Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018)

Year 2024, Issue: 60, 53 - 64, 17.01.2024

Barış Yıldız Gizem Akbulut Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1336419

Abstract

Son yıllarda pek çok uluslararası kuruluş ve araştırmacı tarafından az gelişmiş ve/veya gelişmekte olan ülkelerin üretkenlik
kapasitelerinin nasıl arttırılacağı konusu tartışılmaktadır. Kalkınma yardımları, bu ülkelerin üretkenlik kapasitelerini önemli
ölçüde etkileyen faktörlerden biridir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, sektörel kalkınma yardımlarının üretkenlik kapasitesi
üzerinde bir etkisi olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Çalışma 2002-2018 dönemini ve 84 ülkeyi kapsamaktadır. Panel veri yöntemi
kullanılarak elde edilen bulgulara göre sosyal altyapı ve hizmet yardımları, üretkenlik kapasitesini istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve
negatif, üretim sektörleri yardımları ise anlamlı ve pozitif etkilemektedir. Ekonomik altyapı ve hizmet yardımları ve çeşitli sektör
yardımlarına ilişkin ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir bulgu elde edilememiştir. Modelde kontrol değişken olarak kullanılan kişi
başı gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYH), işgücüne katılım oranı ve ticari açıklık, üretkenlik kapasitesini istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve
pozitif etkilemektedir.

Keywords

Kalkınma Yardımı Üretkenlik Kapasitesi Panel Veri Analizi

References

  • Adeniji, T. ve Nwagba, U. (2021). “New Thinking to Beat Poverty”, Innovating to Overcome Poverty in Africa Through Enterprise, Aid for Productivity, Growth Platform. https://aidforproductivity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/aid-for-productivity-digital-file-v7.pdf (10.09.2022)
  • Aid Atlas (2021). All Donors to All Recipients for Other Multi-Sector / Cross-Cutting during 2002–2020, Atlas of Development Finance, https://aid-atlas.org/a27f20a3-d5b7-459b-bba7-9e89733b6eb5 (10.09.2022)
  • Alesina, A. ve Weder, B. (1999). Do corrupt governments receive less foreign aid?. American economic review, 92(4), 1126-1137.
  • Alesina, A., & Dollar, D. (2000). Who gives foreign aid to whom and why?. Journal of economic growth, 5, 33-63.
  • Aljonaid, N. A. A., Qin, F. ve Zhang, Z. (2022). “The Heterogeneous Impact of Sectoral Foreign Aid Inflows on Sectoral Growth: SUR Evidence from Selected Sub-Saharan African and MENA Countries”, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(3), 107.
  • Baltagi, B. H. ve Wu, P. X. (1999). “Unequally Spaced Panel Data Regressions with AR (1) Disturbances”, Econometric theory, 15(6), 814-823.
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L. ve Narendranathan, W., (1982), “Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model”, The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), pp.533-549
  • Birdsall, N., Kharas, H. J., Mahgoub, A. ve Perakis, R. (2010). Quality of Official Development Assistance Assessment. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
  • Briceño-Garmendia, C., Estache, A. ve Shafik, N. (2004). Infrastructure Services in Developing Countries: Access, Quality, Costs, and Policy Reform (Vol. 3468), World Bank Publications.
  • Burnside, C. ve Dollar, D. (2000). Aid, policies, and growth. American economic review, 90(4), 847-868.
  • Driscoll, J. C. ve Kraay, A. C. (1998). “Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data”, Review of economics and statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • Durbarry, R., Gemmell, N. ve Greenaway, D. (1998). New Evidence on The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth (No. 98/8), CREDIT Research paper.
  • Eom, T.H., Lee, S.H. ve Xu, H. (2008). Introduction to Panel Data Analysis: Concepts and Practices. In Miller, G.J. & Yang, K. (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration (pp. 571- 587). Middletown, Pennsylvania: CRC Press Freire, C. (2011). Productive Capacities in Asia and The Pacific, Working Papers Macroeconomic Policy and Development Division (MPDD).
  • Galiani, S., Knack, S., Xu, L. C. ve Zou, B. (2017). “The Effect of Aid on Growth: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment”, Journal of Economic Growth, 22, 1-33. Gnangnon, S. K. (2021). “Productive Capacities, Economic Growth and Economic Growth Volatility in Developing Countries: Does Structural Economic Vulnerability Matter?”, Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 2550001.
  • Gondwe, G. ve Mbonigaba, J. (2022). “Foreign Aid and Economic Infrastructure in the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA)”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-26.
  • Greene, W. (2000) Econometric Analysis, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice–Hall.
  • Gujarati, D. (2003), Basic Econometric, Fourth Edition, McGraw Hill, USA.
  • Gujarati, D. ve Porter, (2009). Basic Econometric, fifth Edition, McGraw Hill, USA.
  • Güriş, S. (2015). Panel veri ve Panel Veri Modelleri, Stata ile Panel Veri Modelleri (Ed. Selahattin Güriş), Der Kitabevi, 2015.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data second edition. Econometric society monographs, Cambridge University Press.
  • Hynes, W. ve Lammersen, F. (2017). Facilitate Trade for Development: Aid for Trade, Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/229981/adbi-wp670.pdf
  • Jena, N. R. ve Sethi, N. (2020). “Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa”, African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 11(1), 147-168.
  • Kaya, O., Kaya, I. ve Gunter, L. (2012). “Development Aid to Agriculture and Economic Growth”, Review of Development Economics, 16(2), 230-242.
  • Kharas, H. (2007). Trends and Issues in Development Aid, Wolfensohn Center for development working paper, (1).
  • Kraay, A. (2006). Aid, growth, and poverty. The Macroeconomic Management of Foreign Aid: Opportunities and Pitfalls, International Monetary Fund, 61-84.
  • Kühl, S. (2009). “Capacity Development As The Model for Development Aid Organizations”, Development and Change, 40(3), 551-577.
  • Lensink, R. ve White, H. (2001). “Are There Negative Returns to Aid?”, Journal of Development Studies, 37(6), 42-65.
  • Maruta, A. A., Banerjee, R., ve Cavoli, T. (2020). “Foreign Aid, İnstitutional Quality and Economic Growth: Evidence from The Developing World”, Economic Modelling, 89, 444-463.
  • Minoiu, C. ve Reddy, S. G. (2010). “Development Aid and Economic Growth: A Positive Long-Run Relation”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 50(1), 27-39.
  • Moreira, S. B. (2005). “Evaluating The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Study”, Journal of Economic Development, 30(2), 25-48.
  • OECD (2023). ODA by sector (indicator), https://doi.org/10.1787/a5a1f674-en (accessed on 11 Ocak 2023).
  • Ovaska, T. (2003). The Failure of Development Aid, Cato J., 23, 175.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, IZA Discussion Papers 1240, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  • Pettersson, J. (2007). “Foreign Sectoral Aid Fungibility, Growth and Poverty Reduction”, Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, 19(8), 1074-1098.
  • Saidon, R., Yusop, Z., Ismail, N. W. ve Hook, L. S. (2013). “Sectoral Foreign Aid and Income İnequality”, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(9), 117-122.
  • Selaya, P. ve Thiele, R. (2010). “Aid and Sectoral Growth: Evidence from Panel Data”, The Journal of Development Studies, 46(10), 1749-1766.
  • Ssozi, J., Asongu, S. ve Amavilah, V. H. (2019). “The Effectiveness of Development Aid for Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of Economic Studies, 46(2), 284-305.
  • UNDP (2011). “Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020”, Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Istanbul, 9-13 May 2011. https://www.undp.org/tr/turkiye/publications/en-az-gelismis-ulkeler-2011-2020-eylem-plani (18.05.2023).
  • UN (2016). Committee for Development Policy, Report on the eighteenth session (14-18 March 2016), Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2016 Supplement No. 13 https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/096/70/PDF/N1609670.pdf?OpenElement (18.05.2023).
  • UNCTAD (2022), https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Pci.html, (18.05.2023).
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Stata Uygulamalı, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Villanthenkodath, M. A. ve Mushtaq, U. (2021). “Modelling The Nexus Between Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: A Case Of Afghanistan and Egypt”, Studies of Applied Economics, 39(2).
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2009). Econometrics: Panel Data Methods. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_167
  • Woodward, R. (2023). Development Assistance Committee, Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Development-Assistance-Committee . (28.06.2023).

THE IMPACT OF SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT AID ON PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES (2002-2018)

Year 2024, Issue: 60, 53 - 64, 17.01.2024

Barış Yıldız Gizem Akbulut Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1336419

Abstract

In recent years, the issue of how to increase the productive capacity of less developed and/or developing countries has
been discussed by many international organizations and researchers. Development aid is one of the factors that significantly
affects the productive capacity of these countries. The aim of the study is to investigate whether sectoral development aid
has an impact on productive capacity. The study covers the period 2002-2018 and 84 countries. According to the findings
of the analysis using the panel data analysis, Social Infrastructure and Services Aid has a statistically significant and negative
effect on productivity capacity, while Production Sector Aid has a significant but positive effect. No statistically significant
findings were found for Economic Infrastructure and Services Aid and Multi-Sector / Cross-Cutting Aid. GDP per capita, labor
force participation rate and trade openness, which are used as control variables in the model, have statistically significant and
positive effects on productivity capacity.

Keywords

Development Aid Productive Capacity Panel Data Analysis

References

  • Adeniji, T. ve Nwagba, U. (2021). “New Thinking to Beat Poverty”, Innovating to Overcome Poverty in Africa Through Enterprise, Aid for Productivity, Growth Platform. https://aidforproductivity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/aid-for-productivity-digital-file-v7.pdf (10.09.2022)
  • Aid Atlas (2021). All Donors to All Recipients for Other Multi-Sector / Cross-Cutting during 2002–2020, Atlas of Development Finance, https://aid-atlas.org/a27f20a3-d5b7-459b-bba7-9e89733b6eb5 (10.09.2022)
  • Alesina, A. ve Weder, B. (1999). Do corrupt governments receive less foreign aid?. American economic review, 92(4), 1126-1137.
  • Alesina, A., & Dollar, D. (2000). Who gives foreign aid to whom and why?. Journal of economic growth, 5, 33-63.
  • Aljonaid, N. A. A., Qin, F. ve Zhang, Z. (2022). “The Heterogeneous Impact of Sectoral Foreign Aid Inflows on Sectoral Growth: SUR Evidence from Selected Sub-Saharan African and MENA Countries”, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(3), 107.
  • Baltagi, B. H. ve Wu, P. X. (1999). “Unequally Spaced Panel Data Regressions with AR (1) Disturbances”, Econometric theory, 15(6), 814-823.
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L. ve Narendranathan, W., (1982), “Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model”, The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), pp.533-549
  • Birdsall, N., Kharas, H. J., Mahgoub, A. ve Perakis, R. (2010). Quality of Official Development Assistance Assessment. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
  • Briceño-Garmendia, C., Estache, A. ve Shafik, N. (2004). Infrastructure Services in Developing Countries: Access, Quality, Costs, and Policy Reform (Vol. 3468), World Bank Publications.
  • Burnside, C. ve Dollar, D. (2000). Aid, policies, and growth. American economic review, 90(4), 847-868.
  • Driscoll, J. C. ve Kraay, A. C. (1998). “Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Panel Data”, Review of economics and statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • Durbarry, R., Gemmell, N. ve Greenaway, D. (1998). New Evidence on The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth (No. 98/8), CREDIT Research paper.
  • Eom, T.H., Lee, S.H. ve Xu, H. (2008). Introduction to Panel Data Analysis: Concepts and Practices. In Miller, G.J. & Yang, K. (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration (pp. 571- 587). Middletown, Pennsylvania: CRC Press Freire, C. (2011). Productive Capacities in Asia and The Pacific, Working Papers Macroeconomic Policy and Development Division (MPDD).
  • Galiani, S., Knack, S., Xu, L. C. ve Zou, B. (2017). “The Effect of Aid on Growth: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment”, Journal of Economic Growth, 22, 1-33. Gnangnon, S. K. (2021). “Productive Capacities, Economic Growth and Economic Growth Volatility in Developing Countries: Does Structural Economic Vulnerability Matter?”, Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 2550001.
  • Gondwe, G. ve Mbonigaba, J. (2022). “Foreign Aid and Economic Infrastructure in the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA)”, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-26.
  • Greene, W. (2000) Econometric Analysis, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice–Hall.
  • Gujarati, D. (2003), Basic Econometric, Fourth Edition, McGraw Hill, USA.
  • Gujarati, D. ve Porter, (2009). Basic Econometric, fifth Edition, McGraw Hill, USA.
  • Güriş, S. (2015). Panel veri ve Panel Veri Modelleri, Stata ile Panel Veri Modelleri (Ed. Selahattin Güriş), Der Kitabevi, 2015.
  • Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data second edition. Econometric society monographs, Cambridge University Press.
  • Hynes, W. ve Lammersen, F. (2017). Facilitate Trade for Development: Aid for Trade, Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/229981/adbi-wp670.pdf
  • Jena, N. R. ve Sethi, N. (2020). “Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa”, African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 11(1), 147-168.
  • Kaya, O., Kaya, I. ve Gunter, L. (2012). “Development Aid to Agriculture and Economic Growth”, Review of Development Economics, 16(2), 230-242.
  • Kharas, H. (2007). Trends and Issues in Development Aid, Wolfensohn Center for development working paper, (1).
  • Kraay, A. (2006). Aid, growth, and poverty. The Macroeconomic Management of Foreign Aid: Opportunities and Pitfalls, International Monetary Fund, 61-84.
  • Kühl, S. (2009). “Capacity Development As The Model for Development Aid Organizations”, Development and Change, 40(3), 551-577.
  • Lensink, R. ve White, H. (2001). “Are There Negative Returns to Aid?”, Journal of Development Studies, 37(6), 42-65.
  • Maruta, A. A., Banerjee, R., ve Cavoli, T. (2020). “Foreign Aid, İnstitutional Quality and Economic Growth: Evidence from The Developing World”, Economic Modelling, 89, 444-463.
  • Minoiu, C. ve Reddy, S. G. (2010). “Development Aid and Economic Growth: A Positive Long-Run Relation”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 50(1), 27-39.
  • Moreira, S. B. (2005). “Evaluating The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Study”, Journal of Economic Development, 30(2), 25-48.
  • OECD (2023). ODA by sector (indicator), https://doi.org/10.1787/a5a1f674-en (accessed on 11 Ocak 2023).
  • Ovaska, T. (2003). The Failure of Development Aid, Cato J., 23, 175.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, IZA Discussion Papers 1240, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  • Pettersson, J. (2007). “Foreign Sectoral Aid Fungibility, Growth and Poverty Reduction”, Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, 19(8), 1074-1098.
  • Saidon, R., Yusop, Z., Ismail, N. W. ve Hook, L. S. (2013). “Sectoral Foreign Aid and Income İnequality”, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(9), 117-122.
  • Selaya, P. ve Thiele, R. (2010). “Aid and Sectoral Growth: Evidence from Panel Data”, The Journal of Development Studies, 46(10), 1749-1766.
  • Ssozi, J., Asongu, S. ve Amavilah, V. H. (2019). “The Effectiveness of Development Aid for Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of Economic Studies, 46(2), 284-305.
  • UNDP (2011). “Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020”, Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Istanbul, 9-13 May 2011. https://www.undp.org/tr/turkiye/publications/en-az-gelismis-ulkeler-2011-2020-eylem-plani (18.05.2023).
  • UN (2016). Committee for Development Policy, Report on the eighteenth session (14-18 March 2016), Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2016 Supplement No. 13 https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/096/70/PDF/N1609670.pdf?OpenElement (18.05.2023).
  • UNCTAD (2022), https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Pci.html, (18.05.2023).
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2013). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Stata Uygulamalı, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Villanthenkodath, M. A. ve Mushtaq, U. (2021). “Modelling The Nexus Between Foreign Aid and Economic Growth: A Case Of Afghanistan and Egypt”, Studies of Applied Economics, 39(2).
  • Wooldridge, J.M. (2009). Econometrics: Panel Data Methods. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_167
  • Woodward, R. (2023). Development Assistance Committee, Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Development-Assistance-Committee . (28.06.2023).
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Development Economics - Macro
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Barış Yıldız 0000-0001-6186-4038

Gizem Akbulut Yıldız 0000-0001-7492-2428

Early Pub Date January 17, 2024
Publication Date January 17, 2024
Acceptance Date November 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 60

Cite

APA Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2024). SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(60), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1336419
AMA Yıldız B, Akbulut Yıldız G. SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018). PAUSBED. January 2024;(60):53-64. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1336419
Chicago Yıldız, Barış, and Gizem Akbulut Yıldız. “SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018)”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 60 (January 2024): 53-64. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1336419.
EndNote Yıldız B, Akbulut Yıldız G (January 1, 2024) SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 60 53–64.
IEEE B. Yıldız and G. Akbulut Yıldız, “SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018)”, PAUSBED, no. 60, pp. 53–64, January 2024, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1336419.
ISNAD Yıldız, Barış - Akbulut Yıldız, Gizem. “SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018)”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 60 (January 2024), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1336419.
JAMA Yıldız B, Akbulut Yıldız G. SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018). PAUSBED. 2024;:53–64.
MLA Yıldız, Barış and Gizem Akbulut Yıldız. “SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018)”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 60, 2024, pp. 53-64, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1336419.
Vancouver Yıldız B, Akbulut Yıldız G. SEKTÖREL KALKINMA YARDIMLARININ ÜRETKENLİK KAPASİTESİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: DÜŞÜK VE ORTA GELİRLİ ÜLKELER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ÇALIŞMA (2002-2018). PAUSBED. 2024(60):53-64.
 Download Cover Image