  • SEIDL, Ursula (1989), Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs: Symbole Mesopotamischer Gottheiten (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 87), Freiburg, Switzerland/Göttingen, Germany: Universitätsverlag/Vandenhoeck Ruprecht.
  • SLANSKI, Kathryn E (2000), “Classification, Historiography and Monumental Authority: The Babylonian Entitlement Narûs (Kudurrus)”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 52, 95-114.
  • SLANSKI, Kathryn E (2003), The Babylonian Entitlement Narûs (Kudurrus): A Study in Their Form and Function, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 124.4, American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston.
  • STEINKELLER, Piotr (2011), “Ancient Kudurru, Inscriptions”, Ed. A.R. George, Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection, The publication of Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology, 17, Bethesda, Maryland, 211-220.
  • STEYMANS, Hans Ulrich (1995), Deuteronomium 28 und die ade zur Thronfolgeregelung Asarhaddons, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 145, Segen und Fluch im Alten Orient und in Israel, 145.
  • WESZELI, Michaela (2010), “A New Boundary Stone of the Reign of Nabû-mukīn-apli (978-943 BC)”, Revue D'Assyriologie et D'Archéologie Orientale, 104, 99-130.
  • WHEAT, Elizabeth Ruth Josie (2012), Terrestrial Cartography in Ancient Mesopotamia, A Thesis Submitted to the University of Birmingham for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Yakindoğu Arkeolojisinde Kudurrular ve İşlevleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 21, 21 - 48, 29.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.753175

Öz

Kudurru, Güney Mezopotamya’da MÖ 16-12. yüzyıllar arasında krallar tarafından vasallara bağışlanan arazi sınırlarının belirlendiği yazılı ve betimleme taşıyan taşlara verilen addır. Ancak son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar bu taşların arazileri tanımladıklarını gösterse de işlevsel olarak arazilerde kullanılmadıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Koyu kireç taşından, 40 ile 90 cm arasında ölçülere sahip söz konusu sınır taşlarının birer kopyaları tapınaklarda saklanmaktaydı. Üç boyutlu bu taşlar yazılı ve resimli olmakla birlikte silindirik formu üst noktada sivrilmekte, kaideye doğru genişlemektedir. Kudurruların Türkçe bilimsel kaynaklarda çok az yer edinmesi, bizleri bu sınır taşlarını derinlemesine bir çalışmaya itmiştir. Bu makalede kudurruların Babil yönetiminde hangi hanedanlık döneminde ortaya çıktığı, ortaya çıkmasındaki ekonomik politikaların neler olduğu, amacının tam olarak ne olduğu, yayılım alanın nereler olduğu aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Kudurrular üzerine işlenen hayvanlar ve nesneler aracılığıyla, Eski Mezopotamya panteonu irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca kudurruların neden sürdürülemeyerek ortadan kaldırıldığı gibi sorulara da yanıt aranmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • AKKUŞ MUTLU, Suzan (2014), “Eski Mezopotamya’da Beddua ve Felaketlerden Koruma Ritüelleri”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9, 278-293.
  • BELSER, Carl Wilhelm (1891), Die Babylonische Kudurru-Inschriften: III Rawl 41-45, Nach Den Originalen Umschrieben Übersetzt und Erklart Nebst Dem Zum Ersten Mal veröfeentlichten Text, Leipzig.
  • BLACK, Jeremy ve GREEN, Anthony (1998), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, The British Museum Press, Bath.
  • BRINGMANN, John A (1980-1983), “Kudurru”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Bd. 6, Berlin-New York, 267-274.
  • BUCCELLATI, Giorgio (1994), “The Kudurrus as Monuments”, Ed. Hermann Gasche, Cinquante-deux reflexions sur le Proche-Orient ancien: Offertes en hommage a Leon de Meyer, Mesopotamian History and Environment, Occasional Publications, Vol. 2. Peeters Publishers, Louvain, 283-291.
  • FALES, Frederick Mario (1990), “The Rural Landscape of the Neo-Assyrian Empire: a Survey”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, IV.2, 81-142.
  • GELB, Ignace J., STEİNKELLER, Piotr ve WHİTİNG JR, Robert M (1991), Earliest Land Tenure Systems in the Near East: Ancient Kudurrus, The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications, Vol. 104, Chicago, Illinois.
  • HILL, Andrew E (1988), “The Ebal Ceremony as Hebrew Land Grant?”, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 31.4, 399-406.
  • HINKE, William John (1911), Selected Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions, Semitic Studies Series Vol. XIV, Leiden: E.J. Brill, New York.
  • IWANISZEWSKI, Stanislaw (2003), “Archaeoastronomical Analysis of Assyrian and Babylonian Monuments: Methodological Issues”, Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. XXXIV, 79-93.
  • L. W. KING, M.A (1912), Babylonian Boundary-Stones and Memorial-Tablets in the British Museum, Printed by Order of the Trustees, London.
  • LEE, Rob., JONATHAN, Philip. ve ZİMAN, Pauline (2010), “A Response to Richard Sproat on Random Systems, Writing, and Entropy”, Computational Linguistics, 36.4, 791-794.
  • LIVINGSTONE, Alasdair (2006), “A Neglected Kudurru or Boundary Stone of Marduk-Nādin- Ahhē”, Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, 100, 75-82.
  • MANDACI, Ebru (2016), “Arkeolojik ve Yazılı Kaynaklar Işığında Eski Mezopotamya Toplumlarında Büyü ve Büyücülük”, Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8.16, 217-232.
  • NEMET-NEJAT, Karen Rhea (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, California: Greenwood. OATES, Joan (2004), Babil, Çev. Fatma Çizmeli, Arkadaş Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • ORNAN, Tallay (2005), The Triumph of the Symbol: Pictorial representation of Deities in Mesopotamia and the Biblical Image Ban. Fribourg, Switzerland / Göttingen, Germany: Academic Press/ Vandenhoeck Ruprecht.
  • PAULUS, Susanne (2006), “Kudurru-Göttlicher Schutz für Königliche Geschenke, Untersuchungen zu einer Mesopotamischen Denkmä/Ergattung des 2. Jt. v. ehr.”, Originalveröffentlichung in: Conrad: ein Magazin von Alumni für Alumni 2, Münster, 26-29.
  • PAULUS, Susanne (2013), “The Limits of Middle Babylonian Archives”, Ed. Michele Faraguna, Archives and Archival Documents in Ancient Societies: Legal Documents in Ancient Societies IV, Trieste 30 September - 1 October 2011, Trieste, EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 87-103.
  • PAULUS, Susanne (2017), “The Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions and Their Legal and Sociohistorical Implications”, Ed. K. Sternitzke, A. Bartelmus, M. Roaf, Karduniash, Babylonien zur Kassitenzeit. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, Untersuchungen zur Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, De Gruyter, München, 229-244.
  • PIZZIMENTI, Sara (2014), “The Astral Family in Kassite Kudurrus Reliefs. Iconographical and Iconological Study of Sîn, Šamaš and Ištar Astral Representations”, Ed. Lionel Marti, La famille dans le Proche Orient ancien: réalités, symbolismes, et images. Proceedings of the 55th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Paris, 6-9 July 2009, Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, 151-161.
  • READE, Julian (2009), “Fez, Diadem, Turban, Chaplet: Power-Dressing at the Assyrian Court”, Ed. Mikko Luukko, Of God(s) Trees, Kings and Scholars, Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola, Finnish Oriental Society, 239-264
  • ROGERS, John H (1998), “Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamian Traditions”, British Astronomical Association, 108.1, 9-28.
  • SEIDL, Ursula (1989), Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs: Symbole Mesopotamischer Gottheiten (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 87), Freiburg, Switzerland/Göttingen, Germany: Universitätsverlag/Vandenhoeck Ruprecht.
  • SLANSKI, Kathryn E (2000), “Classification, Historiography and Monumental Authority: The Babylonian Entitlement Narûs (Kudurrus)”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 52, 95-114.
  • SLANSKI, Kathryn E (2003), The Babylonian Entitlement Narûs (Kudurrus): A Study in Their Form and Function, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 124.4, American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston.
  • STEINKELLER, Piotr (2011), “Ancient Kudurru, Inscriptions”, Ed. A.R. George, Cuneiform Royal Inscriptions and Related Texts in the Schøyen Collection, The publication of Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology, 17, Bethesda, Maryland, 211-220.
  • STEYMANS, Hans Ulrich (1995), Deuteronomium 28 und die ade zur Thronfolgeregelung Asarhaddons, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 145, Segen und Fluch im Alten Orient und in Israel, 145.
  • WESZELI, Michaela (2010), “A New Boundary Stone of the Reign of Nabû-mukīn-apli (978-943 BC)”, Revue D'Assyriologie et D'Archéologie Orientale, 104, 99-130.
  • WHEAT, Elizabeth Ruth Josie (2012), Terrestrial Cartography in Ancient Mesopotamia, A Thesis Submitted to the University of Birmingham for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Çağatay Yücel 0000-0002-7997-7505

Umut Parlıtı 0000-0001-9895-4926

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ocak 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 21

Kaynak Göster

APA Yücel, Ç., & Parlıtı, U. (2021). Yakindoğu Arkeolojisinde Kudurrular ve İşlevleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(21), 21-48. https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.753175