COVID-19 Pandemisinin Havacılık Sektörüne Etkileri: Tüketicilerin Hava Yolculuğuna Yönelik Tutumları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Ahmet Songur

doi:10.21076/vizyoner.1219103

Araştırma Makalesi

The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Aviation Sector: A Research on Consumers' Attitudes Towards Air Travel

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 39, 787 - 803, 25.08.2023

Ahmet Songur

https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1219103

Öz

The first officially reported case of COVID-19 in Turkey was on March 10, 2020. Since then, the numbers have increased rapidly, surpassing 17 million, with a total of 101,492 deaths as of November 2022 ( T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, 2022). This uncertainty associated with the highly contagious nature of the virus and misunderstandings about the coronavirus is making people uncomfortable. This situation can create negative effects at the individual and societal level that would be felt for years. Some of these effects are depression, anxiety, traumatic stress and fear of coronavirus (Ahorsu vd., 2020). The COVID-19 epidemic, which brought economic life to a standstill in a short time, poses serious risks in many sectors, especially in the aviation sector. There are many studies on consumers' willingness to fly in various situations. However, no studies as far as we know to date have identified factors that affect Turkish airline consumers' willingness to fly during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the research, it is aimed to reveal the effects of some factors that affect the willingness of airline consumers to fly during the COVID-19 process. The determined factors are tested on consumers who had traveled by air before. The data are obtained by the questionnaire technique. A total of 424 participants take part in the study. The data are analyzed with the structural equation model. The model revealed by the analysis results, is verified. It is determined that there is a strong relationship between consumers' willingness to fly, flight anxiety and COVID-19 threat perception.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Consumer Behavior, Aviation Industry, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Flight Anxiety, Willingness to Fly

Kaynakça

Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D. ve Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Anania, E. C., Rice, S., Walters, N. W., Pierce, M., Winter, S. R. ve Milner, M. N. (2018a). The effects of positive and negative information on consumers’ willingness to ride in a driverless vehicle. Transport Policy, 72, 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.04.002
Anania, E. C., Rice, S., Winter, S. R., Milner, M. N., Walters, N. W. ve Pierce, M. (2018b). Why people are notwilling to let their children ride in driverless school buses: A gender and nationality comparison. Social Sciences, 7(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7030034
Angleitner, A., John, O. P. ve Löhr, F. J. (1986). It’s what you ask and how you ask it: An itemmetric analysis of personality questionnaires. A. Angleitner ve J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), Personality Assessment via Questionnaires içinde (s. 61–108). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70751-3_5
Bergstrom, R. L. ve McCaul, K. D. (2004). Perceived risk and worry: The effects of 9/11 on willingness to fly. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(9), 1846–1856. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02588.x
Bitan, D. T., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N. ve Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research, 289(113100). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
Bryan, T. (2020). COVID-19: Rising to the challenge with resilience Airline sector. www.deloitte.com adresinden 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C. ve Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367
Chang, Y. C. ve Chen, C. F. (2012). Service needs of elderly air passengers. Journal of Air Transport Management, 18(1), 26–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.07.002
Conti, A., Clari, M., Arese, S., Bandini, B., Cavallaro, L., Mozzone, S., Vellone, E., Frigerio, S. ve Campagna, S. (2020). Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the Spinal Cord Injury Secondary Conditions Scale. Spinal Cord, 58(4), 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-019-0384-z
Conway, L. G., Woodard, S., ve Zubrod, A. (2020). Social Psychological Measurements of COVID-19: Coronavirus Perceived Threat, Government Response, Impacts, and Experiences Questionnaires. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z2x9a
Çıtak, N. ve Çalış, E. Y. (2020). COVID-19 Salgının turizm sektörü üzerine olan finansal etkileri. Ida Academia Muhasebe ve Maliye Dergisi, 3(2), 110–132.
Defoe, I. N., Dubas, J. S., Figner, B. ve Van Aken, M. A. G. (2015). A meta-analysis on age differences in risky decision making: Adolescents versus children and adults. Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 48–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038088
Figner, B. ve Weber, E. U. (2011). Who takes risks when and why? Determinants of risk taking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411415790
Gerwen, V. (1997). People Who Seek Help for Fear of Flying : Typology of Flying Phobics. Behavior Therapy, 28(2), 237–251.
Glaesser, D., Kester, J., Paulose, H., Alizadeh, A. ve Valentin, B. (2017). Global travel patterns: An overview. Journal of Travel Medicine, 24(4), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax007
Graham, A., Kremarik, F. ve Kruse, W. (2020). Attitudes of ageing passengers to air travel since the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Air Transport Management, 87, 101865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101865
Haktanir, A., Seki, T. ve Dilmaç, B. (2020). Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Studies, 46(3), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1773026
Hanoch, Y., Johnson, J. G. ve Wilke, A. (2006). Domain specificity in experimental measures and participant recruitment an application to risk-taking behavior, Psychological Science, 17(4), 300–304.
Highhouse, S., Nye, C. D., Zhang, D. C. ve Rada, T. B. (2017). Structure of the dospert: Is there evidence for a general risk factor? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30(2), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1953
Howard, W. A. (1983). The nature and treatment of fear of flying : A controlled ınvestigation. 14(4), 557–567.
ICOA. (2007). 3rd International Conference on Fear of Flying. https://www.icao.int/secretariat/air-transport/Pages/2007-FearFlying.aspx adresinden 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Kahneman, D. ve Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk, Source: Econometrica, 47(2), 263–292.
Lamb, T. L., Winter, S. R., Rice, S., Ruskin, K. J. ve Vaughn, A. (2020). Factors that predict passengers willingness to fly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101897
Mehta, R., Rice, S., Winter, S., Moore, J. ve Oyman, K. ve Perceptions, P. (2015). Public Perceptions of Privacy Toward the Usage of Unmanned Aerial Systems: A Valid and Reliable Instrument, HFAP Conference (39). https://commons.erau.edu/hfap/hfap-2015/posters/39
Nousi, A., Gerwen, L. Van, ve Spinhoven, P. (2008). The flight anxiety situations questionnaire and the flight anxiety modality questionnaire : Norms for people with fear of flying. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 6(5), 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.06.001
Pérez-Fuentes, M. del C., Molero Jurado, M. del M., Oropesa Ruiz, N. F., Martos Martínez, Á., Simón Márquez, M. del M., Herrera-Peco, I. ve Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2020). Questionnaire on perception of threat from COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1196–1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041196
Ragbir, N. K., Baugh, B. S., Rice, S. ve Winter, S. R. (2018). How nationality, weather, wind, and distance affect consumer willingness to fly in autonomous airplanes. Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering, 8(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.7771/2159-6670.1180
Rice, S. C., Mehta, R., Winter, S. ve Oyman, K. (2015a). A trustworthiness of commercial airline pilots (T-CAP) scale for american consumers. Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering, 4(2), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.7771/2159-6670.1108
Rice, S., ve Winter, S. R. (2015). Which passenger emotions mediate the relationship between type of pilot configuration and willingness to fly in commercial aviation? Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 5(2), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000081
Rice, S., Winter, S. R., Capps, J., Trombley, J., Robbins, J., Milner, M. ve Lamb, T. L. (2020). Creation of two valid scales: Willingness to fly in an aircraft and willingness to pilot an aircraft. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 7(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.15394/IJAAA.2020.1440
Rice, S., Winter S. R., Kraemer K., Mehta R. ve Oyman K. (2015b). How do depression medications taken by pilots affect passengers’ willingness to fly: A mediation analysis. Review of Europen Studies, 7(11), 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v7n11p200
Rice, S., Winter, S. R., Mehta, R. ve Ragbir, N. K. (2019). What factors predict the type of person who is willing to fly in an autonomous commercial airplane? Journal of Air Transport Management, 75, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.12.008
Sakib, N., Bhuiyan, A. K. M. I., Hossain, S., Al Mamun, F., Hosen, I., Abdullah, A. H., Sarker, M. A., Mohiuddin, M. S., Rayhan, I., Hossain, M., Sikder, M. T., Gozal, D., Muhit, M., Islam, S. M. S., Griffiths, M. D., Pakpour, A. H. ve Mamun, M. A. (2020). Psychometric validation of the bangla fear of COVID-19 scale: Confirmatory factor analysis and rasch analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 2623–2634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x
Skolnick, R. B., Schare, M. L., Wyatt, K. P. ve Tillman, M. A. (2012). Aviophobia assessment: Validating the flight anxiety situations questionnaire as a clinical identification measure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(8), 779–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.006
Speake, H., Phillips, A., Chong, T., Sikazwe, C., Levy, A., Lang, J., Scalley, B., Speers, D. J., Smith, D. W., Effler, P. ve McEvoy, S. P. (2020). Flight-associated transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 corroborated by whole-genome sequencing. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(12), 2872–2880. https://doi.org/10.3201/EID2612.203910
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı: COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. (2022), https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ adresinden 6 Şubat 2023 tarinde alınmıştır.
Van Gerwen, L. J., Spinhoven, P., Van Dyck, R. ve Diekstra, R. F. W. (1999). Construction and psychometric characteristics of two self-report questionnaires for the assessment of fear of flying. Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.2.146
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COVID-19 Pandemisinin Havacılık Sektörüne Etkileri: Tüketicilerin Hava Yolculuğuna Yönelik Tutumları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 39, 787 - 803, 25.08.2023

Ahmet Songur

https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1219103

Öz

Türkiye'de resmi olarak bildirilen ilk COVID-19 vakası 10 Mart 2020'deydi. O zamandan bu yana sayılar hızla artmış ve Kasım 2022 itibarıyla toplam 101.492 ölümle, 17 milyonu geçmiştir (T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, 2022). Virüsün son derece bulaşıcı özelliği ve koronavirüs hakkındaki yanlış anlamalar ile bağlantılı bu belirsizlik insanları rahatsız etmektedir. Bu durum yıllarca hissedilecek bireysel ve toplumsal düzeyde, olumsuz etkiler oluşturabilir. Bu etkilerden bazıları depresyon, anksiyete, travmatik stres ve koronavirüs korkusudur (Ahorsu vd., 2020). Ekonomik hayatı kısa sürede adeta durma noktasına getiren COVID-19 salgını, başta havacılık sektörü olmak üzere birçok sektörde ciddi riskler oluşturmaktadır. Çeşitli durumlarda tüketicilerinin uçma istekliliği üzerine yapılmış birçok çalışma vardır. Bununla birlikte, bugüne kadar bildiğimiz hiçbir çalışma, Türk havayolu tüketicilerinin COVID-19 salgını sırasında uçma istekli üzerine etkili faktörleri tanımlamamıştır. Bu araştırma ile COVID-19 sürecinde, havayolu tüketicilerinin uçma istekliliğini etkileyen bazı faktörlerin etkilerini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Belirlenen faktörler daha önce havayolu ile seyahat etmiş tüketiciler üzerinde test edilmiştir. Veriler anket tekniği ile elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada toplam 424 katılımcı yer almıştır. Veriler yapısal eşitli modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları ile ortaya koyulan model, doğrulanmıştır. Tüketicilerin uçma istekliliği ile, uçuş kaygısı ve COVID-19 tehdit algısı arasından güçlü bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tüketici Davranışları, Havacılık Sektörü, COVID-19 tehdit algısı, Uçuş kaygısı, Uçma İstekliliği

Kaynakça

Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D. ve Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Anania, E. C., Rice, S., Walters, N. W., Pierce, M., Winter, S. R. ve Milner, M. N. (2018a). The effects of positive and negative information on consumers’ willingness to ride in a driverless vehicle. Transport Policy, 72, 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.04.002
Anania, E. C., Rice, S., Winter, S. R., Milner, M. N., Walters, N. W. ve Pierce, M. (2018b). Why people are notwilling to let their children ride in driverless school buses: A gender and nationality comparison. Social Sciences, 7(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7030034
Angleitner, A., John, O. P. ve Löhr, F. J. (1986). It’s what you ask and how you ask it: An itemmetric analysis of personality questionnaires. A. Angleitner ve J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), Personality Assessment via Questionnaires içinde (s. 61–108). Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70751-3_5
Bergstrom, R. L. ve McCaul, K. D. (2004). Perceived risk and worry: The effects of 9/11 on willingness to fly. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(9), 1846–1856. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02588.x
Bitan, D. T., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N. ve Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research, 289(113100). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
Bryan, T. (2020). COVID-19: Rising to the challenge with resilience Airline sector. www.deloitte.com adresinden 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C. ve Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367
Chang, Y. C. ve Chen, C. F. (2012). Service needs of elderly air passengers. Journal of Air Transport Management, 18(1), 26–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.07.002
Conti, A., Clari, M., Arese, S., Bandini, B., Cavallaro, L., Mozzone, S., Vellone, E., Frigerio, S. ve Campagna, S. (2020). Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Italian version of the Spinal Cord Injury Secondary Conditions Scale. Spinal Cord, 58(4), 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-019-0384-z
Conway, L. G., Woodard, S., ve Zubrod, A. (2020). Social Psychological Measurements of COVID-19: Coronavirus Perceived Threat, Government Response, Impacts, and Experiences Questionnaires. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/z2x9a
Çıtak, N. ve Çalış, E. Y. (2020). COVID-19 Salgının turizm sektörü üzerine olan finansal etkileri. Ida Academia Muhasebe ve Maliye Dergisi, 3(2), 110–132.
Defoe, I. N., Dubas, J. S., Figner, B. ve Van Aken, M. A. G. (2015). A meta-analysis on age differences in risky decision making: Adolescents versus children and adults. Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 48–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038088
Figner, B. ve Weber, E. U. (2011). Who takes risks when and why? Determinants of risk taking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411415790
Gerwen, V. (1997). People Who Seek Help for Fear of Flying : Typology of Flying Phobics. Behavior Therapy, 28(2), 237–251.
Glaesser, D., Kester, J., Paulose, H., Alizadeh, A. ve Valentin, B. (2017). Global travel patterns: An overview. Journal of Travel Medicine, 24(4), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tax007
Graham, A., Kremarik, F. ve Kruse, W. (2020). Attitudes of ageing passengers to air travel since the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Air Transport Management, 87, 101865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101865
Haktanir, A., Seki, T. ve Dilmaç, B. (2020). Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Studies, 46(3), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1773026
Hanoch, Y., Johnson, J. G. ve Wilke, A. (2006). Domain specificity in experimental measures and participant recruitment an application to risk-taking behavior, Psychological Science, 17(4), 300–304.
Highhouse, S., Nye, C. D., Zhang, D. C. ve Rada, T. B. (2017). Structure of the dospert: Is there evidence for a general risk factor? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30(2), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1953
Howard, W. A. (1983). The nature and treatment of fear of flying : A controlled ınvestigation. 14(4), 557–567.
ICOA. (2007). 3rd International Conference on Fear of Flying. https://www.icao.int/secretariat/air-transport/Pages/2007-FearFlying.aspx adresinden 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Kahneman, D. ve Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk, Source: Econometrica, 47(2), 263–292.
Lamb, T. L., Winter, S. R., Rice, S., Ruskin, K. J. ve Vaughn, A. (2020). Factors that predict passengers willingness to fly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101897
Mehta, R., Rice, S., Winter, S., Moore, J. ve Oyman, K. ve Perceptions, P. (2015). Public Perceptions of Privacy Toward the Usage of Unmanned Aerial Systems: A Valid and Reliable Instrument, HFAP Conference (39). https://commons.erau.edu/hfap/hfap-2015/posters/39
Nousi, A., Gerwen, L. Van, ve Spinhoven, P. (2008). The flight anxiety situations questionnaire and the flight anxiety modality questionnaire : Norms for people with fear of flying. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 6(5), 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.06.001
Pérez-Fuentes, M. del C., Molero Jurado, M. del M., Oropesa Ruiz, N. F., Martos Martínez, Á., Simón Márquez, M. del M., Herrera-Peco, I. ve Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2020). Questionnaire on perception of threat from COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1196–1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041196
Ragbir, N. K., Baugh, B. S., Rice, S. ve Winter, S. R. (2018). How nationality, weather, wind, and distance affect consumer willingness to fly in autonomous airplanes. Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering, 8(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.7771/2159-6670.1180
Rice, S. C., Mehta, R., Winter, S. ve Oyman, K. (2015a). A trustworthiness of commercial airline pilots (T-CAP) scale for american consumers. Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering, 4(2), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.7771/2159-6670.1108
Rice, S., ve Winter, S. R. (2015). Which passenger emotions mediate the relationship between type of pilot configuration and willingness to fly in commercial aviation? Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 5(2), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000081
Rice, S., Winter, S. R., Capps, J., Trombley, J., Robbins, J., Milner, M. ve Lamb, T. L. (2020). Creation of two valid scales: Willingness to fly in an aircraft and willingness to pilot an aircraft. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 7(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.15394/IJAAA.2020.1440
Rice, S., Winter S. R., Kraemer K., Mehta R. ve Oyman K. (2015b). How do depression medications taken by pilots affect passengers’ willingness to fly: A mediation analysis. Review of Europen Studies, 7(11), 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v7n11p200
Rice, S., Winter, S. R., Mehta, R. ve Ragbir, N. K. (2019). What factors predict the type of person who is willing to fly in an autonomous commercial airplane? Journal of Air Transport Management, 75, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.12.008
Sakib, N., Bhuiyan, A. K. M. I., Hossain, S., Al Mamun, F., Hosen, I., Abdullah, A. H., Sarker, M. A., Mohiuddin, M. S., Rayhan, I., Hossain, M., Sikder, M. T., Gozal, D., Muhit, M., Islam, S. M. S., Griffiths, M. D., Pakpour, A. H. ve Mamun, M. A. (2020). Psychometric validation of the bangla fear of COVID-19 scale: Confirmatory factor analysis and rasch analysis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 2623–2634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00289-x
Skolnick, R. B., Schare, M. L., Wyatt, K. P. ve Tillman, M. A. (2012). Aviophobia assessment: Validating the flight anxiety situations questionnaire as a clinical identification measure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26(8), 779–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.006
Speake, H., Phillips, A., Chong, T., Sikazwe, C., Levy, A., Lang, J., Scalley, B., Speers, D. J., Smith, D. W., Effler, P. ve McEvoy, S. P. (2020). Flight-associated transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 corroborated by whole-genome sequencing. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(12), 2872–2880. https://doi.org/10.3201/EID2612.203910
T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı: COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. (2022), https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ adresinden 6 Şubat 2023 tarinde alınmıştır.
Van Gerwen, L. J., Spinhoven, P., Van Dyck, R. ve Diekstra, R. F. W. (1999). Construction and psychometric characteristics of two self-report questionnaires for the assessment of fear of flying. Psychological Assessment, 11(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.2.146
Watson, D. ve Clark, L. A. (1992). On traits and temperament: general and specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the five‐factor model. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 441–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00980.x
Weber, E. U., Blais, A. R. ve Betz, N. E. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15(4), 263–290. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.414
Wilhelm, Frank H. ve Roth, W. T. (1997). Clinical characteristics of flight phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(3), 241–261.
Wilson, M. E. ve Chen, L. H. (2020). Re-starting travel in the era of COVID-19: Preparing a new. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(5), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa108
Winter, S. R., Rice, S., Friedenreich, K., Mehta, R. ve Kaiser, B. (2017). Perceptions toward the federal flight deck officer program and willingness to fly. Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 7(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000110
Wolfe, R. N. (1993). A Commonsense approach to personality measurement. K.H. Craik, R. Hogan ve R. N. Wolfe (Ed.), Fifty Years of Personality Psychology içinde (s. 269–290). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2311-0_19
World Travel Organization. (2019). International tourism highlights: International tourism continues to outpace the global economy. Unwto, 1–24. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 adresinden 19 Şubat 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Zhang, D. C., Highhouse, S. ve Nye, C. D. (2018). Development and validation of the General Risk Propensity Scale (GRiPS). Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 32(2), 152–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2102

Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	İşletme
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Ahmet Songur 0000-0002-9869-5394
Yayımlanma Tarihi	25 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	15 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 39

Kaynak Göster

APA	Songur, A. (2023). COVID-19 Pandemisinin Havacılık Sektörüne Etkileri: Tüketicilerin Hava Yolculuğuna Yönelik Tutumları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 14(39), 787-803. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1219103

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