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Kamu Destek ve Teşviklerinin Firma Performansına Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 57 Sayı: 1, 45 - 72, 31.01.2023

Müşerref Küçükbayrak

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1039948

Öz

Amaç: Türkiye’de uygulanan kamu destek ve teşviklerinden yararlanan firmaların özellikleri betimsel olarak incelenmektedir. Ayrıca, destek alan firmaların ölçek, net satış ve ihracat açısından destek almayanlara göre performanslarının nasıl farklılaştığının analiz edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Yöntem: Çalışmada Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı tarafından oluşturulan ve Girişimci Bilgi Sistemi’nde yer alan farklı veri setlerinin birleştirilmesiyle elde edilen özel bir veri seti kullanılmıştır. Bu veri seti 2008-2018 yıllarına ait olup, destek alma durumunun firma performansıyla ilişkisi dinamik panel veri modeliyle tahmin edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Sektör, çalışan sayısı ve bölgeye göre değişmekle birlikte, firmaların kamu desteklerinden yararlanma oranı ortalama %3,5’tir. Model tahmin sonuçları desteklerden faydalanan ve faydalanmayan girişimlerin performans açısından farklılaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. Girişimler arasındaki farklılaşmanın performans ve destek türüne göre de değiştiği görülmüştür. En belirgin performans farklılaşması yatırım teşviklerde görülürken, en az farklılaşma TÜBİTAK desteklerinde gözlenmiştir.

Özgünlük: Türkiye’de kamu tarafından firmalara yönelik farklı amaca hizmet eden birçok destek ve teşvik sağlanmaktadır. Çeşitli destek programlarından yararlanan firmaların özelliklerini ortaya koymak bundan sonra yapılacak daha kapsamlı analizlere temel oluşturması açısından önemlidir. Bunun yanı sıra, bu çalışma firma desteklerinin firma performans göstergeleriyle ilişkisine yönelik sınırlı literatüre katkı sağlayacaktır.    

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kamu Destekleri Teşvikler Firma Performansı Ar-Ge Yenilik ve Girişimcilik Destekleri

Teşekkür

Çalışmanın her aşamasında katkısını esirgemeyen Dr. Aslıhan Atabek Demirhan'a teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Kaynakça

  • Appelt, S., Bajgar M., Criscuolo, C. ve Galindo-Rueda, F. (2016). “R&D Tax Incentives: Evidence on design, incidence and impacts”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 32, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Arraiz, I., Henríquez, F., ve Stucchi, R. (2013). “Supplier Development Programs and Firm Performance: Evidence from Chile”, Small Business Economics, 41(1), 277-293.
  • Arellano, M., ve Bover, O. (1995). “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-51.
  • Banai, Á., Lang, P., Nagy, G., ve Stancsics, M. (2017). “Impact Evaluation of EU Subsidies for Economic Development on the Hungarian SME Sector”, MNB Working Papers 8 (no. 2017/8).
  • Becker, B. (2015). “Public R&D Policies and Private R&D Investment: A Survey of the Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(5), 917-942.
  • Belgin, Ö. ve Balkan, D. (2019). “Ar-Ge ve Yenilik Desteklerine Ilişkin Etki Değerlendirme Çalışmaları Üzerine Bir Literatür Taraması”, Verimlilik Dergisi, 4, 233-258.
  • Betcherman, G., Daysal, N.M., ve Pages, C. (2010). “Do Employment Subsidies Work? Evidence from Regionally Targeted Subsidies in Turkey.” Labour Economics, 17(4), 710-722.
  • Brachert, M., Dettmann, E., ve Titze, M. (2018). “Public Investment Subsidies and Firm Performance -Evidence from Germany”, Journal of Economics and Statistics, 238(2), 103-124.
  • Briant, A., M. Lafourcade, ve Schmutz, B. (2015). “Can Tax Breaks Beat Geography? Lessons from the French Enterprise Zone Experience,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7, 88-124.
  • Bronzini, R. & Piselli, P. (2016). “The Impact of R&D Subsidies on Firm Innovation”, Research Policy, 45, 442-457.
  • Bruhn, M., Karlan, D., ve Schoar, A. (2012). “The Impact of Consulting Services on Small and Medium Enterprises: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Mexico”, Working Papers 1010, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
  • Busom, I., Corchuelo, B., ve Martínez-Ros, E. (2015). “Dynamics of Firm Participation in R & D Tax Credit and Subsidy Programs”, Working Paper 15.03. Department of Applied Economics at Universitat Autonoma of Barcelona.
  • Carboni, O.A. (2011). “R&D Subsidies and Private R&D Expenditures: Evidence from Italian Manufacturing Data”, International Review of Applied Economics, 25, 419-439.
  • Cappelen, A., Raknerud, A. ve Rybalka, M. (2012). “The Effects of R&D Tax Credits on Patenting and Innovations”, Research Policy, 41, 334-345.
  • Cerqua, A., ve Pellegrini, G. (2014). “Do Subsidies to Private Capital Boost Firms’ Growth? A Multiple Regression Discontinuity Design Approach”, Journal of Public Economics, 109, 114-126.
  • Cerulli, G., & Pot`ı, B. (2012). “Evaluating the Robustness of the Effect of Public Subsidies on Firms’ R&D: An Application to Italy”, Journal of Applied Economics, 15, 287-320.
  • Colombo, M. G., Grilli, L. ve Murtinu, S. (2011). “R&D Subsidies and the Performance of High-Tech Start-ups”, Economics Letter, 112, 97-99.
  • Correa, P., Andrés, ve L. Borja-Vega, C. (2013). “The Impact of Government Support on Firm R&D Investments: A Meta-Analysis”. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 6532. World Bank, Washington.
  • Cravo, T.A. ve Piza, C. (2016). “The Impact of Business Support Services for Small and Medium Enterprises on Firm Performance in Low and Middle-Income Countries” Policy Research Working Paper, No. 7664, World Bank, Washington.
  • Criscuolo, C., Martin, R., Overman, H. ve Van Reenen, J. (2016). “The Causal Effects of an Industrial Policy”, CEP Discussion Paper 1113, Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), LSE London.
  • Czarnitzki, D., Hanel, P. ve Rosa, J.M. (2011). “Evaluating the Impact of R&D Tax Credits on Innovation: A Microeconometric Study on Canadian Firms”, Research Policy, 40, 217–229.
  • Decramer, S., ve Vanormelingen, S. (2016). “The Effectiveness of Investment Subsidies: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design”, Small Business Economics, 47(4), 1007-1032.
  • Dimos, C. ve Pugh, G. (2016). “The Effectiveness of R&D Subsidies: A Meta-Regression Analysis of the Evaluation Literature”, Research Policy, 45(4), 797-815.
  • Dumont, M. (2017). “Assessing the Policy Mix of Public Support to Business R & D”. Research Policy, 46, 1851-1862.
  • Dvoulety, O., Pantea, S. ve Srhoj, S. (2021). “Public SME Grants and Firm Performance in European Union: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence”, Small Business Economics, 57, 243-263.
  • Eser, E. (2011). Türkiye’de Uygulanan Yatırım Teşvik Sistemleri ve Mevcut Sistemin Yapısına Yönelik Öneriler. (Uzmanlık Tezi), Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Ankara.
  • Gonzalez, X. ve Pazo, C. (2008). “Do Public Subsidies Stimulate Private R&D Spending?”, Research Policy, 371-389.
  • Görg, H. ve Strobl, E. (2007). “The Effect of R&D Subsidies on Private R&D”, Economica, 75, 215-234.
  • Guerzoni, M., ve Raiteri, E., (2015). “Demand-side vs. Supply-side Technology Policies: Hidden Treatment and New Empirical Evidence on the Policy Mix”. Research Policy, 44 (3), 726–747.
  • Hall, B.H. ve Van Reenen, J. (2000). “How Effective are Fiscal Incentives for R&D? A Review of the Evidence”, Research Policy, 29, 449-469.
  • Howell, A. (2017a). “Picking ‘winners’ in China: Do Subsidies Matter for Indigenous Innovation and Firm Productivity”, China Economic Review, 44, 154-165.
  • Howell, S.T. (2017b). “Financing Innovation: Evidence form R&D Grants”, American Economic Review, 107(4), 1136-1164.
  • Huergo, E. ve Moreno, L. (2017). “Subsidies or Loans? Evaluating the Impact of R&D Support Programmes”, Research Policy, 46, 1198-1214.
  • Hussinger, K. (2008) “R&D and Subsidies at the Firm Level: An Application of Parametric and Semiparametric Two-step Selection Models”, Journal of Applied Econometrics 23, 729-747.
  • Işık Maden, S. ve Dulupçu, M.A. (2014). “KOBİ’leri Desteklemek Firmaların Performansını Ne Kadar Etkiler? Göller Bölgesinde KOSGEB Genel Destek Programından Yararlanan Firmalar üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 179-195.
  • Karaalp, H.S. (2014). “The Effect of Public Investment and Firm-Based Investment Incentives on Employment: A Panel Data Analysis for Turkey”, Journal of Economic and Social Development, 1(1), 74-85.
  • Koski, H. ve Pajarinen, M. (2015). “Subsidies, the Shadow of Death and Labor Productivity”, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 15(2), 189-204.
  • Koski, H. ve Pajarinen, M. (2013). “The Role of Business Subsidies in Job Creation of Start-ups, Gazelles and Incumbents”, Small Business Economics, 41(1), 195-214.
  • Le, T. ve Jaffe, A.B. (2017). “The Impact of R&D Subsidy on Innovation: Evidence from New Zealand Firms”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26:5, 429-452.
  • Liu, X., Li, X ve Li, H. (2016). “R&D Subsidies and Business R&D: Evidence from High-Tech Manufacturing Firms in Jiangsu”, China Economic Review, 41, 1-22.
  • Lopez-Acevedo, G. ve Tan, H.W. (2010). “Mexico: Impact Evaluation of SME Programs using Firm Data”, Policy Research Working Paper Series 5186, The World Bank.
  • Lopez-Acevedo, G. ve Tan, H.W. (2011). “Impact Evaluation of Small and Medium Enterprise Programs in Latin America an Caribbeean”, World Bank Papers 61641, The World Bank.
  • Neumark, D. ve Kolko, J. (2010). “Do Enterprise Zone Create Jobs? Evidence from California’s Enterprise Zone Program”, Journal of Urban Economics, 68, 1-19.
  • Niininen, P. (2000). “Effect of Publicly and Privately Financed R&D on Total Factor Productivity Growth”, Finnish Economic Papers, 13(1), 56-68.
  • Özçelik, E. ve Taymaz, E. (2008). “R&D Support Programs in Developing Countries: The Turkish Experience.” Research Policy, 37(2), 258-275.
  • Rao, M. (2016) “Do Tax Credits Stimulate R&D spending? The Effect of the R&D Tax Credit in Its First Decade”, Journal of Public Economics, 140, 1-12.
  • Roodman, D. (2009). “How to do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata”, Stata Journal, 9(1), 86-136.
  • Rotemberg, M. (2019) “Equilibrium Effects of Firm Subsidies.” American Economic Review. 109(10), 3475-3513.
  • Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı (STB) (2022). “Teknoloji Geliştirme Bölgeleri”, Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı. https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/istatistikler/istatistiki-bilgiler. Erişim tarihi: 30 Haziran 2022.
  • Srhoj, S., Škrinjaric, B., ve Radas, S. (2019). “Bidding against the Odds? The Impact Evaluation of Grants for Young Micro and Small Firms during the Recession,” Small Business Economics, 56, 83-103.
  • Szczygielski, K. Grabowski W., Pamukcu, M.T. ve Tandoğan, V.S. (2017). “Does Government Support for Private Innovation Matter? Firm-level Evidence from two Catching-up Countries”, Research Policy, 46, 219-37.
  • Tandoğan, V.S. ve Pamukçu, T. (2011). “Evaluating Effectiveness of Public Support to Business R&D through Concepts of Input and Output Additionality”, ERF Working Paper No, 593.
  • Tandoğan, V.S. (2011) “Impact Analysis of Industrial R&D Subsidy Programs in Turkey: An Appraisal of Quantitative Approaches” (unpublished Doctoral Dissertation).
  • Testa, G., Szkuta, K. ve Cunningham, P.N. (2019). “Improving Access to finance for Young Innovative Enterprises with Growth Potential: Evidence of Impact of R&D Grant Schemes on Firms’ Outputs”, Research Evaluation, 28(4), 355-369.
  • Yang, C-H., Huang, C-H. ve Hou, T.C-T. (2012) “Tax Incentives and R&D Activity: Firm-level Evidence from Taiwan”, Research Policy, 41, 1578–1588.
  • Yanıkkaya, H. ve Karaboğa, H. (2017). “The Effectiveness of Incentives in the Turkish Manufacturing Industry.” Prague Economic Papers. 26(6), 744-760.
  • Dünya Bankası (2019). “Firm Productivity and Economic Growth in Turkey”, World Bank. Washington DC.

Impact of Public Supports and Incentives on Firm Performance

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 57 Sayı: 1, 45 - 72, 31.01.2023

Müşerref Küçükbayrak

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1039948

Öz

Purpose: In this study, characteristics of the firms benefiting from the public supports and incentives applied in Türkiye are analyzed. It is also aimed to present results of their performance in terms of scale, net sales and exports compared to those which do not benefit from them.

Methodology: A special data set combining data from various resources by Ministry of Industry and Technology under Entrepreneur Information System is used. The differentiation of the firm performances is analyzed with dynamic panel data models for 2008-2018.

Findings: Despite varying by sector, number of employees and region, firm utilization rate of subsidies is 3.5% on average. According to estimation results, beneficiary firms perform better compared to non-beneficiaries. The differentiation of firm performance varies by the type of support and the performance indicator. The greatest differences are observed in investment subsidies and in the subsidies provided by TUBITAK.

Originality: Various public incentives and support serving different purposes are provided to firms in Türkiye. It is important to reveal the characteristics of the firms benefiting from these support programs. Besides, this study will contribute to the limited literature on the relationship between firm supports and firm performance indicators.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Public Supports Incentives Firm Performance R&D Innovation and Entrepreneurship Supports

Kaynakça

  • Appelt, S., Bajgar M., Criscuolo, C. ve Galindo-Rueda, F. (2016). “R&D Tax Incentives: Evidence on design, incidence and impacts”, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 32, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • Arraiz, I., Henríquez, F., ve Stucchi, R. (2013). “Supplier Development Programs and Firm Performance: Evidence from Chile”, Small Business Economics, 41(1), 277-293.
  • Arellano, M., ve Bover, O. (1995). “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-51.
  • Banai, Á., Lang, P., Nagy, G., ve Stancsics, M. (2017). “Impact Evaluation of EU Subsidies for Economic Development on the Hungarian SME Sector”, MNB Working Papers 8 (no. 2017/8).
  • Becker, B. (2015). “Public R&D Policies and Private R&D Investment: A Survey of the Empirical Evidence”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(5), 917-942.
  • Belgin, Ö. ve Balkan, D. (2019). “Ar-Ge ve Yenilik Desteklerine Ilişkin Etki Değerlendirme Çalışmaları Üzerine Bir Literatür Taraması”, Verimlilik Dergisi, 4, 233-258.
  • Betcherman, G., Daysal, N.M., ve Pages, C. (2010). “Do Employment Subsidies Work? Evidence from Regionally Targeted Subsidies in Turkey.” Labour Economics, 17(4), 710-722.
  • Brachert, M., Dettmann, E., ve Titze, M. (2018). “Public Investment Subsidies and Firm Performance -Evidence from Germany”, Journal of Economics and Statistics, 238(2), 103-124.
  • Briant, A., M. Lafourcade, ve Schmutz, B. (2015). “Can Tax Breaks Beat Geography? Lessons from the French Enterprise Zone Experience,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7, 88-124.
  • Bronzini, R. & Piselli, P. (2016). “The Impact of R&D Subsidies on Firm Innovation”, Research Policy, 45, 442-457.
  • Bruhn, M., Karlan, D., ve Schoar, A. (2012). “The Impact of Consulting Services on Small and Medium Enterprises: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Mexico”, Working Papers 1010, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
  • Busom, I., Corchuelo, B., ve Martínez-Ros, E. (2015). “Dynamics of Firm Participation in R & D Tax Credit and Subsidy Programs”, Working Paper 15.03. Department of Applied Economics at Universitat Autonoma of Barcelona.
  • Carboni, O.A. (2011). “R&D Subsidies and Private R&D Expenditures: Evidence from Italian Manufacturing Data”, International Review of Applied Economics, 25, 419-439.
  • Cappelen, A., Raknerud, A. ve Rybalka, M. (2012). “The Effects of R&D Tax Credits on Patenting and Innovations”, Research Policy, 41, 334-345.
  • Cerqua, A., ve Pellegrini, G. (2014). “Do Subsidies to Private Capital Boost Firms’ Growth? A Multiple Regression Discontinuity Design Approach”, Journal of Public Economics, 109, 114-126.
  • Cerulli, G., & Pot`ı, B. (2012). “Evaluating the Robustness of the Effect of Public Subsidies on Firms’ R&D: An Application to Italy”, Journal of Applied Economics, 15, 287-320.
  • Colombo, M. G., Grilli, L. ve Murtinu, S. (2011). “R&D Subsidies and the Performance of High-Tech Start-ups”, Economics Letter, 112, 97-99.
  • Correa, P., Andrés, ve L. Borja-Vega, C. (2013). “The Impact of Government Support on Firm R&D Investments: A Meta-Analysis”. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 6532. World Bank, Washington.
  • Cravo, T.A. ve Piza, C. (2016). “The Impact of Business Support Services for Small and Medium Enterprises on Firm Performance in Low and Middle-Income Countries” Policy Research Working Paper, No. 7664, World Bank, Washington.
  • Criscuolo, C., Martin, R., Overman, H. ve Van Reenen, J. (2016). “The Causal Effects of an Industrial Policy”, CEP Discussion Paper 1113, Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), LSE London.
  • Czarnitzki, D., Hanel, P. ve Rosa, J.M. (2011). “Evaluating the Impact of R&D Tax Credits on Innovation: A Microeconometric Study on Canadian Firms”, Research Policy, 40, 217–229.
  • Decramer, S., ve Vanormelingen, S. (2016). “The Effectiveness of Investment Subsidies: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design”, Small Business Economics, 47(4), 1007-1032.
  • Dimos, C. ve Pugh, G. (2016). “The Effectiveness of R&D Subsidies: A Meta-Regression Analysis of the Evaluation Literature”, Research Policy, 45(4), 797-815.
  • Dumont, M. (2017). “Assessing the Policy Mix of Public Support to Business R & D”. Research Policy, 46, 1851-1862.
  • Dvoulety, O., Pantea, S. ve Srhoj, S. (2021). “Public SME Grants and Firm Performance in European Union: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence”, Small Business Economics, 57, 243-263.
  • Eser, E. (2011). Türkiye’de Uygulanan Yatırım Teşvik Sistemleri ve Mevcut Sistemin Yapısına Yönelik Öneriler. (Uzmanlık Tezi), Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Ankara.
  • Gonzalez, X. ve Pazo, C. (2008). “Do Public Subsidies Stimulate Private R&D Spending?”, Research Policy, 371-389.
  • Görg, H. ve Strobl, E. (2007). “The Effect of R&D Subsidies on Private R&D”, Economica, 75, 215-234.
  • Guerzoni, M., ve Raiteri, E., (2015). “Demand-side vs. Supply-side Technology Policies: Hidden Treatment and New Empirical Evidence on the Policy Mix”. Research Policy, 44 (3), 726–747.
  • Hall, B.H. ve Van Reenen, J. (2000). “How Effective are Fiscal Incentives for R&D? A Review of the Evidence”, Research Policy, 29, 449-469.
  • Howell, A. (2017a). “Picking ‘winners’ in China: Do Subsidies Matter for Indigenous Innovation and Firm Productivity”, China Economic Review, 44, 154-165.
  • Howell, S.T. (2017b). “Financing Innovation: Evidence form R&D Grants”, American Economic Review, 107(4), 1136-1164.
  • Huergo, E. ve Moreno, L. (2017). “Subsidies or Loans? Evaluating the Impact of R&D Support Programmes”, Research Policy, 46, 1198-1214.
  • Hussinger, K. (2008) “R&D and Subsidies at the Firm Level: An Application of Parametric and Semiparametric Two-step Selection Models”, Journal of Applied Econometrics 23, 729-747.
  • Işık Maden, S. ve Dulupçu, M.A. (2014). “KOBİ’leri Desteklemek Firmaların Performansını Ne Kadar Etkiler? Göller Bölgesinde KOSGEB Genel Destek Programından Yararlanan Firmalar üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 179-195.
  • Karaalp, H.S. (2014). “The Effect of Public Investment and Firm-Based Investment Incentives on Employment: A Panel Data Analysis for Turkey”, Journal of Economic and Social Development, 1(1), 74-85.
  • Koski, H. ve Pajarinen, M. (2015). “Subsidies, the Shadow of Death and Labor Productivity”, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 15(2), 189-204.
  • Koski, H. ve Pajarinen, M. (2013). “The Role of Business Subsidies in Job Creation of Start-ups, Gazelles and Incumbents”, Small Business Economics, 41(1), 195-214.
  • Le, T. ve Jaffe, A.B. (2017). “The Impact of R&D Subsidy on Innovation: Evidence from New Zealand Firms”, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 26:5, 429-452.
  • Liu, X., Li, X ve Li, H. (2016). “R&D Subsidies and Business R&D: Evidence from High-Tech Manufacturing Firms in Jiangsu”, China Economic Review, 41, 1-22.
  • Lopez-Acevedo, G. ve Tan, H.W. (2010). “Mexico: Impact Evaluation of SME Programs using Firm Data”, Policy Research Working Paper Series 5186, The World Bank.
  • Lopez-Acevedo, G. ve Tan, H.W. (2011). “Impact Evaluation of Small and Medium Enterprise Programs in Latin America an Caribbeean”, World Bank Papers 61641, The World Bank.
  • Neumark, D. ve Kolko, J. (2010). “Do Enterprise Zone Create Jobs? Evidence from California’s Enterprise Zone Program”, Journal of Urban Economics, 68, 1-19.
  • Niininen, P. (2000). “Effect of Publicly and Privately Financed R&D on Total Factor Productivity Growth”, Finnish Economic Papers, 13(1), 56-68.
  • Özçelik, E. ve Taymaz, E. (2008). “R&D Support Programs in Developing Countries: The Turkish Experience.” Research Policy, 37(2), 258-275.
  • Rao, M. (2016) “Do Tax Credits Stimulate R&D spending? The Effect of the R&D Tax Credit in Its First Decade”, Journal of Public Economics, 140, 1-12.
  • Roodman, D. (2009). “How to do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata”, Stata Journal, 9(1), 86-136.
  • Rotemberg, M. (2019) “Equilibrium Effects of Firm Subsidies.” American Economic Review. 109(10), 3475-3513.
  • Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı (STB) (2022). “Teknoloji Geliştirme Bölgeleri”, Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı. https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/istatistikler/istatistiki-bilgiler. Erişim tarihi: 30 Haziran 2022.
  • Srhoj, S., Škrinjaric, B., ve Radas, S. (2019). “Bidding against the Odds? The Impact Evaluation of Grants for Young Micro and Small Firms during the Recession,” Small Business Economics, 56, 83-103.
  • Szczygielski, K. Grabowski W., Pamukcu, M.T. ve Tandoğan, V.S. (2017). “Does Government Support for Private Innovation Matter? Firm-level Evidence from two Catching-up Countries”, Research Policy, 46, 219-37.
  • Tandoğan, V.S. ve Pamukçu, T. (2011). “Evaluating Effectiveness of Public Support to Business R&D through Concepts of Input and Output Additionality”, ERF Working Paper No, 593.
  • Tandoğan, V.S. (2011) “Impact Analysis of Industrial R&D Subsidy Programs in Turkey: An Appraisal of Quantitative Approaches” (unpublished Doctoral Dissertation).
  • Testa, G., Szkuta, K. ve Cunningham, P.N. (2019). “Improving Access to finance for Young Innovative Enterprises with Growth Potential: Evidence of Impact of R&D Grant Schemes on Firms’ Outputs”, Research Evaluation, 28(4), 355-369.
  • Yang, C-H., Huang, C-H. ve Hou, T.C-T. (2012) “Tax Incentives and R&D Activity: Firm-level Evidence from Taiwan”, Research Policy, 41, 1578–1588.
  • Yanıkkaya, H. ve Karaboğa, H. (2017). “The Effectiveness of Incentives in the Turkish Manufacturing Industry.” Prague Economic Papers. 26(6), 744-760.
  • Dünya Bankası (2019). “Firm Productivity and Economic Growth in Turkey”, World Bank. Washington DC.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Müşerref Küçükbayrak 0000-0002-3462-9996

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 57 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçükbayrak, M. (2023). Kamu Destek ve Teşviklerinin Firma Performansına Etkisi. Verimlilik Dergisi, 57(1), 45-72. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1039948
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