Araştırma Makalesi
THE ROLE OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND JOB SATISFACTION: EVIDENCE FROM HEALTHCARE ORGANISATIONS IN TURKEY
Öz
Servant leadership is one of the efficient leadership models that is linked to an array of positive work outcomes. Yet, potential impact of this model on work motivation and job satisfaction is overlooked within the literature. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the mediator role of employee motivation in the relationship between servant leadership and job satisfaction with 127 clinical and non-clinical healthcare employees in Turkish organisations. The results of bivariate correlations demonstrated that servant leadership was positively related to employee motivation and job satisfaction. Furthermore, results of mediation analysis revealed that work motivation mediated the relationship between servant leadership and the employee job satisfaction. Findings were discussed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Servant leadership work motivation job satisfaction mediation healthcare workers
Kaynakça
- Aboramadan, M., Dahleez, K., & Hamad, M. H. (2020). Servant leadership and academics outcomes in higher education: the role of job satisfaction. International Journal of Organizational Analysis,1.
- An, S. H., Meier, K. J., Ladenburg, J., & Westergård-Nielsen, N. (2019). Leadership and job satisfaction: Addressing endogeneity with panel data from a field experiment. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 1-24.
- Aruldoss, A., Kowalski, K. B., & Parayitam, S. (2020). The relationship between quality of work life and work life balance mediating role of job stress, job satisfaction and job commitment: evidence from India. Journal of Advances in Management Research.
- Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa,F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions, Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421-449.
- Barbuto JR, J. E. & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership. Group&Organization Management, 31, 300-326.
- Battistelli, A., Galletta, M., Portoghese, I. ,& Vandenberghehec, C. (2013). Mindsets of Commitment and Motivation: Interrelationships and Contribution to Work Outcomes. The Journal of Psychology, 147, 17–48.
- Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311.
- Brockner, J., Tyler, T. R., & Cooper-Schneider, R. (1992). The influence of prior commitment to an institution on reactions to perceived fairness: the higher they are, the harder they fall. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 241–261.
- Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2007) Business Research Methods, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cortina, J. M. (1993). What Is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98-104.
- de Waal, A. & Sivro, M. (2012). The Relation Between Servant Leadership, Organizational Performance, and High-Performance Organization Framework. Journal of Leadership&Organizational Studies, 19, 173-190.
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
- Ewing, C., &Vadell, J. (2011). Intrinsic Motivation and Servant Leadership: A Case for Autonomy Supporting Work Environment in the Military. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1, 249-25.
- Giolito, V. J., Liden, R. C., van Dierendonck, D., & Cheung, G. W. (2020). Servant Leadership Influencing Store-Level Profit: The Mediating Effect of Employee Flourishing. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-22.
- Greenleaf, R. (1970). Servant as Leader.Center for Applied Study. Indianapolis: The Robert K Greenleaf Center.
- Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. New York, NY: Paulist Press.
- Huning, T. M., Hurt, K. J., & Frieder, R. E. (2020). The effect of servant leadership, perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and job embeddedness on turnover intentions. In Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. Emerald Publishing Limited.
- Jenkins, M. & Stewart, A. C. (2011).The importance of a servant leader orientation. HealthCare Management Review, 35, 46-54.
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Job Characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249.
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Thoresen, C. J. & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 376-407.
- Lin, C. Y., & Huang, C. K. (2020). Employee turnover intentions and job performance from a planned change: the effects of an organizational learning culture and job satisfaction. International Journal of Manpower. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-08-2018-0281
- Kim, S. J., Song, M., Hwang, E., Roh, T., & Song, J. H. (2020).The mediating effect of individual regulatory focus in the relationship between career commitment and job satisfaction. European Journal of Training and Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-02-2020-0030
- Kuvaas, B. (2006). Performance appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes: mediating and moderating roles of work motivation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17, 504-522.
- Kuvaas, B. &Dysvik, A. (2009).Perceived investment in employee development, intrinsic motivation and work performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 19, 217–236.
- Lapointe, É., &Vandenberghe, C. (2018). Examination of the relationships between servant leadership, organizational commitment, and voice and antisocial behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(1), 99-115.
- Latham, G. P., (2012). Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research and Practice. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
- Latham, G. P. & Pinder, C. C. (2005). Work Motivation Theory and Research At The Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 485-516.
- Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 161–177.
- Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000).An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment & the relation between job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 407-416.
- Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction.In. MD Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook Ind. Org. Psyc. 1297-1349. Rand McNally.
- Mackey, A. (2008). The effect of CEOs on firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 29, 1357-1367.
- Matteson, J. A., & Irving, J. A. (2006). Servant versus self-sacrificial leadership: Commonalities and distinctions of two follower-oriented theories. An International Journal of Leadership Studies, 2, 36-51. Retrieved from http://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/ijls/new/vol2iss1/matteson/mair.htm.
- Mayer, D. M., Bardes, M., & Piccolo, R. F. (2008). Do servant-leaders help satisfy follower needs? An organizational justice perspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 180-197.
- Moran, C. M., Diefendorff, J. M., Kim, T., & Liu, Z. (2012). A profile approach to self-determination theory motivations at work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 354–363.
- Mulki, J., Jaramillo, F., & Locander, W. (2005). Transform or transact? Which leader gets better results? A meta analysis. Journal of Business and Leadership: Research, Practice, and Teaching, 1, 85-94.
- Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership Theory and Practice.6th Edition SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Paesen, H., Wouters, K., &Maesschalck, J. (2019). Servant leaders, ethical followers? The effect of servant leadership on employee deviance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(5), 624-646.
- Page, D., & Wong, P.T. (2000), “A conceptual framework for measuring servant leadership”, Adjibolosoo, S. (Ed.) In, The human factor in shaping the course of history and development. Boston, University Press of America.
- Patterson, K. A. (2003). Servant leadership: A theoretical model. Doctoral dissertation, Regent University.
- Pittman, T. S. (1998). Motivation. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, and G. Lindzey, (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th ed., 549–590. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Punch, K.F. (2005). Introduction to social research: quantitative and qualitative approaches. London; Sage Pearson Education Limited.
- Qiu, S., Dooley, L. M., & Xie, L. (2020). How servant leadership and self-efficacy interact to affect service quality in the hospitality industry: A polynomial regression with response surface analysis. Tourism Management, 78, 104051.
- Robbins, P. S. (2011). Organisational Behaviour, 9.B., New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
- Saunders, M., Lewis P., & Thornhill A. (2007) Research methods for business students. Essex: Pearson Education Limite.
- Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C. & Santora, J. C. (2008). Defining and Measuring Servant Leadership Behavior in Organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 402-424.
- Smith, B. N., Montagno, R. V. & Kuzmenko, T. N. (2004). Transformational and Servant Leadership: Content and Contextual Comparisons. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 10, 80-91.
- Smith, M. A. & Lindsay, L. M. (2007). Leading change in your world. Marion, IN: Triangle Publishing.
- Spears, L. C. (1995). Reflections on leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of servant-leadership influenced today's top management thinkers. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
- Stefánsdótir, K. H. (2013). Are there signs of a better organizational performance in the presence of servant leadership? (Unpublished Bsc Dissertation). Háskólinn Reykjavík University.
- Taylor, T., Martin, B.N., Hutchinson, S., & Jinks, M. (2007), Examination of Leadership Practices of Principals Identified as Servant Leaders. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 10, 401–19.
- Thompson, R. S. (2003). The perception of servant leadership characteristics and job satisfaction in a church-related college. Unpublished dissertation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN.
- Vandenabeele, W. (2008). "Government calling: Public service motivation as an element in selection government as an employer of choice." Public Administration, 86, 1089-1105.
- Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). “Servant leadership: A review and synthesis”. Journal of Management, 37, 1228-1261.
- Van Dierendonck, D., Nuijten, I., & Heeren, I. (2009). Servant leadership, key to follower well-being.In D. Tjosvold& B. Wisse (Eds.), Power and interdependence in organizations, 319-337. New York. NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Van Knippenberg. (2000). Work Motivation and Performance: A Social Identity Perspective, Applied Psychology, 49, 357-271.
- Van de Vijver, V.& Leung, K. (1997). Methods and Data Analysis for Cross Cultural Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Vinod, S., & Sudhakar, B. (2011). Servant leadership: A unique art of leadership. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2, 456-467.
- Wang, Z., Meng, L., & Cai, S. (2019). Servant leadership and innovative behavior: a moderated mediation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34, 505-518.
- West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Wu, H., Qiu, S., Dooley, L. M., & Ma, C. (2020). The Relationship between Challenge and Hindrance Stressors and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Role of Perceived Servant Leadership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 282.
- Yang, J., Gu, J., & Liu, H. (2019). Servant leadership and employee creativity: The roles of psychological empowerment and work–family conflict. Current Psychology, 38(6), 1417-1427.
- Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in Organizations. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
- Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in Organizations. Global Edition.7.b. Upper Saddle River, Pearson.
- Zheng, H., Li, D. & Hou, W. (2011). Task Design Motivation and Participation in Crowdsourcing Contests. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 15, 57-88.
HİZMETKAR LİDERLİĞİN ÇALIŞAN MOTİVASYONU VE İŞ TATMİNİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ROLÜ: TÜRKİYE'DEKİ SAĞLIK KURUMLARINDAN ELDE EDİLEN VERİLER
Öz
Hizmetkâr liderlik, bir dizi olumlu iş sonucuyla bağlantılı etkili liderlik modellerinden biridir. Yine de bu modelin iş motivasyonu ve iş tatmini üzerindeki potansiyel etkisi literatürde göz ardı edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma Türk kuruluşlarında 127 klinik ve klinik dışı sağlık çalışanı ile hizmetkâr liderlik ile iş doyumu arasındaki ilişkide çalışan motivasyonunun aracı rolünü değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. İki değişkenli korelasyonların sonuçları, hizmetkâr liderliğin çalışan motivasyonu ve iş tatmini ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca arabuluculuk analizi sonuçları, iş motivasyonunun hizmetkâr liderliği ile çalışanın iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bulgular tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hizmetkar Liderlik Çalışan Motivasyonu İş Tatmini Aracılık Sağlık Çalışanları
Kaynakça
- Aboramadan, M., Dahleez, K., & Hamad, M. H. (2020). Servant leadership and academics outcomes in higher education: the role of job satisfaction. International Journal of Organizational Analysis,1.
- An, S. H., Meier, K. J., Ladenburg, J., & Westergård-Nielsen, N. (2019). Leadership and job satisfaction: Addressing endogeneity with panel data from a field experiment. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 1-24.
- Aruldoss, A., Kowalski, K. B., & Parayitam, S. (2020). The relationship between quality of work life and work life balance mediating role of job stress, job satisfaction and job commitment: evidence from India. Journal of Advances in Management Research.
- Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa,F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions, Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421-449.
- Barbuto JR, J. E. & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership. Group&Organization Management, 31, 300-326.
- Battistelli, A., Galletta, M., Portoghese, I. ,& Vandenberghehec, C. (2013). Mindsets of Commitment and Motivation: Interrelationships and Contribution to Work Outcomes. The Journal of Psychology, 147, 17–48.
- Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311.
- Brockner, J., Tyler, T. R., & Cooper-Schneider, R. (1992). The influence of prior commitment to an institution on reactions to perceived fairness: the higher they are, the harder they fall. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 241–261.
- Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2007) Business Research Methods, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cortina, J. M. (1993). What Is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98-104.
- de Waal, A. & Sivro, M. (2012). The Relation Between Servant Leadership, Organizational Performance, and High-Performance Organization Framework. Journal of Leadership&Organizational Studies, 19, 173-190.
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.
- Ewing, C., &Vadell, J. (2011). Intrinsic Motivation and Servant Leadership: A Case for Autonomy Supporting Work Environment in the Military. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1, 249-25.
- Giolito, V. J., Liden, R. C., van Dierendonck, D., & Cheung, G. W. (2020). Servant Leadership Influencing Store-Level Profit: The Mediating Effect of Employee Flourishing. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-22.
- Greenleaf, R. (1970). Servant as Leader.Center for Applied Study. Indianapolis: The Robert K Greenleaf Center.
- Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. New York, NY: Paulist Press.
- Huning, T. M., Hurt, K. J., & Frieder, R. E. (2020). The effect of servant leadership, perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and job embeddedness on turnover intentions. In Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. Emerald Publishing Limited.
- Jenkins, M. & Stewart, A. C. (2011).The importance of a servant leader orientation. HealthCare Management Review, 35, 46-54.
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Job Characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249.
- Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Thoresen, C. J. & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 376-407.
- Lin, C. Y., & Huang, C. K. (2020). Employee turnover intentions and job performance from a planned change: the effects of an organizational learning culture and job satisfaction. International Journal of Manpower. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-08-2018-0281
- Kim, S. J., Song, M., Hwang, E., Roh, T., & Song, J. H. (2020).The mediating effect of individual regulatory focus in the relationship between career commitment and job satisfaction. European Journal of Training and Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-02-2020-0030
- Kuvaas, B. (2006). Performance appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes: mediating and moderating roles of work motivation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17, 504-522.
- Kuvaas, B. &Dysvik, A. (2009).Perceived investment in employee development, intrinsic motivation and work performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 19, 217–236.
- Lapointe, É., &Vandenberghe, C. (2018). Examination of the relationships between servant leadership, organizational commitment, and voice and antisocial behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 148(1), 99-115.
- Latham, G. P., (2012). Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research and Practice. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
- Latham, G. P. & Pinder, C. C. (2005). Work Motivation Theory and Research At The Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 485-516.
- Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 161–177.
- Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000).An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment & the relation between job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 407-416.
- Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction.In. MD Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook Ind. Org. Psyc. 1297-1349. Rand McNally.
- Mackey, A. (2008). The effect of CEOs on firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 29, 1357-1367.
- Matteson, J. A., & Irving, J. A. (2006). Servant versus self-sacrificial leadership: Commonalities and distinctions of two follower-oriented theories. An International Journal of Leadership Studies, 2, 36-51. Retrieved from http://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/ijls/new/vol2iss1/matteson/mair.htm.
- Mayer, D. M., Bardes, M., & Piccolo, R. F. (2008). Do servant-leaders help satisfy follower needs? An organizational justice perspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17, 180-197.
- Moran, C. M., Diefendorff, J. M., Kim, T., & Liu, Z. (2012). A profile approach to self-determination theory motivations at work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 354–363.
- Mulki, J., Jaramillo, F., & Locander, W. (2005). Transform or transact? Which leader gets better results? A meta analysis. Journal of Business and Leadership: Research, Practice, and Teaching, 1, 85-94.
- Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership Theory and Practice.6th Edition SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Paesen, H., Wouters, K., &Maesschalck, J. (2019). Servant leaders, ethical followers? The effect of servant leadership on employee deviance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(5), 624-646.
- Page, D., & Wong, P.T. (2000), “A conceptual framework for measuring servant leadership”, Adjibolosoo, S. (Ed.) In, The human factor in shaping the course of history and development. Boston, University Press of America.
- Patterson, K. A. (2003). Servant leadership: A theoretical model. Doctoral dissertation, Regent University.
- Pittman, T. S. (1998). Motivation. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, and G. Lindzey, (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th ed., 549–590. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Punch, K.F. (2005). Introduction to social research: quantitative and qualitative approaches. London; Sage Pearson Education Limited.
- Qiu, S., Dooley, L. M., & Xie, L. (2020). How servant leadership and self-efficacy interact to affect service quality in the hospitality industry: A polynomial regression with response surface analysis. Tourism Management, 78, 104051.
- Robbins, P. S. (2011). Organisational Behaviour, 9.B., New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
- Saunders, M., Lewis P., & Thornhill A. (2007) Research methods for business students. Essex: Pearson Education Limite.
- Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C. & Santora, J. C. (2008). Defining and Measuring Servant Leadership Behavior in Organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 402-424.
- Smith, B. N., Montagno, R. V. & Kuzmenko, T. N. (2004). Transformational and Servant Leadership: Content and Contextual Comparisons. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 10, 80-91.
- Smith, M. A. & Lindsay, L. M. (2007). Leading change in your world. Marion, IN: Triangle Publishing.
- Spears, L. C. (1995). Reflections on leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of servant-leadership influenced today's top management thinkers. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
- Stefánsdótir, K. H. (2013). Are there signs of a better organizational performance in the presence of servant leadership? (Unpublished Bsc Dissertation). Háskólinn Reykjavík University.
- Taylor, T., Martin, B.N., Hutchinson, S., & Jinks, M. (2007), Examination of Leadership Practices of Principals Identified as Servant Leaders. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 10, 401–19.
- Thompson, R. S. (2003). The perception of servant leadership characteristics and job satisfaction in a church-related college. Unpublished dissertation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN.
- Vandenabeele, W. (2008). "Government calling: Public service motivation as an element in selection government as an employer of choice." Public Administration, 86, 1089-1105.
- Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). “Servant leadership: A review and synthesis”. Journal of Management, 37, 1228-1261.
- Van Dierendonck, D., Nuijten, I., & Heeren, I. (2009). Servant leadership, key to follower well-being.In D. Tjosvold& B. Wisse (Eds.), Power and interdependence in organizations, 319-337. New York. NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Van Knippenberg. (2000). Work Motivation and Performance: A Social Identity Perspective, Applied Psychology, 49, 357-271.
- Van de Vijver, V.& Leung, K. (1997). Methods and Data Analysis for Cross Cultural Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Vinod, S., & Sudhakar, B. (2011). Servant leadership: A unique art of leadership. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2, 456-467.
- Wang, Z., Meng, L., & Cai, S. (2019). Servant leadership and innovative behavior: a moderated mediation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34, 505-518.
- West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Wu, H., Qiu, S., Dooley, L. M., & Ma, C. (2020). The Relationship between Challenge and Hindrance Stressors and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Role of Perceived Servant Leadership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 282.
- Yang, J., Gu, J., & Liu, H. (2019). Servant leadership and employee creativity: The roles of psychological empowerment and work–family conflict. Current Psychology, 38(6), 1417-1427.
- Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in Organizations. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
- Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in Organizations. Global Edition.7.b. Upper Saddle River, Pearson.
- Zheng, H., Li, D. & Hou, W. (2011). Task Design Motivation and Participation in Crowdsourcing Contests. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 15, 57-88.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Psikoloji |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Ekim 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 |
