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The Witch-Hunt in Scotland and England Under the Reign of King James VI (I)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 442 - 466, 28.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.999278

Öz

King James VI(I) ascended the Scottish throne in 1567 and the English throne in 1603 after the abdication of Mary Stuart and the death of Elizabeth I respectively. King James VI(I) the first monarch of the Stuart dynasty in England left his mark on history as a royal witch hunter due to his obsession with witches. James VI(I) who believed in the supernatural and malignant nature of witchcraft wrote Daemonologie on witchcraft, published in Scotland and later in England. James VI(I) even inspired Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Since the witch- hunt was widespread in Europe from the 14th century to the 17th century due to religious reasons, the witch-hunt in Scotland and England is not an exceptional example in European history. However, behind the witch-hunt in Scotland and England during the reign of James VI(I), there are personal reasons along with religious conditions that caused the king's obsession with witches.
The purpose of this article is to shed light on the religious and personal reasons for the witch- hunt in Scotland and England during the reign of King James VI(I).

Kaynakça

  • Albright, Daniel, “The Witches and the Witch: Verdi’s Macbeth”, Cambridge Opera Journal, 17/3, 2005, s. 225-252.
  • Anderson, Alan ve Gordon, Raymond, “Witchcraft and the Status of Women—The Case of England”, The British Journal of Sociology, 29/2, 1978, s. 171-184.
  • Anderson, Rhiannon “The Systematic Demonizations of Medieval Witchcraft” https://history.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/2007_Rhiannon%20Anderson.pdf, erişim 1 Mart 2021.
  • Anne of Denmark, https://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_25.html, erişim 14 Mart 2021.
  • Bailey, “Michael D., “Pope John XXII”, https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060&context=history_pubs , erişim 22 Mart 2021.
  • Bailey, Michael D., “Witchcraft and Demonology in the Middle Ages”, https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121&context=history_pubs , erişim 10 Mart 2021.
  • Bailey, Michael D., “Historical Dictionary of Witchcraft”, https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=history_books, erişim 22 Mart 2021
  • Ben-Yehuda, Nachman, “The European Witch Craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A Sociologist’s Perspective”, American Journal of Sociology, 86/1, 1980, s. 1-31.
  • Ben-Yehuda, Nachman “Problems Inherent in Socio-Historical Approaches to the European Witch Craze”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 20/4, 1981, s.326-338.
  • Burges, Glenn, “The Divine Right of Kings Reconsidered”, The English Historical Review, 107/425, 1992, s. 837-861.
  • Calhoun, Howell V. “James I and The Witch Scenes in ‘Macbeth’”, The Shakespeare Association Bulletin, 17/4, 1942, s.184-189.
  • Campbell, Mary Ann, “Labeling and Oppression:Witchcraft in Medieval Europe”, Mid-American Review of Sociology, 3/2, 1978, s.55-82.
  • Creed, Joni, King James VI and I: Witch-Hunter and Protector of the Realm, Master Thesis, Liberty University, 2020. De Angelis, Lauren “Witch Hunting 16th and 17th Century England”, The Histories, 8/1, 2019, s.1-10.
  • Deyrmenjian, Maral, “Pope Innocent VIII (1484-1492) and the Summis desiderantes affectibus”, https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=mmft_malleus, erişim 10 Mart 2021.
  • Doward, Jamie, Why Europe’s wars of religion put 40,000 ‘witches’ to a terrible death, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jan/07/witchcraft-economics-reformation-catholic-protestant-market-share, erişim 1 Nisan 2021
  • David. D. Hall, “Witchcraft and the Limits of Interpretation”, The New England Quarterly, 58/2, 1985, s.253-281.
  • “Everything You Need to Know About Scotland’s Historic Witch Hunts”, https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/scotland/articles/a-brief-history-of-scotlands-witch-hunts/, erişim 12 Mart 2021.
  • Foster-Feigenbaum, Elizabeth, “The Middle Ages as a Conducive Period to the Witch Craze”, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088&context=fypapers, erişim 22 Mart 2021.
  • Gaskill, Malcolm “Witchcraft and Evidence in Early Modern England”, Past & Present, No.198, 2008, s. 33-70.
  • Goodare, Julian, “The Scottish Witchcraft Act”, Church History, 74/1, 2005, s.39-67.
  • Hsu, Francis L.K., “A Neglected Aspect of Witchcraft Studies”, The Journal of American Folklore, 73/287, 1960, s. 35-38.
  • Hoak, Dale, “The Great European With-Hunts:A Historical Perspective”, American Journal of Sociology, 88/6, 1983, s. 1270-1274.
  • Iribarren, Isabel, “From Black Magic to Heresy: A Doctrinal Leap in the Pontificate of John XXII”, Church History, 76/1, 2007, s.32-60.
  • “James VI and I: the king who hunted witches”, https://www.historyextra.com/period/stuart/king-james-vi-i-hunted-witches-hunter-devilry-daemonologie/, erişim 12 Mart 2021.
  • “James I: how this king’s obsession with witches inspired Shakespeare’s Macbeth”, https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/king-james-i-witches-macbeth-doctor-who-the-witchfinders-season-11-226667, erişim 22 Mart 2021.
  • Kern, Edmund, “Confessional Identity and Magic in the Late Sixteenth Century:Jakob Bithner and Witchcraft in Styria”, The Sixteenth Century Journal, 25/2, 1994, s.323-340.
  • Kulkarni, Parashar ve Pfaff, Steven, “Church Politics, Sectarianism, and Judicial Terror: The Scottish Witch-Hunt, 1563-1736”, https://economics.harvard.edu/files/economics/files/scottishwitchhunts_kulkarni_and_pfaff_oct_2019.pdf, erişim 02 Nisan 2021.
  • Laski, Harold J., “The Political Ideas of James I”, Political Science Quarterly, 34/2, 1919, s. 290-304.
  • Lee, Maurice Jr., “James VI and the Revival of Episcopacy in Scotland: 1596-1600”, Church History, 43/1, 1974, s. 50-64. Leeson, Peter T ve Russ, Jacob W., “Witch Trıals”, The Economic Journal, 128, 2017, s. 2066-2105.
  • MacCulloch, Canon J.A., “The Mingling of Fairy and Witch Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Scotland”, Folklore, 32/4, 1921, s.227-244.
  • Mack, Elizabeth, “The Malleus Maleficarum and King James:Defining Witchcraft”, Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review, 1/1, 2009, s.181-204.
  • MacPherson, Hamish “The Story behind Scotland’s witch hunt and trials”, https://www.thenational.scot/news/19092602.story-behind-scotlands-witch-hunt-trials/, erişim 12 Mart 2021.
  • Melta, Stefano, King James’s Daemonogie: the evolution of the concept of witchcraft in Scotland, Tesi di Laurea, Universita degli Studi di Padova, 2018/2019.
  • Midelfort, H.C. Erik,, “Reviewed Work(s):The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ by Christopher S. Mackay”, The Catholic Historical Review, 97/1, 2011, s. 99-101.
  • Mueller, Janel “ ‘To My Very Good Brother the King of Scots’:Elizabeth I’s Correspondence with James VI and the Question of the Succession”, PMLA, 115/5, 2000, s.1063-1071.
  • Obermeier, Anita, “Witches and the Myth of the Medieval Burning Times”, içinde Misconceptions About the Middle Ages, Stephen J. Harris,Bryron L. Grigsby (eds.), Routledge, 2008, New York, s. 218-229.
  • Reid, W. Stanford, “The Middle Class Factor in the Scottish Reformation”, Church History, 16/3, 1947, s. 137-153.
  • Reid, W. Stanford, “The Coming of the Reformation to Edinburg”, Church History, 42/1, 1973, s.27-44.
  • Schuyler, Jane, “ The ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ and Baldung’s ‘Witches’ Sabbath”, Notes in the History of Art, 6/3, 1987, s. 2-26.
  • Scribner, Robert W., “The Reformation, Popular Magic, and the ‘Disenchantment of the World’”, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23/3, 1993, s.475-494.
  • Sharpe, J.A., “Criminalization, Devriminalization, and Elite Attitudes to Witchcraft in England c.1563-1736:A Preliminary Survey”, IAHCCJ Bulletin, No.17, 1992/1993, s.15-28.
  • Shearer, Kelsee, King James’ Daemonologie and Scottish Witchcraft Trials, Central Washington University, All Master Theses, 2016.
  • Spoto, Stephanie Irene, “Jacobean Witchcraft and Feminine Power”, Pacific Coast Philology, 45, 2010, s. 53-70.
  • Vanysacker, Dries, “Reviewed Work(s): Witchcraft and the Act of 1604 (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions 131) by John Newton and Jo Bath”, Church History and Religious Culture, 90/4, 2010, s. 697-699.
  • “Which Witch(Craft Act) Is Which?”, https://archives.blog.parliament.uk/2020/10/28/which-witchcraft-act-is-which/, erişim 30 Mart 2021.
  • Wickham, Chris, Ortaçağ’da Avrupa, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2019, s. 17.
  • Williams, George Walton , “Macbeth: King James Play”, South Atlantic Review, 47/2, 1982, s. 12-21.
  • Yiğit, Dilek, “İngiltere’de Kraliçe Mary Stuart ve Kral 1. Charles’ın İdamları:Katolisizm Faktörü”, The Legends:Journal of European History Studies,1/1, 2021, s.111-125.

Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya'da ve İngiltere'de Cadı Avı

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 442 - 466, 28.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.999278

Öz

Kral VI(I). James 1567'de Kraliçe Mary Stuart'ın tahttan çekilmesi sonrası İskoçya tahtına, 1603’de Kraliçe I.Elizabeth'in vefatından sonra İngiltere tahtına çıkmıştır. İngiltere'de Stuart hanedanlığının ilk monarkı olan VI(I). James cadılık meselesine ve cadı avına olan ilgisi nedeniyle “cadı avcısı kral” olarak tarihe iz bırakmıştır. Cadılığın doğaüstü ve kötücül doğasına inanan Kral James cadılık üzerine Daemonologie adlı eseri bizzat kaleme almış, hatta Shakespeare'in Macbeth’ine ilham kaynağı olmuştur. 14. yüzyıldan 17. yüzyıla kadar olan dönemde Avrupa’da cadı avı yaygın olduğundan, VI(I). James döneminde İskoçya’da ve İngiltere'deki cadı avı Avrupa tarihi açısından istisnai bir örnek değildir. Ancak James döneminde İskoçya’da ve İngiltere'de yürütülen cadı avının arkasında, Kıta Avrupası’nda olduğu gibi dini koşulların yanı sıra, kralın cadı avına ilgi duymasına sebep olan kişisel nedenler de yatmaktadır.
Bu makalenin amacı Kral VI(I). James'in İskoçya’da ve İngiltere'de yürüttüğü cadı avının nedenlerine James’in, dönemin dini koşullarından da kaynaklanan, kişisel deneyimleri düzeyinde ışık tutmaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Albright, Daniel, “The Witches and the Witch: Verdi’s Macbeth”, Cambridge Opera Journal, 17/3, 2005, s. 225-252.
  • Anderson, Alan ve Gordon, Raymond, “Witchcraft and the Status of Women—The Case of England”, The British Journal of Sociology, 29/2, 1978, s. 171-184.
  • Anderson, Rhiannon “The Systematic Demonizations of Medieval Witchcraft” https://history.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/2007_Rhiannon%20Anderson.pdf, erişim 1 Mart 2021.
  • Anne of Denmark, https://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart_25.html, erişim 14 Mart 2021.
  • Bailey, “Michael D., “Pope John XXII”, https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060&context=history_pubs , erişim 22 Mart 2021.
  • Bailey, Michael D., “Witchcraft and Demonology in the Middle Ages”, https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121&context=history_pubs , erişim 10 Mart 2021.
  • Bailey, Michael D., “Historical Dictionary of Witchcraft”, https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=history_books, erişim 22 Mart 2021
  • Ben-Yehuda, Nachman, “The European Witch Craze of the 14th to 17th Centuries: A Sociologist’s Perspective”, American Journal of Sociology, 86/1, 1980, s. 1-31.
  • Ben-Yehuda, Nachman “Problems Inherent in Socio-Historical Approaches to the European Witch Craze”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 20/4, 1981, s.326-338.
  • Burges, Glenn, “The Divine Right of Kings Reconsidered”, The English Historical Review, 107/425, 1992, s. 837-861.
  • Calhoun, Howell V. “James I and The Witch Scenes in ‘Macbeth’”, The Shakespeare Association Bulletin, 17/4, 1942, s.184-189.
  • Campbell, Mary Ann, “Labeling and Oppression:Witchcraft in Medieval Europe”, Mid-American Review of Sociology, 3/2, 1978, s.55-82.
  • Creed, Joni, King James VI and I: Witch-Hunter and Protector of the Realm, Master Thesis, Liberty University, 2020. De Angelis, Lauren “Witch Hunting 16th and 17th Century England”, The Histories, 8/1, 2019, s.1-10.
  • Deyrmenjian, Maral, “Pope Innocent VIII (1484-1492) and the Summis desiderantes affectibus”, https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=mmft_malleus, erişim 10 Mart 2021.
  • Doward, Jamie, Why Europe’s wars of religion put 40,000 ‘witches’ to a terrible death, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jan/07/witchcraft-economics-reformation-catholic-protestant-market-share, erişim 1 Nisan 2021
  • David. D. Hall, “Witchcraft and the Limits of Interpretation”, The New England Quarterly, 58/2, 1985, s.253-281.
  • “Everything You Need to Know About Scotland’s Historic Witch Hunts”, https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/scotland/articles/a-brief-history-of-scotlands-witch-hunts/, erişim 12 Mart 2021.
  • Foster-Feigenbaum, Elizabeth, “The Middle Ages as a Conducive Period to the Witch Craze”, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088&context=fypapers, erişim 22 Mart 2021.
  • Gaskill, Malcolm “Witchcraft and Evidence in Early Modern England”, Past & Present, No.198, 2008, s. 33-70.
  • Goodare, Julian, “The Scottish Witchcraft Act”, Church History, 74/1, 2005, s.39-67.
  • Hsu, Francis L.K., “A Neglected Aspect of Witchcraft Studies”, The Journal of American Folklore, 73/287, 1960, s. 35-38.
  • Hoak, Dale, “The Great European With-Hunts:A Historical Perspective”, American Journal of Sociology, 88/6, 1983, s. 1270-1274.
  • Iribarren, Isabel, “From Black Magic to Heresy: A Doctrinal Leap in the Pontificate of John XXII”, Church History, 76/1, 2007, s.32-60.
  • “James VI and I: the king who hunted witches”, https://www.historyextra.com/period/stuart/king-james-vi-i-hunted-witches-hunter-devilry-daemonologie/, erişim 12 Mart 2021.
  • “James I: how this king’s obsession with witches inspired Shakespeare’s Macbeth”, https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/king-james-i-witches-macbeth-doctor-who-the-witchfinders-season-11-226667, erişim 22 Mart 2021.
  • Kern, Edmund, “Confessional Identity and Magic in the Late Sixteenth Century:Jakob Bithner and Witchcraft in Styria”, The Sixteenth Century Journal, 25/2, 1994, s.323-340.
  • Kulkarni, Parashar ve Pfaff, Steven, “Church Politics, Sectarianism, and Judicial Terror: The Scottish Witch-Hunt, 1563-1736”, https://economics.harvard.edu/files/economics/files/scottishwitchhunts_kulkarni_and_pfaff_oct_2019.pdf, erişim 02 Nisan 2021.
  • Laski, Harold J., “The Political Ideas of James I”, Political Science Quarterly, 34/2, 1919, s. 290-304.
  • Lee, Maurice Jr., “James VI and the Revival of Episcopacy in Scotland: 1596-1600”, Church History, 43/1, 1974, s. 50-64. Leeson, Peter T ve Russ, Jacob W., “Witch Trıals”, The Economic Journal, 128, 2017, s. 2066-2105.
  • MacCulloch, Canon J.A., “The Mingling of Fairy and Witch Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Scotland”, Folklore, 32/4, 1921, s.227-244.
  • Mack, Elizabeth, “The Malleus Maleficarum and King James:Defining Witchcraft”, Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review, 1/1, 2009, s.181-204.
  • MacPherson, Hamish “The Story behind Scotland’s witch hunt and trials”, https://www.thenational.scot/news/19092602.story-behind-scotlands-witch-hunt-trials/, erişim 12 Mart 2021.
  • Melta, Stefano, King James’s Daemonogie: the evolution of the concept of witchcraft in Scotland, Tesi di Laurea, Universita degli Studi di Padova, 2018/2019.
  • Midelfort, H.C. Erik,, “Reviewed Work(s):The Hammer of Witches: A Complete Translation of the ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ by Christopher S. Mackay”, The Catholic Historical Review, 97/1, 2011, s. 99-101.
  • Mueller, Janel “ ‘To My Very Good Brother the King of Scots’:Elizabeth I’s Correspondence with James VI and the Question of the Succession”, PMLA, 115/5, 2000, s.1063-1071.
  • Obermeier, Anita, “Witches and the Myth of the Medieval Burning Times”, içinde Misconceptions About the Middle Ages, Stephen J. Harris,Bryron L. Grigsby (eds.), Routledge, 2008, New York, s. 218-229.
  • Reid, W. Stanford, “The Middle Class Factor in the Scottish Reformation”, Church History, 16/3, 1947, s. 137-153.
  • Reid, W. Stanford, “The Coming of the Reformation to Edinburg”, Church History, 42/1, 1973, s.27-44.
  • Schuyler, Jane, “ The ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ and Baldung’s ‘Witches’ Sabbath”, Notes in the History of Art, 6/3, 1987, s. 2-26.
  • Scribner, Robert W., “The Reformation, Popular Magic, and the ‘Disenchantment of the World’”, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23/3, 1993, s.475-494.
  • Sharpe, J.A., “Criminalization, Devriminalization, and Elite Attitudes to Witchcraft in England c.1563-1736:A Preliminary Survey”, IAHCCJ Bulletin, No.17, 1992/1993, s.15-28.
  • Shearer, Kelsee, King James’ Daemonologie and Scottish Witchcraft Trials, Central Washington University, All Master Theses, 2016.
  • Spoto, Stephanie Irene, “Jacobean Witchcraft and Feminine Power”, Pacific Coast Philology, 45, 2010, s. 53-70.
  • Vanysacker, Dries, “Reviewed Work(s): Witchcraft and the Act of 1604 (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions 131) by John Newton and Jo Bath”, Church History and Religious Culture, 90/4, 2010, s. 697-699.
  • “Which Witch(Craft Act) Is Which?”, https://archives.blog.parliament.uk/2020/10/28/which-witchcraft-act-is-which/, erişim 30 Mart 2021.
  • Wickham, Chris, Ortaçağ’da Avrupa, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2019, s. 17.
  • Williams, George Walton , “Macbeth: King James Play”, South Atlantic Review, 47/2, 1982, s. 12-21.
  • Yiğit, Dilek, “İngiltere’de Kraliçe Mary Stuart ve Kral 1. Charles’ın İdamları:Katolisizm Faktörü”, The Legends:Journal of European History Studies,1/1, 2021, s.111-125.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Dilek Yiğit 0000-0003-3132-6110

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yiğit, D. (2022). Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya’da ve İngiltere’de Cadı Avı. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 442-466. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.999278
AMA Yiğit D. Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya’da ve İngiltere’de Cadı Avı. VAKANÜVİS. Mart 2022;7(1):442-466. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.999278
Chicago Yiğit, Dilek. “Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya’da Ve İngiltere’de Cadı Avı”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 7, sy. 1 (Mart 2022): 442-66. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.999278.
EndNote Yiğit D (01 Mart 2022) Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya’da ve İngiltere’de Cadı Avı. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 7 1 442–466.
IEEE D. Yiğit, “Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya’da ve İngiltere’de Cadı Avı”, VAKANÜVİS, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 442–466, 2022, doi: 10.24186/vakanuvis.999278.
ISNAD Yiğit, Dilek. “Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya’da Ve İngiltere’de Cadı Avı”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 7/1 (Mart 2022), 442-466. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.999278.
JAMA Yiğit D. Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya’da ve İngiltere’de Cadı Avı. VAKANÜVİS. 2022;7:442–466.
MLA Yiğit, Dilek. “Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya’da Ve İngiltere’de Cadı Avı”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 442-66, doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.999278.
Vancouver Yiğit D. Kral VI. (1.) James Döneminde İskoçya’da ve İngiltere’de Cadı Avı. VAKANÜVİS. 2022;7(1):442-66.

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