Öz
Nükleer füzyon, sömürülen enerji kaynaklarına kıyasla, özellikle sınırsız yakıt rezervleri, doğal nükleer güvenlik ve ihmal edilebilir çevresel etkileri göz önüne alındığında önemli avantajlara sahiptir. Plazmadan gelen nötron emisyonunu ölçerek bir füzyon plazmasındaki yakıt iyonları döteryum (D) ve trityum (T)'un çeşitli özellikleri hakkında bilgi edinmek mümkündür. Nötronlar, yakıt iyonları arasındaki füzyon reaksiyonlarında üretilir ve yayılan nötronların yoğunluğu ve enerji spektrumu, bu iyonların yoğunlukları ve hız dağılımlarıyla ilişkilidir. Bu makalede füzyon nötron ölçümlerinden elde edilen verileri analiz etmek için farklı yöntemleri açıklamaktadır. Çalışmada, İngiltere'deki tokamak füzyon reaktöründe TOFOR uçuş süresi spektrometresi ve manyetik proton geri tepme (MPR) spektrometresi de dahil olmak üzere JET'te toplanan nötron spektrometrisi ölçüm verileri kullanılmıştır. Sunulan çalışma, verilen yakıt iyonu dağılımlarından nötron enerji spektrumunun hesaplanmasına dayanmaktadır. Uygun tasarlanmış bir modelin, birçok farklı parametre seti için nötron spektrumunun hesaplanması ve deneysel verilerin en iyi sonuçlanan değerlerin bulunması tahmin edilebilen bir dizi fiziksel parametreye bağlıdır. Bu çalışma, bu tür nötron spektrum hesaplamalarına genel bir bakış sunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- [1] D. Meade, “50 years of fusion research,” Nuclear Fusion, vol. 50, no. 1, s. 014004, 2010.
- [2] J. Källne, L. Ballabio, J. Frenje, S. Conroy, G. Ericsson, M. Tardocchi, E. Traneus ve G. Gorini, “Observation of Magnetically Confined Alpha Particle Knock-On Neutron Emission DT Fusion Plasmas,” Physical Review Letters, 85, s. 1246–1249, 2000.
- [3] C. Hellesen, M. Albergante, EA Sundén, L. Ballabio, S. Conroy, G. Ericsson, MG Johnson, L. Giacomelli, G. Gorini, A. Hjalmarsson, I. Jenkins, J. Källne, E . “Neutron spectroscopy measurements and modeling of neutral beam heating fast ion Dynamics” Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 52, no. 8, s. 085013, 2010.
- [4] J. Wesson, Tokamaks. International Series of Physics Monographs, Oxford University Press, 2011.
- [5] D. Tilley, C. Cheves, J. Godwin, G. Hale, H. Hofmann, J. Kelley,C. Sheu ve H. Weller, “Energy levels of light nuclei /A=5, 6, 7 ” Nuclear Physics,A, 1-2, s. 3 – 163, 2002.
- [6] P. Martin ve G. Shaw, Particle Physics. Manchester Physics Series, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
- [7] M. Keilhacker, A. Gibson, C. Gormezano ve P. Rebut, “The scientific success of JET” Nuclear Fusion, vol. 41, no. 12, s. 1925, 2001.
- [8] M. Keilhacker, A. Gibson, C. Gormezano, P. Lomas, P. Thomas, M. Watkins, P. Andrew, B. Balet, D. Borba, C. Challis, I. Coffey, G. Cottrell , HD Esch, N. Deliyanakis, A. Fasoli, C. Gowers, H. Guo, G. Huysmans, T. Jones, W. Kerner, R. König, M. Loughlin, A. Maas, F. Marcus, M. Nave, F. Rimini, G. Sadler, S. Sharapov, G. Sips, P. Smeulders, F. Söldner, A. Taroni, B. Tubbing, M. von Hellermann ve D. Ward, “High fusion performance from deuterium-tritium plasmas in JET” Nuclear Fusion, vol. 39, no. 2, s. 209, 1999.
- [9] V.B. Anykeyev, V.P. Zhigunov, A.A. Spiridonov, “On the choice of minimization parameters using the 4-momentum conservation law for particle momenta improvement “ Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 199, 3, 465-468, 1992.
- [10] B. Appelbe ve J. Chittenden, “Relativistically correct DD and DT neutron spectra,” High Energy Density Physics, vol. 11, pp. 30 – 35, 2014.
- [11] H. Brysk, Fusion neutron energies and spectra, Plasma Physics, Vol. 15, 611–617.1973
- [12] L. Ballabio, J. Frenje, J. Källne, S. W. Conroy, G. Ericsson, M. Tardocchi, E. Traneus and G. Gorini,” Measurement and interpretation of the spectrum of the triton burnup neutron emission from deuterium tokamak plasmas” Nuclear Fusion 40, No. 1, 21, 2000.
- [13] L. Ballabio, Calculation and Measurement of the Neutron Emission Spectrum due to Thermonuclear and Higher-Order reactions in Tokamak Plasmas, Ballabio, Uppsala University Neutron Physics Report , Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Uppsala University,58, 2003.
- [14] J. Erikson, “Neutron Emission Spectrometry for Fusion Reactor Diagnosis Method Development and Data Analysis”, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1244, Acta Unıversıtatıs Upsalıensıs Uppsala, 94, 2015
- [15] J.A. Frenje, M. Gatu Johnson, M.J.-E. Manuel, N. Sinenian, AB Zylstra, FH Séguin, CK Li, RD Petrasso, VY Glebov, PB Radha, DD Meyerhofer, TC Sangster, DP McNabb, PA Amendt, RN Boyd, SP Hatchett, S. Quaglioni, JR Rygg, IJ Thompson, AD Bacher, HW Herrmann ve YH Kim, " Measurements of the T(t.2n)4He Neutron Spectrum at Low Reactant Energies from Inertial Confinement Implosions," Physical Review Letters, vol. 109, s. 025003, Temmuz 2012.
- [16] M. Gatu Johnson, C. Hellesen, EA Sundén, M. Cecconello, S. Conroy, G. Ericsson, G. Gorini, V. Kiptily, M. Nocente, S. Pinches, E. Ronchi, S. Sharapov , H. Sjöstrand, M. Tardocchi ve M. Weiszflog, “International Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear Fusion Neutron emission from beryllium reactions in JET deuterium plasmas with 3He minority,” Nuclear Fusion, 50, no. 4, s. 045005, 2010.
- [17] R. H. Dalitz, “Decay of of Known Charge,” Phys. Rev., 94, pp. 1046–1051, 1954.
- [18] K Nakamura and (Particle Data Group) “Review of Particle Physics” Nuclear and Particle Physics, vol. 37, no. 7A, s. 075021, 2010.
- [19] C. Wong, J. Anderson ve J. McClure, “TNeutron spectrum from the T+T reaction” Nuclear Physics, 71,1, s. 106 – 112, 1965.
- [20] K.W. Allen, E. Almqvist, J.T. Dewan, T.P. Pepper ve J.H. Sanders, “The T+T Reactions,” Phys. Rev., 82, s. 262–263, 1951.
- [21] R.T. Remington, DP Rowley, DH Schneider, VA Smalyuk, W. Stoeffl, RE Tipton, SV Weber ve CB Yeamans, "Measurement of the T + T neutron spectrum using the national ignition facility ", Phys Rev Lett., 111, s. 052501, 2013.
Öz
Nuclear fusion has significant advantages over exploited energy sources, especially given its unlimited fuel reserves, natural nuclear safety and negligible environmental impacts. By measuring the neutron emission from the plasma, it is possible to obtain information about the various properties of the fuel ions deuterium (D) and tritium (T) in a fusion plasma. Neutrons are produced in fusion reactions between fuel ions, and the density and energy spectrum of emitted neutrons are related to the densities and velocity distributions of these ions. This article describes different methods for analyzing data from fusion neutron measurements. The study used neutron spectrometry measurement data collected in JET, including the TOFOR time-of-flight spectrometer and magnetic proton rebound (MPR) spectrometer at the tokamak fusion reactor in England. The presented work is based on the calculation of the neutron energy spectrum from the given fuel ion distributions. Calculation of a properly designed model, neutron spectrum for many different parameter sets, and finding the best-resulting values of experimental data depend on a number of predictable physical parameters. This work provides an overview of such neutron spectrum calculations.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- [1] D. Meade, “50 years of fusion research,” Nuclear Fusion, vol. 50, no. 1, s. 014004, 2010.
- [2] J. Källne, L. Ballabio, J. Frenje, S. Conroy, G. Ericsson, M. Tardocchi, E. Traneus ve G. Gorini, “Observation of Magnetically Confined Alpha Particle Knock-On Neutron Emission DT Fusion Plasmas,” Physical Review Letters, 85, s. 1246–1249, 2000.
- [3] C. Hellesen, M. Albergante, EA Sundén, L. Ballabio, S. Conroy, G. Ericsson, MG Johnson, L. Giacomelli, G. Gorini, A. Hjalmarsson, I. Jenkins, J. Källne, E . “Neutron spectroscopy measurements and modeling of neutral beam heating fast ion Dynamics” Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 52, no. 8, s. 085013, 2010.
- [4] J. Wesson, Tokamaks. International Series of Physics Monographs, Oxford University Press, 2011.
- [5] D. Tilley, C. Cheves, J. Godwin, G. Hale, H. Hofmann, J. Kelley,C. Sheu ve H. Weller, “Energy levels of light nuclei /A=5, 6, 7 ” Nuclear Physics,A, 1-2, s. 3 – 163, 2002.
- [6] P. Martin ve G. Shaw, Particle Physics. Manchester Physics Series, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
- [7] M. Keilhacker, A. Gibson, C. Gormezano ve P. Rebut, “The scientific success of JET” Nuclear Fusion, vol. 41, no. 12, s. 1925, 2001.
- [8] M. Keilhacker, A. Gibson, C. Gormezano, P. Lomas, P. Thomas, M. Watkins, P. Andrew, B. Balet, D. Borba, C. Challis, I. Coffey, G. Cottrell , HD Esch, N. Deliyanakis, A. Fasoli, C. Gowers, H. Guo, G. Huysmans, T. Jones, W. Kerner, R. König, M. Loughlin, A. Maas, F. Marcus, M. Nave, F. Rimini, G. Sadler, S. Sharapov, G. Sips, P. Smeulders, F. Söldner, A. Taroni, B. Tubbing, M. von Hellermann ve D. Ward, “High fusion performance from deuterium-tritium plasmas in JET” Nuclear Fusion, vol. 39, no. 2, s. 209, 1999.
- [9] V.B. Anykeyev, V.P. Zhigunov, A.A. Spiridonov, “On the choice of minimization parameters using the 4-momentum conservation law for particle momenta improvement “ Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, 199, 3, 465-468, 1992.
- [10] B. Appelbe ve J. Chittenden, “Relativistically correct DD and DT neutron spectra,” High Energy Density Physics, vol. 11, pp. 30 – 35, 2014.
- [11] H. Brysk, Fusion neutron energies and spectra, Plasma Physics, Vol. 15, 611–617.1973
- [12] L. Ballabio, J. Frenje, J. Källne, S. W. Conroy, G. Ericsson, M. Tardocchi, E. Traneus and G. Gorini,” Measurement and interpretation of the spectrum of the triton burnup neutron emission from deuterium tokamak plasmas” Nuclear Fusion 40, No. 1, 21, 2000.
- [13] L. Ballabio, Calculation and Measurement of the Neutron Emission Spectrum due to Thermonuclear and Higher-Order reactions in Tokamak Plasmas, Ballabio, Uppsala University Neutron Physics Report , Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Uppsala University,58, 2003.
- [14] J. Erikson, “Neutron Emission Spectrometry for Fusion Reactor Diagnosis Method Development and Data Analysis”, Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1244, Acta Unıversıtatıs Upsalıensıs Uppsala, 94, 2015
- [15] J.A. Frenje, M. Gatu Johnson, M.J.-E. Manuel, N. Sinenian, AB Zylstra, FH Séguin, CK Li, RD Petrasso, VY Glebov, PB Radha, DD Meyerhofer, TC Sangster, DP McNabb, PA Amendt, RN Boyd, SP Hatchett, S. Quaglioni, JR Rygg, IJ Thompson, AD Bacher, HW Herrmann ve YH Kim, " Measurements of the T(t.2n)4He Neutron Spectrum at Low Reactant Energies from Inertial Confinement Implosions," Physical Review Letters, vol. 109, s. 025003, Temmuz 2012.
- [16] M. Gatu Johnson, C. Hellesen, EA Sundén, M. Cecconello, S. Conroy, G. Ericsson, G. Gorini, V. Kiptily, M. Nocente, S. Pinches, E. Ronchi, S. Sharapov , H. Sjöstrand, M. Tardocchi ve M. Weiszflog, “International Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear Fusion Neutron emission from beryllium reactions in JET deuterium plasmas with 3He minority,” Nuclear Fusion, 50, no. 4, s. 045005, 2010.
- [17] R. H. Dalitz, “Decay of of Known Charge,” Phys. Rev., 94, pp. 1046–1051, 1954.
- [18] K Nakamura and (Particle Data Group) “Review of Particle Physics” Nuclear and Particle Physics, vol. 37, no. 7A, s. 075021, 2010.
- [19] C. Wong, J. Anderson ve J. McClure, “TNeutron spectrum from the T+T reaction” Nuclear Physics, 71,1, s. 106 – 112, 1965.
- [20] K.W. Allen, E. Almqvist, J.T. Dewan, T.P. Pepper ve J.H. Sanders, “The T+T Reactions,” Phys. Rev., 82, s. 262–263, 1951.
- [21] R.T. Remington, DP Rowley, DH Schneider, VA Smalyuk, W. Stoeffl, RE Tipton, SV Weber ve CB Yeamans, "Measurement of the T + T neutron spectrum using the national ignition facility ", Phys Rev Lett., 111, s. 052501, 2013.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Nükleer Enerji Sistemleri |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 8 Kasım 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 29 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2 |
