Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

TEKNOLOJİ ÇAĞININ KONUŞULMAYAN GÜNDEMİ: ÇEVRİM İÇİ ÇOCUK CİNSEL İSTİSMARI

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 22, 83 - 106, 11.01.2024

Berçem Barut-bektaş

https://doi.org/10.46218/tshd.1348555

Öz

İnternetin dünya tarihine girmesiyle hız kazanan teknolojik ilerlemelerin etki ettiği alanların sayısı günden güne artmaktadır. Bu etkiler çok yönlü olmakla birlikte bazı olguların evirilmesine de aracılık etmektedir. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin yaygınlaşması, internet kullanımının artması her yaşta bireylere yeni kullanım alışkanlıkları edindirmiştir. İnternet kullanımının yaygınlaşması ile beraber çocukların da dijital platformlarda geçirdiği zamanın arttığı bilinmektedir. Bu zaman çocuklar için eğlence, öğrenme, zaman geçirme gibi nitelikler barındırsa da aynı zamanda sanal platformlarda çeşitli biçimlerde cinsel istismara maruz kalma potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Çevrim içi çocuk cinsel istismarının yaygınlığının dikkat çekmesi ve konuya ilişkin literatürün giderek artmasıyla birlikte, bu konudaki temel tanımlayıcı ve açıklayıcı kavramlara ve bilgilere ihtiyaç artmaktadır. Bu çalışma literatür taraması yoluyla, çevrim içi çocuk cinsel istismarı kavramı ve kapsamı hakkında bilgi vermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma aynı zamanda sosyal hizmet perspektifinden konunun çocuk ve aile refahı için önemine dikkat çekerek uygulayıcılar ve yeni araştırmacılar için birtakım önerilerde bulunmayı hedeflemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk Cinsel istismar Çevrim içi çocuk cinsel istismarı Sosyal hizmet Teknoloji

Kaynakça

  • Ainsaar, M., ve Lööf, L. (2011). Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse. URL: https://www. childrenatrisk. eu/robert/public/Online_behaviour_related_to_sexual_ abuse.
  • https://childrenatrisk.cbss.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/12/Online_behaviour_related_to_sexual_abuse.pdf Aktepe, E. (2009). Çocukluk çağı cinsel istismarı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(2), 95-119.
  • Alikasifoglu, M., Erginoz, E., Ercan, O., Albayrak-Kaymak, D., Uysal, O., & Ilter, O. (2006). Sexual abuse among female high school students in Istanbul, Turkey. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 30(3), 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.012
  • Altındağ, Ö. (2020). Vaka yönetimi ve sosyal hizmette kullanımı. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(2), 618-646.
  • Aslan, A., ve Karakuş-Yılmaz, T. (2017). Türkiye'de Güvenli İnternet Kullanımına Yönelik Gerçekleştirilen Uygulamalar. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Science/Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (53).
  • Assink, M., van der Put, C. E., Meeuwsen, M. W. C. M., de Jong, N. M., Oort, F. J., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Hoeve, M. (2019). Risk factors for child sexual abuse victimization: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 145(5), 459–489. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000188
  • Babchishin, K. M., Hanson, R. K., ve Hermann, C. A. (2011). The characteristics of online sex offenders: A meta-analysis. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(1), 92–123.
  • Barak, A. (2005). Sexual Harassment on the Internet. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 77–92. doi:10.1177/0894439304271540
  • Barut, B. (2021). Cinsel istismar mağdurlarına yaklaşım ve terapötik süreç. Journal of International Social Research, 14(76).
  • Barut Bektaş, B. (2022). Cinsel istismar mağduru çocukları olan ailelerin istismar süreçlerine ilişkin deneyimlerinin sosyal sermaye yaklaşımıyla incelenmesi: Diyarbakır örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora tezi.
  • Bayrak, N. G. (2022). Sanal Platformlarda Çocukları Bekleyen Tehlike: “Çevrimiçi Cinsel İstismar” . Doğu Karadeniz Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (3), 48-57. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ebshealth/issue/74730/1210862
  • Beitchman JH, Zucker KJ, Hood JE, et al. (19929. A review of the long-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect 1992; 16:101–118.
  • Beitchman JH, Zucker KJ, Hood JE, et al. (1991). A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect. 15:537–556. 3.
  • Black, P. J., Wollis, M., Woodworth, M., ve Hancock, J. T. (2015). A linguistic analysis of grooming strategies of online child sex offenders: Implications for our understanding of predatory sexual behavior in an increasingly computer-mediated world. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 140–149.
  • Bogo, M. (2006). Social Work Practice: Concepts, Processes and Interviewing. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Briere J, Elliott DM. (2003). Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women. Child Abuse & Neglect; 27:1205–1222. 2.
  • Briggs, P., Simon, W. T., ve Simonsen, S. (2011). An exploratory study of internet-initiated sexual offenses and the chat room sex offender: Has the internet enabled a new typology of sex offender? Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(1), 72–91. doi:10.1177/1079063210384275
  • Carr, J. (2004). Child abuse, child pornography and the Internet. The National Children’s Homes. Retrieved from http:// uploadi.safe.si/editor/1149589931pornographyreport.pdf
  • Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre. (2010). Annual Review 2009-2010. Retrieved from http://ceop.police.uk/ Publications/
  • Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre. (2013, June). Threat assessment of child sexual exploitation and abuse. National Crime Agency.
  • Children at increased online risk during COVID-19 pandemic (UNICEF, 2020) Accessed from: https://www.unicef.org/bhu-tan/press-releases/children-increased-online-risk-during-cov-id-19-pandemic 16/07/202 (Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2023).
  • Cooper, A. (1998). Sexuality and the internet: Surfing into the new millennium. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(2), 187–193.
  • Cömert, I. T., ve Kayıran, S. M. (2010). Çocuk ve ergenlerde internet kullanımı. Çocuk Dergisi, 10(4), 166-170. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2010.166
  • Craven, S., Brown, S., & Gilchrist, E. (2006). Sexual grooming of children: Review of literature and theoretical considerations. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12(3), 287–299.
  • Craven, S., Brown, S., ve Gilchrist, E. (2007). Current responses to sexual grooming: Implication for prevention. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 60–71.
  • Çağıltay, K., Karakuş, T., Kurşun, E., Kaşıkcı, D. N., Cankar, I. ve Bayzan, S. (2011). The Use Of Social Networks Among Children in Turkey, paper presented in EU Kids Online II Final Conference, London, UK, 22-23 September, 2011.
  • Davies, E. A., & Jones, A. C. (2013). Risk factors in child sexual abuse. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 20(3), 146-150.
  • De Santisteban, P. ve Gámez-Guadix, M. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors among minors for online sexual solicitations and interactions with adults. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(7), 939–950.
  • Derman, O. (Ed.) (2014). Çocuk İstismarına ve İhmaline Yaklaşım Temel Bilgiler. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi.
  • Durkin, K. F. (1997). Misuse of the Internet by pedophiles: Implications for law enforcement and probation practice. Federal Probation, 61(3), 14–18.
  • Duyan, V. (2003). Sosyal hizmetin işlev ve rolleri. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 14(2), 1-22.
  • Duyan, V. (2010). Sosyal hizmet: Temelleri, yaklaşımları, müdahale yöntemleri. Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği.
  • Erbay, E. (2019). güç ve güçlendirme kavramları bağlamında sosyal hizmet uygulaması. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19(42), 41-64.
  • Eu Kids Online, The Changes In Safer Internet Use Of Chıldren In Turkey Between The Years 2010 and 2015 (2016). http://eukidsonline.metu.edu. tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2023).
  • Feather, M. (1999), “Internet and child victimisation”, Paper presented at the Children and Crime: Victims and Offenders Conference, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Brisbane, 17–18 June 1999.
  • Finkelhor D (1993), Epidemiological factors in the clinical identification of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Neglect 17:67–70
  • Finkelhor, D. (1999). Child sexual abuse: Challenges facing child protection and mental health professionals. In E. Ullmann & W. Hilweg (Eds.), Childhood and Trauma: Separation, Abuse, War (pp. 101–115). Ashgate Pub.
  • Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J. ve Wolak, J. (2000), Online Victimization: A Report on the Nation’s Youth, Crimes Against Children Research Centre, www.missingkids.com, accessed June 2001.
  • Finkelhor, D., Vanderminden, J., Turner, H., Shattuck, A., ve Hamby, S. (2014). Youth exposure to violence prevention programs in a national sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 677–686. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.010
  • Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., ve Colburn, D. (2022). Prevalence of online sexual offenses against children in the US. JAMA network open, 5(10), e2234471-e2234471.
  • Gámez-Guadix, M., Borrajo, E., ve Almendros, C. (2016). Risky online behaviors among adolescents: Longitudinal relations among problematic Internet use, cyberbullying perpetration, and meeting strangers online. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(1), 100-107.
  • Gillespie, A. (2002). Child protection on the internet: Challenges for criminal law. Child and Family Law Quarterly, 14, 411–426.
  • Holloway, D., Green, L., ve Livingstone, S. (2013). Zero to eight: Young children and their internet use.
  • Jones, L. M., Mitchell, K. J., ve Finkelhor, D. (2012). Trends in youth internet victimization: Findings from three youth internet safety surveys 2000–2010. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(2), 179–186.
  • Kadri Soo ve Zinaida Bodanovskaya. (2011). ‘Risk Factors of Becoming A Victim of Internet Related Sexual Abuse’ in Mare Ainsaar and Lars Lööf (eds) Online Behaviour Related to Child Sexual Abuse Literature Report 46.
  • Kane, J. (2006) Issues and Experiences in Combating Violence Against Children, Young People and Women. Daphne Booklets. European Commission: Directorate-General for Justice, Freedom and Security, Brussels.
  • Karakuş, T., Çağıltay, K., Kaşıkcı, D., Kurşun, E., ve Ogan, C. (2014). Türkiye ve Avrupa’daki çocukların internet alışkanlıkları ve güvenli internet kullanımı. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(171).
  • Karataş, Z. (2017). Çocuklara yönelik denetimli serbestlik uygulamalarında sosyal hizmet müdahalesinin önemi. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1-20.
  • Kloess, J. A., Hamilton,-Giachritsis, C. E., ve Beech, A. R. (2017). A descriptive account of victims’ behaviour and responses in sexually exploitative interactions with offenders. Psychology, Crime and Law, 23(7), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2017.1293052
  • Kloess, J. A., Seymour-Smith, S., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Long, M. L., Shipley, D., ve Beech, A. R. (2015). A qualitative analysis of offenders’ modus operandi in sexually exploitative interactions with children online. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 1(29), 1–29. doi:1079063215612442
  • Knack, N., Winder, B., Murphy, L., ve Fedorof, J. P. (2019). Primary and secondary prevention of child sexual abuse. International Review of Psychiatry, 31(2), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09540261.2018.1541872
  • Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., ve Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological bulletin, 140(4), 1073.
  • Lanning, K. V. (2005). Compliant child victims: Confronting an uncomfortable reality. APSAC Advisor, 14(2). Retrieved from http://www.abusewatch.net/Compliant20Child20Victims.pdf
  • Leander, L., Christianson, S. Å., ve Granhag, P. A. (2008). Internet‐initiated sexual abuse: adolescent victims' reports about On‐and Off‐line sexual activities. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 22(9), 1260-1274.
  • Lorenzo-Dus, N., ve Izura, C. (2017, April ). “ cause ur special ”: Understanding trust and complimenting behaviour in online grooming discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 112, 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.01.004
  • Madigan, S., Villani, V., Azzopardi, C., Laut, D., Smith, T., Temple, J.R., Browne, D., & Dimitropoulos, G. (2018). The Prevalence of Unwanted Online Sexual Exposure and Solicitation Among Youth: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(2),133-141. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.03.012
  • Malesky, L. A. (2007). Predatory online behavior: Modus operandi of convicted sex offenders in identifying potential victims and contacting minors over the Internet. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16(2), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v16n02_02
  • Marcum, C. D. (2007). Interpreting the intentions of internet predators: An examination of online predatory behavior. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse: Research, Treatment, & Program Innovations For Victims, Survivors, & Offenders, 16(4), 99–114. doi:10.1300/J070v16n04_06
  • McAlinden, A. (2006). “Setting ‘em up”: Personal, familial and institutional grooming in the sexual abuse of children. Social & Legal Studies, 15(3), 339–362. doi:10.1177/0964663906066613
  • McCartan KF, McAlister R. (2012). Mobile phone technology and sexual abuse. Information & Communications Technology Law; 21:257–268.
  • Mishna F, McLuckie A, Saini M. (20099. Real-world dangers in an online reality: a qualitative study examining online relationships and cyber abuse. Social Work Research. 33:107–118.
  • Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., ve Wolak, J. (2007). Youth Internet users at risk for the most serious online sexual solicitations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, 532–537. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.001
  • Mitchell, K., Ybarra, M. ve D. Finkelhor (2007) The relative importance of online victimization in understanding depression, delinquency & substance use. Child Maltreatment, 12(4), 314-324.
  • Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D. ve Wolak, J. (2001), “Risk factors for and impact of online sexual solicitation of youth”, JAMA, Vol.285, No.23, pp.3011–14.
  • Modelli, M. E., Galvão, M. F., & Pratesi, R. (2012). Child sexual abuse. Forensic science international, 217(1-3), 1-4.
  • Montiel, I., Carbonell, E., ve Pereda, N. (2016). Multiple online victimization of Spanish adolescents: Results from a community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 123-134.
  • NetClean. (2018). Blocking as a way of stopping child sexual abuse material. (Erişim tarihi: 21.08.2023, https://respect.international/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NetClean_Report_2018.pdf
  • O’Connell, R. (2003). A typology of child cybersexploitation and online grooming practices. Cyberspace Research Unit. http://netsafe.org.nz/Doc_Library/racheloconnell1.pdf
  • O’Donnell I, Milner C. (2007) Child pornography, crime computers and society. Cullompton, United Kingdom: Willan Publishing.
  • Olson, L. N., Daggs, J. L., Ellevold, B. L., ve Rogers, T. K. (2007). Entrapping the innocent: Toward a theory of child sexual predators’ luring communication. Communication Theory, 17(3), 231–251. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00294.x
  • Özçalık, C. K., & Atakoğlu, R. (2021). Çevrimiçi çocuk cinsel istismarı: Yaygınlık, mağdur ve suçlu özellikleri. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing/Psikiyatri Hemsireleri Dernegi, 12(1).
  • Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. The Journal of psychology, 135(1), 17-36.
  • Patterson, A., Ryckman, L., & Guerra, C. (2022). A systematic review of the education and awareness interventions to prevent online child sexual abuse. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 15(3), 857-867.
  • Pegg, S. (2017). Online grooming and the law. The Law Society Gazette
  • Pereda, N., Guilera, G., Forns, M., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2009). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(4), 328– 338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007
  • Petraitis, V. and O’Connor, C. (1999), Rockspider: The danger of paedophiles – untold stories, Hybrid Publishers, Melbourne.
  • Piché, L., Mathesius, J., Lussier, P., ve Schweighofer, A. (2018). Preventative services for sexual ofenders. Sexual Abuse, 30(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216630749
  • Quayle, E., ve Jones, T. (2011). Sexualized images of children on the Internet. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 23, 7– 21. doi:10.1177/1079063210392596
  • Quayle, E., Lööf, L., Soo, K., ve Ainsaar, M. (2012). Methodological issues. In M. Ainsaar & L. Lööf (Eds.), Online behavior related to child sexual abuse: Literature report (pp. 9–16).
  • Rogers, P., Wczasek, R. ve M. Davies (2010) Attributions of blame in a hypothetical internet solicitation case: Roles of victim naivety, parental neglect and respondent gender. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 1-19.
  • Sandler, J. C., Freeman, N. J., ve Socia, K. M. (2008). Does a watched pot boil? A time-series analysis of New York State’s sex ofender registration and notifcation law. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 14(4), 284. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013881
  • Santrock, W. J., MacKenzie-Rivers, A., Leung, H. K.. ve Malcomson, T. (2005). Life-Span Development. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Canada
  • Say, G. N., Babadağı, Z., Karabekiroğlu, K., Yüce, M., ve Akbaş, S. (2015). Abuse characteristics and psychiatric consequences associated with online sexual abuse. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(6), 333-336.
  • Slattery, L. (2001), “Snake oil for the ills of modern life”, The Australian, 27th June, p.13.
  • Soo, K., Bodanovskaya, Z. (2011). ‘Risk factors of becoming a victim of Internet related sexual abuse’ in Mare Ainsaar and Lars Lööf (eds) Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse. Literature Report.
  • Staksrud, E. (2013). Online grooming legislation: Knee-jerk regulation? European Journal Of Communication, 28(2), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112471304
  • Stoltenborgh, M., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child maltreatment, 16(2), 79-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920
  • Subrahmanyam, K., Greenfield, P. M., ve Tynes, B. (2004). Constructing sexuality and identity in an online teen chat room. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(6), 651-666.
  • Schulz, A., Bergen, E., Schuhmann, P., Hoyer, J., ve Santtila, P. (2016). Online sexual solicitation of minors: how often and between whom does it occur?. Journal of Researchi in Crime And Delinquency, 53(2), 165-188.
  • Taylor M, Quayle E. (2003) Child pornography: an Internet crime. Brighton, United Kingdom: Routledge. van Dam, C. (2001). Identifying child molesters: preventing child sexual abuse by recognizing the patterns of the offenders. Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press/The Haworth Press, Inc.
  • Wachs, S., Wolf, K. D., ve Pan, C. C. (2012). Cybergrooming: Risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Psicothema, 628-633.
  • Wells, M., ve Mitchell, K. J. (2007). Youth sexual exploitation on the Internet: DSM-IV diagnoses and gender differences in co-occurring mental health issues. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24, 235-260.
  • WePROTECT Global Alliance (2021). Global Threat Assessment, https://www.weprotect.org/global-threat-assessment-21/#report (Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2023).
  • Whittle, H. C., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., ve Beech, A. R. (2014). In their own words: Young peoples’ vulnerabilities to being groomed and sexually abused online. Psychology, 5(10), 1185–1196. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.510131
  • Whittle, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., ve Beech, A. R. (2014). “Under His Spell”: Victims’ perspectives of being groomed online. Social Sciences, 3(3), 404–426. https://doi.org/10. 3390/socsci3030404
  • Whittle, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., Beech, A., & Collings, G. (2013). A review of online grooming: Characteristics and concerns. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(1), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.09.003
  • Williams, R., Elliott, I. A., ve Beech, A. R. (2013). Identifying sexual grooming themes used by internet sex offenders. Deviant Behavior, 34(2), 135–152. doi:10.1080/01639625.2012.707550
  • Winters, G. M., Jeglic, E. L., ve Kaylor, L. E. (2020). Validation of the sexual grooming model of child sexual abusers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 29(7), 855-875.
  • Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., ve Mitchell, K. (2007). 1 in 7 Youth: The statistics about online sexual solicitations. Crimes Against Children Research Unit: University of New Hampshire.
  • Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. J., ve Finkelhor, D. (2006). Online victimization of youth: Five years later. National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
  • Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., ve Mitchell, K. (2004). Internet-initiated sex crimes against minors: Implications for prevention based on findings from a national study. Journal of adolescent health, 35(5), 424-e11. World Health Organization. (2020). Child maltreatment. Retrieved 7 May 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/child-maltreatment
  • Wyre, R. (2000). Paedophile characteristics and patterns of behaviour. In C. Itzin (Ed.), Home truths about sexual abuse influencing policy and practice: A reader (pp. 49–69). London: Routledge. United Nations Children’s Fund. (1998). Convention on the rights of the child. (Erişim tarihi: 21.08.2023). http://www.unicef.org/crc/
  • Yar M. (2010) Cybersex offences: patterns, prevention and protection. In Harrison K, ed. Dealing with high-risk sex offenders in the community: risk management, treatment and social responsibilities. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 229–248.
  • Ybarra, M.L., Diener-West, M. ve P. J. Leaf (2007) Examining the overlap in Internet harassment and school bullying: Implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S42-50.
  • Yeaman, J. M. (1986). Facilitating prevention and prosecution of child sexual abuse through the multi-disciplinary assessment team. Current Municipal Problems, 13(2), 228-233.
  • Yıldırım, Ş. (2016). Sosyal hizmette krize müdahale yaklaşımının kullanımı krize müdahale. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(4).
  • Zoroğlu, S. S., Tüzün, U., Şar, V., Öztürk, M., Kara, M. E., & Alyanak, B. (2001). Çocukluk döneminde ihmal ve istismarın olası sonuçlarının incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2(2), 69-78.

THE UNSPOKEN AGENDA OF THE TECHNOLOGY AGE: ONLINE CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 22, 83 - 106, 11.01.2024

Berçem Barut-bektaş

https://doi.org/10.46218/tshd.1348555

Öz

The number of areas affected by technological advances, which accelerated with the entry of the Internet into world history, is increasing day by day. Although these effects are multifaceted, they also mediate the evolution of some phenomena. The widespread use of information and communication technologies and the increase in the use of the internet have given individuals of all ages new usage habits. It is known that with the widespread use of the Internet, the time spent by children on digital platforms has increased. Although this time has qualities such as entertainment, learning and spending time for children, it also has the potential to be exposed to various forms of sexual abuse on virtual platforms. With the prevalence of online child sexual abuse drawing attention and the increasing literature on the subject, the need for basic descriptive and explanatory concepts and information on this subject is increasing. This study aims to provide information about the concept and scope of online child sexual abuse through an international and national literature review. The study also aims to make some suggestions for practitioners and new researchers by drawing attention to the importance of the subject for child and family welfare from a social work perspective.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Child Sexual abuse online child sexual abuse social work technology

Kaynakça

  • Ainsaar, M., ve Lööf, L. (2011). Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse. URL: https://www. childrenatrisk. eu/robert/public/Online_behaviour_related_to_sexual_ abuse.
  • https://childrenatrisk.cbss.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/12/Online_behaviour_related_to_sexual_abuse.pdf Aktepe, E. (2009). Çocukluk çağı cinsel istismarı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(2), 95-119.
  • Alikasifoglu, M., Erginoz, E., Ercan, O., Albayrak-Kaymak, D., Uysal, O., & Ilter, O. (2006). Sexual abuse among female high school students in Istanbul, Turkey. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 30(3), 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.10.012
  • Altındağ, Ö. (2020). Vaka yönetimi ve sosyal hizmette kullanımı. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(2), 618-646.
  • Aslan, A., ve Karakuş-Yılmaz, T. (2017). Türkiye'de Güvenli İnternet Kullanımına Yönelik Gerçekleştirilen Uygulamalar. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Science/Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (53).
  • Assink, M., van der Put, C. E., Meeuwsen, M. W. C. M., de Jong, N. M., Oort, F. J., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Hoeve, M. (2019). Risk factors for child sexual abuse victimization: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 145(5), 459–489. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000188
  • Babchishin, K. M., Hanson, R. K., ve Hermann, C. A. (2011). The characteristics of online sex offenders: A meta-analysis. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(1), 92–123.
  • Barak, A. (2005). Sexual Harassment on the Internet. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 77–92. doi:10.1177/0894439304271540
  • Barut, B. (2021). Cinsel istismar mağdurlarına yaklaşım ve terapötik süreç. Journal of International Social Research, 14(76).
  • Barut Bektaş, B. (2022). Cinsel istismar mağduru çocukları olan ailelerin istismar süreçlerine ilişkin deneyimlerinin sosyal sermaye yaklaşımıyla incelenmesi: Diyarbakır örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora tezi.
  • Bayrak, N. G. (2022). Sanal Platformlarda Çocukları Bekleyen Tehlike: “Çevrimiçi Cinsel İstismar” . Doğu Karadeniz Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (3), 48-57. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ebshealth/issue/74730/1210862
  • Beitchman JH, Zucker KJ, Hood JE, et al. (19929. A review of the long-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect 1992; 16:101–118.
  • Beitchman JH, Zucker KJ, Hood JE, et al. (1991). A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect. 15:537–556. 3.
  • Black, P. J., Wollis, M., Woodworth, M., ve Hancock, J. T. (2015). A linguistic analysis of grooming strategies of online child sex offenders: Implications for our understanding of predatory sexual behavior in an increasingly computer-mediated world. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 140–149.
  • Bogo, M. (2006). Social Work Practice: Concepts, Processes and Interviewing. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Briere J, Elliott DM. (2003). Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women. Child Abuse & Neglect; 27:1205–1222. 2.
  • Briggs, P., Simon, W. T., ve Simonsen, S. (2011). An exploratory study of internet-initiated sexual offenses and the chat room sex offender: Has the internet enabled a new typology of sex offender? Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(1), 72–91. doi:10.1177/1079063210384275
  • Carr, J. (2004). Child abuse, child pornography and the Internet. The National Children’s Homes. Retrieved from http:// uploadi.safe.si/editor/1149589931pornographyreport.pdf
  • Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre. (2010). Annual Review 2009-2010. Retrieved from http://ceop.police.uk/ Publications/
  • Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre. (2013, June). Threat assessment of child sexual exploitation and abuse. National Crime Agency.
  • Children at increased online risk during COVID-19 pandemic (UNICEF, 2020) Accessed from: https://www.unicef.org/bhu-tan/press-releases/children-increased-online-risk-during-cov-id-19-pandemic 16/07/202 (Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2023).
  • Cooper, A. (1998). Sexuality and the internet: Surfing into the new millennium. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(2), 187–193.
  • Cömert, I. T., ve Kayıran, S. M. (2010). Çocuk ve ergenlerde internet kullanımı. Çocuk Dergisi, 10(4), 166-170. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2010.166
  • Craven, S., Brown, S., & Gilchrist, E. (2006). Sexual grooming of children: Review of literature and theoretical considerations. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12(3), 287–299.
  • Craven, S., Brown, S., ve Gilchrist, E. (2007). Current responses to sexual grooming: Implication for prevention. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 60–71.
  • Çağıltay, K., Karakuş, T., Kurşun, E., Kaşıkcı, D. N., Cankar, I. ve Bayzan, S. (2011). The Use Of Social Networks Among Children in Turkey, paper presented in EU Kids Online II Final Conference, London, UK, 22-23 September, 2011.
  • Davies, E. A., & Jones, A. C. (2013). Risk factors in child sexual abuse. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 20(3), 146-150.
  • De Santisteban, P. ve Gámez-Guadix, M. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors among minors for online sexual solicitations and interactions with adults. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(7), 939–950.
  • Derman, O. (Ed.) (2014). Çocuk İstismarına ve İhmaline Yaklaşım Temel Bilgiler. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi.
  • Durkin, K. F. (1997). Misuse of the Internet by pedophiles: Implications for law enforcement and probation practice. Federal Probation, 61(3), 14–18.
  • Duyan, V. (2003). Sosyal hizmetin işlev ve rolleri. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 14(2), 1-22.
  • Duyan, V. (2010). Sosyal hizmet: Temelleri, yaklaşımları, müdahale yöntemleri. Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği.
  • Erbay, E. (2019). güç ve güçlendirme kavramları bağlamında sosyal hizmet uygulaması. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19(42), 41-64.
  • Eu Kids Online, The Changes In Safer Internet Use Of Chıldren In Turkey Between The Years 2010 and 2015 (2016). http://eukidsonline.metu.edu. tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2023).
  • Feather, M. (1999), “Internet and child victimisation”, Paper presented at the Children and Crime: Victims and Offenders Conference, convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Brisbane, 17–18 June 1999.
  • Finkelhor D (1993), Epidemiological factors in the clinical identification of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Neglect 17:67–70
  • Finkelhor, D. (1999). Child sexual abuse: Challenges facing child protection and mental health professionals. In E. Ullmann & W. Hilweg (Eds.), Childhood and Trauma: Separation, Abuse, War (pp. 101–115). Ashgate Pub.
  • Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J. ve Wolak, J. (2000), Online Victimization: A Report on the Nation’s Youth, Crimes Against Children Research Centre, www.missingkids.com, accessed June 2001.
  • Finkelhor, D., Vanderminden, J., Turner, H., Shattuck, A., ve Hamby, S. (2014). Youth exposure to violence prevention programs in a national sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(4), 677–686. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.010
  • Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., ve Colburn, D. (2022). Prevalence of online sexual offenses against children in the US. JAMA network open, 5(10), e2234471-e2234471.
  • Gámez-Guadix, M., Borrajo, E., ve Almendros, C. (2016). Risky online behaviors among adolescents: Longitudinal relations among problematic Internet use, cyberbullying perpetration, and meeting strangers online. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(1), 100-107.
  • Gillespie, A. (2002). Child protection on the internet: Challenges for criminal law. Child and Family Law Quarterly, 14, 411–426.
  • Holloway, D., Green, L., ve Livingstone, S. (2013). Zero to eight: Young children and their internet use.
  • Jones, L. M., Mitchell, K. J., ve Finkelhor, D. (2012). Trends in youth internet victimization: Findings from three youth internet safety surveys 2000–2010. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(2), 179–186.
  • Kadri Soo ve Zinaida Bodanovskaya. (2011). ‘Risk Factors of Becoming A Victim of Internet Related Sexual Abuse’ in Mare Ainsaar and Lars Lööf (eds) Online Behaviour Related to Child Sexual Abuse Literature Report 46.
  • Kane, J. (2006) Issues and Experiences in Combating Violence Against Children, Young People and Women. Daphne Booklets. European Commission: Directorate-General for Justice, Freedom and Security, Brussels.
  • Karakuş, T., Çağıltay, K., Kaşıkcı, D., Kurşun, E., ve Ogan, C. (2014). Türkiye ve Avrupa’daki çocukların internet alışkanlıkları ve güvenli internet kullanımı. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(171).
  • Karataş, Z. (2017). Çocuklara yönelik denetimli serbestlik uygulamalarında sosyal hizmet müdahalesinin önemi. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1-20.
  • Kloess, J. A., Hamilton,-Giachritsis, C. E., ve Beech, A. R. (2017). A descriptive account of victims’ behaviour and responses in sexually exploitative interactions with offenders. Psychology, Crime and Law, 23(7), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2017.1293052
  • Kloess, J. A., Seymour-Smith, S., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., Long, M. L., Shipley, D., ve Beech, A. R. (2015). A qualitative analysis of offenders’ modus operandi in sexually exploitative interactions with children online. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 1(29), 1–29. doi:1079063215612442
  • Knack, N., Winder, B., Murphy, L., ve Fedorof, J. P. (2019). Primary and secondary prevention of child sexual abuse. International Review of Psychiatry, 31(2), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09540261.2018.1541872
  • Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., ve Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological bulletin, 140(4), 1073.
  • Lanning, K. V. (2005). Compliant child victims: Confronting an uncomfortable reality. APSAC Advisor, 14(2). Retrieved from http://www.abusewatch.net/Compliant20Child20Victims.pdf
  • Leander, L., Christianson, S. Å., ve Granhag, P. A. (2008). Internet‐initiated sexual abuse: adolescent victims' reports about On‐and Off‐line sexual activities. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 22(9), 1260-1274.
  • Lorenzo-Dus, N., ve Izura, C. (2017, April ). “ cause ur special ”: Understanding trust and complimenting behaviour in online grooming discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 112, 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.01.004
  • Madigan, S., Villani, V., Azzopardi, C., Laut, D., Smith, T., Temple, J.R., Browne, D., & Dimitropoulos, G. (2018). The Prevalence of Unwanted Online Sexual Exposure and Solicitation Among Youth: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(2),133-141. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.03.012
  • Malesky, L. A. (2007). Predatory online behavior: Modus operandi of convicted sex offenders in identifying potential victims and contacting minors over the Internet. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16(2), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v16n02_02
  • Marcum, C. D. (2007). Interpreting the intentions of internet predators: An examination of online predatory behavior. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse: Research, Treatment, & Program Innovations For Victims, Survivors, & Offenders, 16(4), 99–114. doi:10.1300/J070v16n04_06
  • McAlinden, A. (2006). “Setting ‘em up”: Personal, familial and institutional grooming in the sexual abuse of children. Social & Legal Studies, 15(3), 339–362. doi:10.1177/0964663906066613
  • McCartan KF, McAlister R. (2012). Mobile phone technology and sexual abuse. Information & Communications Technology Law; 21:257–268.
  • Mishna F, McLuckie A, Saini M. (20099. Real-world dangers in an online reality: a qualitative study examining online relationships and cyber abuse. Social Work Research. 33:107–118.
  • Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., ve Wolak, J. (2007). Youth Internet users at risk for the most serious online sexual solicitations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32, 532–537. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.001
  • Mitchell, K., Ybarra, M. ve D. Finkelhor (2007) The relative importance of online victimization in understanding depression, delinquency & substance use. Child Maltreatment, 12(4), 314-324.
  • Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D. ve Wolak, J. (2001), “Risk factors for and impact of online sexual solicitation of youth”, JAMA, Vol.285, No.23, pp.3011–14.
  • Modelli, M. E., Galvão, M. F., & Pratesi, R. (2012). Child sexual abuse. Forensic science international, 217(1-3), 1-4.
  • Montiel, I., Carbonell, E., ve Pereda, N. (2016). Multiple online victimization of Spanish adolescents: Results from a community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 123-134.
  • NetClean. (2018). Blocking as a way of stopping child sexual abuse material. (Erişim tarihi: 21.08.2023, https://respect.international/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NetClean_Report_2018.pdf
  • O’Connell, R. (2003). A typology of child cybersexploitation and online grooming practices. Cyberspace Research Unit. http://netsafe.org.nz/Doc_Library/racheloconnell1.pdf
  • O’Donnell I, Milner C. (2007) Child pornography, crime computers and society. Cullompton, United Kingdom: Willan Publishing.
  • Olson, L. N., Daggs, J. L., Ellevold, B. L., ve Rogers, T. K. (2007). Entrapping the innocent: Toward a theory of child sexual predators’ luring communication. Communication Theory, 17(3), 231–251. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00294.x
  • Özçalık, C. K., & Atakoğlu, R. (2021). Çevrimiçi çocuk cinsel istismarı: Yaygınlık, mağdur ve suçlu özellikleri. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing/Psikiyatri Hemsireleri Dernegi, 12(1).
  • Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. The Journal of psychology, 135(1), 17-36.
  • Patterson, A., Ryckman, L., & Guerra, C. (2022). A systematic review of the education and awareness interventions to prevent online child sexual abuse. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 15(3), 857-867.
  • Pegg, S. (2017). Online grooming and the law. The Law Society Gazette
  • Pereda, N., Guilera, G., Forns, M., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2009). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(4), 328– 338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007
  • Petraitis, V. and O’Connor, C. (1999), Rockspider: The danger of paedophiles – untold stories, Hybrid Publishers, Melbourne.
  • Piché, L., Mathesius, J., Lussier, P., ve Schweighofer, A. (2018). Preventative services for sexual ofenders. Sexual Abuse, 30(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216630749
  • Quayle, E., ve Jones, T. (2011). Sexualized images of children on the Internet. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 23, 7– 21. doi:10.1177/1079063210392596
  • Quayle, E., Lööf, L., Soo, K., ve Ainsaar, M. (2012). Methodological issues. In M. Ainsaar & L. Lööf (Eds.), Online behavior related to child sexual abuse: Literature report (pp. 9–16).
  • Rogers, P., Wczasek, R. ve M. Davies (2010) Attributions of blame in a hypothetical internet solicitation case: Roles of victim naivety, parental neglect and respondent gender. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 1-19.
  • Sandler, J. C., Freeman, N. J., ve Socia, K. M. (2008). Does a watched pot boil? A time-series analysis of New York State’s sex ofender registration and notifcation law. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 14(4), 284. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013881
  • Santrock, W. J., MacKenzie-Rivers, A., Leung, H. K.. ve Malcomson, T. (2005). Life-Span Development. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Canada
  • Say, G. N., Babadağı, Z., Karabekiroğlu, K., Yüce, M., ve Akbaş, S. (2015). Abuse characteristics and psychiatric consequences associated with online sexual abuse. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(6), 333-336.
  • Slattery, L. (2001), “Snake oil for the ills of modern life”, The Australian, 27th June, p.13.
  • Soo, K., Bodanovskaya, Z. (2011). ‘Risk factors of becoming a victim of Internet related sexual abuse’ in Mare Ainsaar and Lars Lööf (eds) Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse. Literature Report.
  • Staksrud, E. (2013). Online grooming legislation: Knee-jerk regulation? European Journal Of Communication, 28(2), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112471304
  • Stoltenborgh, M., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child maltreatment, 16(2), 79-101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920
  • Subrahmanyam, K., Greenfield, P. M., ve Tynes, B. (2004). Constructing sexuality and identity in an online teen chat room. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(6), 651-666.
  • Schulz, A., Bergen, E., Schuhmann, P., Hoyer, J., ve Santtila, P. (2016). Online sexual solicitation of minors: how often and between whom does it occur?. Journal of Researchi in Crime And Delinquency, 53(2), 165-188.
  • Taylor M, Quayle E. (2003) Child pornography: an Internet crime. Brighton, United Kingdom: Routledge. van Dam, C. (2001). Identifying child molesters: preventing child sexual abuse by recognizing the patterns of the offenders. Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press/The Haworth Press, Inc.
  • Wachs, S., Wolf, K. D., ve Pan, C. C. (2012). Cybergrooming: Risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying. Psicothema, 628-633.
  • Wells, M., ve Mitchell, K. J. (2007). Youth sexual exploitation on the Internet: DSM-IV diagnoses and gender differences in co-occurring mental health issues. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 24, 235-260.
  • WePROTECT Global Alliance (2021). Global Threat Assessment, https://www.weprotect.org/global-threat-assessment-21/#report (Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2023).
  • Whittle, H. C., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., ve Beech, A. R. (2014). In their own words: Young peoples’ vulnerabilities to being groomed and sexually abused online. Psychology, 5(10), 1185–1196. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.510131
  • Whittle, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., ve Beech, A. R. (2014). “Under His Spell”: Victims’ perspectives of being groomed online. Social Sciences, 3(3), 404–426. https://doi.org/10. 3390/socsci3030404
  • Whittle, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C., Beech, A., & Collings, G. (2013). A review of online grooming: Characteristics and concerns. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(1), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.09.003
  • Williams, R., Elliott, I. A., ve Beech, A. R. (2013). Identifying sexual grooming themes used by internet sex offenders. Deviant Behavior, 34(2), 135–152. doi:10.1080/01639625.2012.707550
  • Winters, G. M., Jeglic, E. L., ve Kaylor, L. E. (2020). Validation of the sexual grooming model of child sexual abusers. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 29(7), 855-875.
  • Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., ve Mitchell, K. (2007). 1 in 7 Youth: The statistics about online sexual solicitations. Crimes Against Children Research Unit: University of New Hampshire.
  • Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. J., ve Finkelhor, D. (2006). Online victimization of youth: Five years later. National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
  • Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., ve Mitchell, K. (2004). Internet-initiated sex crimes against minors: Implications for prevention based on findings from a national study. Journal of adolescent health, 35(5), 424-e11. World Health Organization. (2020). Child maltreatment. Retrieved 7 May 2021, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/child-maltreatment
  • Wyre, R. (2000). Paedophile characteristics and patterns of behaviour. In C. Itzin (Ed.), Home truths about sexual abuse influencing policy and practice: A reader (pp. 49–69). London: Routledge. United Nations Children’s Fund. (1998). Convention on the rights of the child. (Erişim tarihi: 21.08.2023). http://www.unicef.org/crc/
  • Yar M. (2010) Cybersex offences: patterns, prevention and protection. In Harrison K, ed. Dealing with high-risk sex offenders in the community: risk management, treatment and social responsibilities. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 229–248.
  • Ybarra, M.L., Diener-West, M. ve P. J. Leaf (2007) Examining the overlap in Internet harassment and school bullying: Implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S42-50.
  • Yeaman, J. M. (1986). Facilitating prevention and prosecution of child sexual abuse through the multi-disciplinary assessment team. Current Municipal Problems, 13(2), 228-233.
  • Yıldırım, Ş. (2016). Sosyal hizmette krize müdahale yaklaşımının kullanımı krize müdahale. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(4).
  • Zoroğlu, S. S., Tüzün, U., Şar, V., Öztürk, M., Kara, M. E., & Alyanak, B. (2001). Çocukluk döneminde ihmal ve istismarın olası sonuçlarının incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2(2), 69-78.
Toplam 107 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyal Hizmetler (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Berçem Barut-bektaş 0000-0002-9134-9456

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Ocak 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

APA Barut-bektaş, B. (2024). TEKNOLOJİ ÇAĞININ KONUŞULMAYAN GÜNDEMİ: ÇEVRİM İÇİ ÇOCUK CİNSEL İSTİSMARI. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi(22), 83-106. https://doi.org/10.46218/tshd.1348555
 Kapak Resmi İndir