Araştırma Makalesi
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AMERİKAN BASININDA ANKARA HÜKÜMETİ TEMSİLCİSİ REFET PAŞA’NIN İSTANBUL’DAKİ YÖNETİMİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25, 191 - 217, 30.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1198162

Öz

Bu çalışmada Ankara Hükümeti temsilcisi olarak İstanbul’a gönderilmiş olan Refet Paşa’nın İstanbul’daki faaliyetlerinin Amerikan basınındaki yansımaları ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, Refet Paşa’nın çalışmaları ve müttefik temsilcileriyle olan ilişkilerinin Amerikan basını tarafından okuyucuya sunum şeklinin ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. Bu amaçla öncelikle konuyla ilgili haber ve yazılar tespit edilmiş ve bunların tasnifi yapılmıştır. Yaşanan gelişmeleri çoğunlukla olduğu gibi okuyucunun bilgisine sunmuş olan haberler öncelikli olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Propaganda amaçlı ve yalan yanlış bilgi içerdiği tespit edilen yazılar değerlendirme dışında tutulmuştur. Çalışmada mukayeseli analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Buna göre Amerikan basınında konuyla ilgili yer almış olan haberler, yerli kaynaklar ve bilhassa yerli basındaki bilgilerle karşılaştırıldıktan sonra değerlendirme kapsamına alınmıştır. Refet Paşa’nın İstanbul’daki faaliyetlerinin Amerikan basını tarafından dikkatle takip edildiği ve konuyla ilgili binlerce haber ve yazının ilgili basında yer aldığı anlaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın muhtemel bulguları, Amerikan basınının Refet Paşa’nın İstanbul’daki idaresine bakışının ortaya çıkarılması ve konuyla ilgili literatüre katkıda bulunulmasıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Refet Bele Tercüme-i Hal Varakası, TBMM V. Dönem, Sicil No: 176, TBMM Arşivi.
  • TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi, 1. Dönem, 3. Yasama Yılı, 23. Cilt, 117. Birleşim, s.341-342.
  • TBMMZC, 1. Dönem, 3. Yasaman Yılı, 24. Cilt, 140. Birleşim, ss.562-566.
  • Allied Force Ready for Constantinople, Powers Tell Commissioners to Institute State of Siege if Needed, The New York Herald, New York, November 08, 1922, p.13.
  • Allied Generals and Turk Nationalists Still at Loggerheads on the Question, Burlington Daily News, Vermont, October 24, 1922, p.1.
  • Allies and Kemalists Deadlocked on Police, Rafet Pasha Insists on Control in Constantinople, The New York Herald, New York, November 13, 1922, p.6.
  • Allies and Turks Still Argue, Chicago Tribune, Illinois, November 21, 1922, p.2.
  • Allies Insist They Must Land at Rodosto, Greenfield Daily Recorder, Massachusetts, October 24, 1922, p.1.
  • Allies Show Vigor in Constantinople, The New York Times, New York, November 08, 1922, p.17.
  • Allies Tell Pasha Control is Theirs, Sharp Words are Passed, Salina Evening Journal, Kansas, November 07, 1922, p.1.
  • Anadolu Muzaffer İslam Ordusunun Mümessil-i Zisatveti Refet Paşa Dün Dar’ül-Hilafeye Geldi, Tevhid-i Efkâr, 20 Ekim 1922, s.1.
  • Angora Government Decides Mohammed has Betrayed His Country, The Washington Times, Washington, November 17, 1922, p.2.
  • Angora Officials Refuse to Honor Debts of Sultan, St. Joseph Gazette, Missouri, October 27, 1922, p.1.
  • Angora Tells Governor of Constantinople to Insist on Full Control, The New York Times, New York, November 14, 1922, p.1.
  • British Soldiers Killed, Two Assassinated During Night, St. Albans Daily Messenger, Vermont, November 09, 1922, p.1.
  • Dün İstanbul Refet Paşa’ya Emsali Görülmemiş Bir İstikbal Merasimi Yapmıştır, Vakit, 20 Ekim 1922, s.1.
  • Economic Situation Grows Worse, The New York Times, New York, November 14, 1922, p.1.
  • Effendi Succeeds Mohammed VI as Caliph in Turkey, The Evening Star, Washington, November 19, 1922, p.1.
  • Feridun Kandemir, “Refet Paşanın İstanbul’a Gelişi” Resimli Tarih Mecmuası, 1954, S. 52, ss.3012-3015.
  • Frank Wills, “Tension Relaxes” Chicago Tribune, Illinois, November 13, 1922, p.1.
  • Gendarmes Moving to Thracian Area, Kemalist Leader Enters Protest, The State, South Carolina, October 30, 1922, p.2.
  • Generals Tell Rafet Pasha in Sharp Interview That Allies will not Quit Constantinople, Asbury Park Evening Press, New Jersey, November 07, 1922, p.1.
  • Government of the Sultan Gets Sound Snubbing, The Johnson City Staff, Tennessee, October 20, 1922, p.5.
  • Henry Wales, “Generals Beg Allies to Rush Turkish Peace” Chicago Tribune, Illinois, November 14, 1922, p.1.
  • I Bring You Independence, Says Official in Speech; Thousands Line Streets, New York Tribune, New York, October 20, 1922, p.3.
  • Kemalist Gendarmerie is at Constantinople, Reach There in spite of Orders to Remain Away, Altoona Tribune, Pennsylvania, October 19, 1922, p.1.
  • Kemalist Snubs Sultan’s Regime, The Knoxville Sentinel, Tennessee, October 20, 1922, p.15.
  • Kemalists Violate Peace, Seize Constantinople and Orders Allies to Evacuate, The Palm Beach Post, Florida, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Measures to Protect Thrace, Plan Triumphal Entry, The Hartford Courant, Connecticut, October 16, 1922, p.2.
  • Midweek Pictorial, New York, November 16, 1922, Vol. 16, Iss. 12.
  • Ministry of Sultan Quits, Nationalist Government Takes Control, The Journal and Tribune, Tennessee, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • New Turkish Crisis Seen, The Bremen Enquirer, Indiana, November 09, 1922, p.2.
  • Procrastinating Over Dynamite, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, New York, November 07, 1922, p.6.
  • Rafet Gets Plain Words from British, The Selma Times-Journal, Alabama, November 07, 1922, p.1.
  • Rafet Pasha has Audience with Sultan, The North Adams Transcript, Massachusetts, October 30, 1922, p.1.
  • Rafet Pasha has Policy of Annoyance, Oakland Tribune, California, November 17, 1922, p.1.
  • Rafet Pasha Reception, The Bangor Daily News, Maine, October 19, 1922, p.16.
  • Rafet Pasha Refused Permit to Cross Capital on Way into Eastern Thrace, Reno Evening Gazette, Nevada, October 24, 1922, p.1.
  • Rafet Pasha Rules in Constantinople, The Evening Times, Pennsylvania, November 24, 1922, p.1., “Constantinople Now Ruled by Rafet Pasha” The Omaha Bee, Nebraska, November 28, 1922, p.2.
  • Rafet Pasha Says Nationalists Have Most Powerful Army of World, The Asheville Citizen, North Carolina, October 21, 1922, p.5.
  • Rafet Tells Aims of Democratic Turkey, first Governor of Constantinople Grants Interview, The Commercial Appeal, Tennessee, November 07, 1922, p.20.
  • Refet Paşa, Sabah, 13 Ekim 1922, s.1....................
  • Refet Pasha Replaced, Daily News, New York, November 23, 1922, p.3.
  • Report Ali Hanged, The Topeka State Journal, Kansas, November 07, 1922, p.3.
  • Report British Arrest Rafet, Chicago Tribune, Illinois, November 13, 1922, p.2.
  • Restless Night in Constantinople, Celebration in Honor of Rafet Pasha was Boisterous and Believed Dangerous, The Evansville Journal, Indiana, October 24, 1922, p.9.
  • Rope Threat Speeds Turk Cabinet to Quit, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Sensation in Near East Situation, The Sumter Daily Item, South Carolina, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Sheridan, Clare, “Moslem Nationalist Fervor Regarded as Nemesis for British” The Courier-Journal, Kentucky, November 14, 1922, p.8.
  • Situation Strained, Kemalists Seize Five Neutral Zone Towns, The New York Herald, New York, November 05, 1922, p.19.
  • Stamboul Radiant when Turks Enter, Show Some Alarm at Return of Turk to Europe Stronger Than Ever, The New York Herald, New York, October 20, 1922, p.4.
  • Sultan and Cabinet Defy Nationalists, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, November 05, 1922, p.2.
  • Sultan Keeps Throne, Lawrence Daily Journal-World, Kansas, October 31, 1922, p.1.
  • Sultan Only Religious Chief, Democracy of Turkey is Pledged in Refet’s Scorn, Dayton Daily News, Ohio, October 25, 1922 p.9.
  • Sultan Snubbed by Kemal Envoy, Rafet Pasha Recognizes no Grand Vizier, The Chattanooga News, Tennessee, October 20, 1922, p.22.
  • Sultan to Retain Throne, The Casper Daily Tribune, Wyoming, October 31, 1922, p.1.
  • Sultan’s Cousin Becomes Caliph, Turks Install Abdul Medjid Amid Picturesque Ceremonies, The Washington Herald, Washington, November 25, 1922, p.1.
  • Tension is Relaxed in Constantinople, Kemalists Concede Certain Police Rights to Allies, The New York Times, New York, November 15, 1922, p.3.
  • The Illustrated London News, London, November 04, 1922, Vol. 161, Iss. 4359.
  • The Near East Situation Clears Up, The Scioto Gazette, Ohio, October 24, 1922, p.8.
  • The New Turkish Military Governor, Norwich Bulletin, Connecticut, October 23, 1922, p.1.
  • Turk Army to Enter Capital Tomorrow, The Morning Press, Pennsylvania, October 16, 1922, p.4.
  • Turk Demand Full Liberty, Chicago Tribune, Illinois, October 29, 1922, p.16.
  • Turkey in Serious Disorder, Constantinople in Hands of Nationalists; Allied Soldiers are Ordered out, The Bristol Herald Courier, Virginia-Tennessee, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks are Planning Big Celebration in Rafet Pasha’s Honor, Morning Examiner, Oklahoma, October 19, 1922, p.5.
  • Turks Demand Allies Retire, Nationalists Order All Foreign Troops to Withdraw from Constantinople, The Brattleboro Daily Reformer, Vermont, November 06, 1922, p.5.
  • Turks Demand Allies Withdraw Warships, The Washington Herald, Washington, November 16, 1922, p.2.
  • Turks Promise to Preserve Order, The Meriden Daily Journal, Connecticut, October 21, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks Seize Constantinople, Archives Transferred, The Minneapolis Morning Tribune, Minneapolis, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks Seize Constantinople, Archives Transferred, The Minneapolis Morning Tribune, Minneapolis, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks to Call on British to Yield Sultan for His Trial, New York Tribune, New York, November 18, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks to Peril Constantinople if Peace Fails, The Minneapolis Sunday Tribune, Minneapolis, October 22, 1922, p.12.
  • Vicar Sees Rafet Pasha, The Commercial Appeal, Tennessee, October 22, 1922, p.14.
  • Words That Cut to the Quick, The Wilkes-Barre Record, Pennsylvania, October 23, 1922, p.8.
  • Aslan, Betül, (2002), “Saltanatın Kaldırılmasının İstanbul’daki Yankıları” Belleten, C. LXVI, S. 245, ss.95-121.
  • Atatürk, Kemal (1927), Nutuk, Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı.
  • Aydoğan, Erdal (2001), “Tümgeneral Arif Hikmet Gerçekçi’nin Günlüğünde Refet Paşa’nın İstanbul’a Gidişi, Karşılanması ve İstanbul’daki İlk Günleri” Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Sayı: 27-28, s.258.
  • Güllü, Ramazan Erhan (2017), “Saltanatın Kaldırılmasının Ardından İstanbul Bürokrasisinin TBMM Hükümeti’ne Bağlanma Süreci ve İstanbul Türklüğü’nün Muhafazası Tartışmaları” Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, Cilt: 116, Sayı: 228, ss.119-144.
  • Harington, Charles (1941), Tim Harington Looks Back, London: Wyman & Sons.
  • Mutlu, Cengiz (2021), “Refet Paşa’nın TBMM Hükûmeti Adına Yönetimi Devralmak İçin İstanbul’a Gelişi ve Faaliyetleri” Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, S. 103, ss.1-34.
  • Price, Clair (1923), The Rebirth of Turkey, New York: Thomas Seltzer.
  • Safa, Peyami (T.Y.), İstanbul’un İlk Şerefli Mümessili Refet Paşa, İstanbul: Urganya Matbaası.
  • Sarıhan, Zeki (1996), Kurtuluş Savaşı Günlüğü IV (Açıklamalı Kronoloji) Sakarya Savaşı’ndan Lozan’ın Açılışına (23 Ağustos 1921-20 Kasım 1922), Ankara: TTK Basımevi.

Refet Pasha, Istanbul Representative of the Ankara Government in the American Press

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25, 191 - 217, 30.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1198162

Öz

In this paper, the reflections on the activities of Refet Pasha, who was sent to Istanbul as the representative of the Ankara Government, in the American press were discussed. The study aims to reveal the way of presentation of Refet Pasha's works and his relations with allied representatives to the reader through the American press. For this purpose, news and articles related to the subject were first determined and their classification was made. The news that presented the developments to the reader information, as they are mostly, were evaluated as a priority. Articles found to contain propaganda and false information were excluded from the evaluation. The comparative analysis method was used in the study. Accordingly, the news on the subject in the American press was included in the scope of the evaluation after they were compared with the local sources and especially the information in the local press. It has been understood that the activities of Refet Pasha in Istanbul were carefully followed by the American press and thousands of news and articles on the subject appeared in the relevant press. The possible findings of the study are to reveal the view of the American press on the administration of Refet Pasha in Istanbul and to contribute to the literature on the subject.

Kaynakça

  • Refet Bele Tercüme-i Hal Varakası, TBMM V. Dönem, Sicil No: 176, TBMM Arşivi.
  • TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi, 1. Dönem, 3. Yasama Yılı, 23. Cilt, 117. Birleşim, s.341-342.
  • TBMMZC, 1. Dönem, 3. Yasaman Yılı, 24. Cilt, 140. Birleşim, ss.562-566.
  • Allied Force Ready for Constantinople, Powers Tell Commissioners to Institute State of Siege if Needed, The New York Herald, New York, November 08, 1922, p.13.
  • Allied Generals and Turk Nationalists Still at Loggerheads on the Question, Burlington Daily News, Vermont, October 24, 1922, p.1.
  • Allies and Kemalists Deadlocked on Police, Rafet Pasha Insists on Control in Constantinople, The New York Herald, New York, November 13, 1922, p.6.
  • Allies and Turks Still Argue, Chicago Tribune, Illinois, November 21, 1922, p.2.
  • Allies Insist They Must Land at Rodosto, Greenfield Daily Recorder, Massachusetts, October 24, 1922, p.1.
  • Allies Show Vigor in Constantinople, The New York Times, New York, November 08, 1922, p.17.
  • Allies Tell Pasha Control is Theirs, Sharp Words are Passed, Salina Evening Journal, Kansas, November 07, 1922, p.1.
  • Anadolu Muzaffer İslam Ordusunun Mümessil-i Zisatveti Refet Paşa Dün Dar’ül-Hilafeye Geldi, Tevhid-i Efkâr, 20 Ekim 1922, s.1.
  • Angora Government Decides Mohammed has Betrayed His Country, The Washington Times, Washington, November 17, 1922, p.2.
  • Angora Officials Refuse to Honor Debts of Sultan, St. Joseph Gazette, Missouri, October 27, 1922, p.1.
  • Angora Tells Governor of Constantinople to Insist on Full Control, The New York Times, New York, November 14, 1922, p.1.
  • British Soldiers Killed, Two Assassinated During Night, St. Albans Daily Messenger, Vermont, November 09, 1922, p.1.
  • Dün İstanbul Refet Paşa’ya Emsali Görülmemiş Bir İstikbal Merasimi Yapmıştır, Vakit, 20 Ekim 1922, s.1.
  • Economic Situation Grows Worse, The New York Times, New York, November 14, 1922, p.1.
  • Effendi Succeeds Mohammed VI as Caliph in Turkey, The Evening Star, Washington, November 19, 1922, p.1.
  • Feridun Kandemir, “Refet Paşanın İstanbul’a Gelişi” Resimli Tarih Mecmuası, 1954, S. 52, ss.3012-3015.
  • Frank Wills, “Tension Relaxes” Chicago Tribune, Illinois, November 13, 1922, p.1.
  • Gendarmes Moving to Thracian Area, Kemalist Leader Enters Protest, The State, South Carolina, October 30, 1922, p.2.
  • Generals Tell Rafet Pasha in Sharp Interview That Allies will not Quit Constantinople, Asbury Park Evening Press, New Jersey, November 07, 1922, p.1.
  • Government of the Sultan Gets Sound Snubbing, The Johnson City Staff, Tennessee, October 20, 1922, p.5.
  • Henry Wales, “Generals Beg Allies to Rush Turkish Peace” Chicago Tribune, Illinois, November 14, 1922, p.1.
  • I Bring You Independence, Says Official in Speech; Thousands Line Streets, New York Tribune, New York, October 20, 1922, p.3.
  • Kemalist Gendarmerie is at Constantinople, Reach There in spite of Orders to Remain Away, Altoona Tribune, Pennsylvania, October 19, 1922, p.1.
  • Kemalist Snubs Sultan’s Regime, The Knoxville Sentinel, Tennessee, October 20, 1922, p.15.
  • Kemalists Violate Peace, Seize Constantinople and Orders Allies to Evacuate, The Palm Beach Post, Florida, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Measures to Protect Thrace, Plan Triumphal Entry, The Hartford Courant, Connecticut, October 16, 1922, p.2.
  • Midweek Pictorial, New York, November 16, 1922, Vol. 16, Iss. 12.
  • Ministry of Sultan Quits, Nationalist Government Takes Control, The Journal and Tribune, Tennessee, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • New Turkish Crisis Seen, The Bremen Enquirer, Indiana, November 09, 1922, p.2.
  • Procrastinating Over Dynamite, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, New York, November 07, 1922, p.6.
  • Rafet Gets Plain Words from British, The Selma Times-Journal, Alabama, November 07, 1922, p.1.
  • Rafet Pasha has Audience with Sultan, The North Adams Transcript, Massachusetts, October 30, 1922, p.1.
  • Rafet Pasha has Policy of Annoyance, Oakland Tribune, California, November 17, 1922, p.1.
  • Rafet Pasha Reception, The Bangor Daily News, Maine, October 19, 1922, p.16.
  • Rafet Pasha Refused Permit to Cross Capital on Way into Eastern Thrace, Reno Evening Gazette, Nevada, October 24, 1922, p.1.
  • Rafet Pasha Rules in Constantinople, The Evening Times, Pennsylvania, November 24, 1922, p.1., “Constantinople Now Ruled by Rafet Pasha” The Omaha Bee, Nebraska, November 28, 1922, p.2.
  • Rafet Pasha Says Nationalists Have Most Powerful Army of World, The Asheville Citizen, North Carolina, October 21, 1922, p.5.
  • Rafet Tells Aims of Democratic Turkey, first Governor of Constantinople Grants Interview, The Commercial Appeal, Tennessee, November 07, 1922, p.20.
  • Refet Paşa, Sabah, 13 Ekim 1922, s.1....................
  • Refet Pasha Replaced, Daily News, New York, November 23, 1922, p.3.
  • Report Ali Hanged, The Topeka State Journal, Kansas, November 07, 1922, p.3.
  • Report British Arrest Rafet, Chicago Tribune, Illinois, November 13, 1922, p.2.
  • Restless Night in Constantinople, Celebration in Honor of Rafet Pasha was Boisterous and Believed Dangerous, The Evansville Journal, Indiana, October 24, 1922, p.9.
  • Rope Threat Speeds Turk Cabinet to Quit, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Sensation in Near East Situation, The Sumter Daily Item, South Carolina, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Sheridan, Clare, “Moslem Nationalist Fervor Regarded as Nemesis for British” The Courier-Journal, Kentucky, November 14, 1922, p.8.
  • Situation Strained, Kemalists Seize Five Neutral Zone Towns, The New York Herald, New York, November 05, 1922, p.19.
  • Stamboul Radiant when Turks Enter, Show Some Alarm at Return of Turk to Europe Stronger Than Ever, The New York Herald, New York, October 20, 1922, p.4.
  • Sultan and Cabinet Defy Nationalists, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia, November 05, 1922, p.2.
  • Sultan Keeps Throne, Lawrence Daily Journal-World, Kansas, October 31, 1922, p.1.
  • Sultan Only Religious Chief, Democracy of Turkey is Pledged in Refet’s Scorn, Dayton Daily News, Ohio, October 25, 1922 p.9.
  • Sultan Snubbed by Kemal Envoy, Rafet Pasha Recognizes no Grand Vizier, The Chattanooga News, Tennessee, October 20, 1922, p.22.
  • Sultan to Retain Throne, The Casper Daily Tribune, Wyoming, October 31, 1922, p.1.
  • Sultan’s Cousin Becomes Caliph, Turks Install Abdul Medjid Amid Picturesque Ceremonies, The Washington Herald, Washington, November 25, 1922, p.1.
  • Tension is Relaxed in Constantinople, Kemalists Concede Certain Police Rights to Allies, The New York Times, New York, November 15, 1922, p.3.
  • The Illustrated London News, London, November 04, 1922, Vol. 161, Iss. 4359.
  • The Near East Situation Clears Up, The Scioto Gazette, Ohio, October 24, 1922, p.8.
  • The New Turkish Military Governor, Norwich Bulletin, Connecticut, October 23, 1922, p.1.
  • Turk Army to Enter Capital Tomorrow, The Morning Press, Pennsylvania, October 16, 1922, p.4.
  • Turk Demand Full Liberty, Chicago Tribune, Illinois, October 29, 1922, p.16.
  • Turkey in Serious Disorder, Constantinople in Hands of Nationalists; Allied Soldiers are Ordered out, The Bristol Herald Courier, Virginia-Tennessee, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks are Planning Big Celebration in Rafet Pasha’s Honor, Morning Examiner, Oklahoma, October 19, 1922, p.5.
  • Turks Demand Allies Retire, Nationalists Order All Foreign Troops to Withdraw from Constantinople, The Brattleboro Daily Reformer, Vermont, November 06, 1922, p.5.
  • Turks Demand Allies Withdraw Warships, The Washington Herald, Washington, November 16, 1922, p.2.
  • Turks Promise to Preserve Order, The Meriden Daily Journal, Connecticut, October 21, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks Seize Constantinople, Archives Transferred, The Minneapolis Morning Tribune, Minneapolis, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks Seize Constantinople, Archives Transferred, The Minneapolis Morning Tribune, Minneapolis, November 06, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks to Call on British to Yield Sultan for His Trial, New York Tribune, New York, November 18, 1922, p.1.
  • Turks to Peril Constantinople if Peace Fails, The Minneapolis Sunday Tribune, Minneapolis, October 22, 1922, p.12.
  • Vicar Sees Rafet Pasha, The Commercial Appeal, Tennessee, October 22, 1922, p.14.
  • Words That Cut to the Quick, The Wilkes-Barre Record, Pennsylvania, October 23, 1922, p.8.
  • Aslan, Betül, (2002), “Saltanatın Kaldırılmasının İstanbul’daki Yankıları” Belleten, C. LXVI, S. 245, ss.95-121.
  • Atatürk, Kemal (1927), Nutuk, Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı.
  • Aydoğan, Erdal (2001), “Tümgeneral Arif Hikmet Gerçekçi’nin Günlüğünde Refet Paşa’nın İstanbul’a Gidişi, Karşılanması ve İstanbul’daki İlk Günleri” Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Sayı: 27-28, s.258.
  • Güllü, Ramazan Erhan (2017), “Saltanatın Kaldırılmasının Ardından İstanbul Bürokrasisinin TBMM Hükümeti’ne Bağlanma Süreci ve İstanbul Türklüğü’nün Muhafazası Tartışmaları” Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, Cilt: 116, Sayı: 228, ss.119-144.
  • Harington, Charles (1941), Tim Harington Looks Back, London: Wyman & Sons.
  • Mutlu, Cengiz (2021), “Refet Paşa’nın TBMM Hükûmeti Adına Yönetimi Devralmak İçin İstanbul’a Gelişi ve Faaliyetleri” Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, S. 103, ss.1-34.
  • Price, Clair (1923), The Rebirth of Turkey, New York: Thomas Seltzer.
  • Safa, Peyami (T.Y.), İstanbul’un İlk Şerefli Mümessili Refet Paşa, İstanbul: Urganya Matbaası.
  • Sarıhan, Zeki (1996), Kurtuluş Savaşı Günlüğü IV (Açıklamalı Kronoloji) Sakarya Savaşı’ndan Lozan’ın Açılışına (23 Ağustos 1921-20 Kasım 1922), Ankara: TTK Basımevi.
Toplam 83 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mekki Uludağ 0000-0001-6557-7917

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25

Kaynak Göster

APA Uludağ, M. (2023). AMERİKAN BASININDA ANKARA HÜKÜMETİ TEMSİLCİSİ REFET PAŞA’NIN İSTANBUL’DAKİ YÖNETİMİ. Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(25), 191-217. https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1198162