Öz
The aim of this study is to analyse the role of English language in the formation of British Empire in the light of discourse and power by Michel Foucault and hegemony by Antonio Gramsci. Languistic studies, works of literature and art have been studied in isolation from political discouses, power relations on the grounds that they are personal, individual or trancendental fields. The process has been overturned following the prevalence of the concept of Orientalism –a concept put forward by Edward Said to describe the image of East in the Western literature andculture which was, then, evolved into postcolonial studies. Due to the reception of Orientalism and postcolonial studies the role of language, literature and art in the formation of ruling power, national state and national identity have been Reconsidered. In this context, the most striking examples are undoubtedly in the process of exalting British language and literature and presenting it as the only alternative, furthering, and sometimes disregarding, other languages, arts and cultures in the formation, strengthening and conquest of the British Empire.
Kaynakça
- ANSRE, Gilbert (1979), “Four Rationalisations for Maintaining European Language in education in Africa”. African Languages.5/2
- BOCOCK, Robert (1986), Hegemony. Chister, and London: Ellis Horwood and Tavistock
- COLUZZI, Paolo (2012), “Modernity and globalisation: is 20112the presence of English and of cultural products in English a sign of linguistic and cultural imperialism? Results of a study conducted in Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia”, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development Vol. 33, No. 2
- DALE, Roger (1982), “Education and the capitalist state” (ed.) Apple
- DEFOE, Daniel (1992) [1719], Robinson Crusoe. Wordsworth.Edition
- FANON, Fanon (1952), Peau Noire, Masques Blancs. Paris: Seuil
- ________ 2009. Siyah Deri Beyaz Maske.(Çev.: Cahit Koytak), İstanbul: Versus.
- FOUCAULT, Michel (1990), The use of pleasure. New York: Vintage Books.
- FOX, Michael (1975), Language and Development: A Retrospective Survey of Ford Foundation Language Projects, 1952-1974. New York Ford Foundation.
- GRAMSCI, Antonio (1971), Selections From Prison Notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
- ---------------------- 2011. Hapishane Defterleri, Çev.: Ekrem Ekici, İstanbul: Kalkedon
- IVES, Peter (2009), Global English, Hegemony and Education: Lessons from Gramsci, Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 41, No. 6.
- KACHRU, B.Braj (1986), The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions and Models of Non- native Englishes. Oxford: Pergamon
- MERQUIR, J. G. (1986), Foucault. (Çev.: Nurettin Elhüseyni), İstanbul: AFA Yayıncılık
- PENNYCOOK, Alastair (2003), “Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and Performativity” , Journal
- of Sociolinguistics • November 2003
- __________ (1994), The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
- PETRAS, James, VELTMEYER, Henry (2001), Globalization Unmasked: Imperialism in the 21st Century. London: ZED Press.
- PHILLIPSON, Robert (1992), Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- POLITI, J. 1985. Comment in Quirk and Widdowson (eds.) 1985.
- SAID, Edward. W (1978), Orientalism. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- SEKAR, J.John, Are We Decolonizing or Recolonizing English Education Policy? ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue ISBN: 978-81-930411-2-3)
- SKUTNABB-KANGAS, Tove. and P. LEPORANTO-MORLEY (1986), “Migrant women and education” (ed.) S. Lie Scandinavian Journal for Development Alternatives. SPENCER, John. 1971a. “Colonial Language Policies and Their Legacies. 1984. Bilingualism or not-The Education of of Minorities. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
- SPENCER, John (1971b), “Colonial Language Policies and Their Legacies” (ed.) Sebeok
- THIONG’O, Ngugi Wa. (1986), Decolonizing The Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. London: James Currey
- WILLIAMS, R.aymond (1977), Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Öz
Bu
çalışmanın konusu, İngilizcenin Britanya İmparatorluğunun oluşumundaki rolünü, Antonio Gramsci’nin ortaya attığı
hegemonya ve Michel Foucault’nun söylem ve iktidar
konusundaki görüşleri ışığında ortaya
koymaktır. İngilizce de dahil olmak üzere dil, edebiyat ve sanat incelemeleri
uzun süre, hümanist nitelikte oldukları
gerekçesiyle politik söylemlerden ve iktidar ilişkilerinden bağımsız; öznel, bireysel, özel veya evrensel ya da
aşkın alanlar olarak incelenmişlerdir. Bu durum özellikle Oryantalizmin
edebiyattan başlamak üzere süratle sosyal bilimlerde ve diğer alanlarda etkili
olması ve ardından postkolonyal çalışmalara evrilmesi ile birlikte, iktidarın
ve ulus kimliğin, ulus devletin oluşumunda dil, edebiyat ve sanatın rolü ve
ilişkisi yeniden değerlendirilmeye konu olmuştur. Bu bağlamda hiç kuşkusuz en
çarpıcı örnek, Britanya İmparatorluğunun oluşumunda, güçlenmesinde ve ele geçirdiği
topraklarda varlığını sürdürmesinde diğer dilleri, sanatları ve kültürleri
ötekileştirerek, dahası itibarsızlaştırarak ve kimi zaman da yok sayarak
İngiliz dili ve edebiyatının yüceltilmesi ve tek alternatif olarak ortaya koyma
sürecinde yer almaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ANSRE, Gilbert (1979), “Four Rationalisations for Maintaining European Language in education in Africa”. African Languages.5/2
- BOCOCK, Robert (1986), Hegemony. Chister, and London: Ellis Horwood and Tavistock
- COLUZZI, Paolo (2012), “Modernity and globalisation: is 20112the presence of English and of cultural products in English a sign of linguistic and cultural imperialism? Results of a study conducted in Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia”, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development Vol. 33, No. 2
- DALE, Roger (1982), “Education and the capitalist state” (ed.) Apple
- DEFOE, Daniel (1992) [1719], Robinson Crusoe. Wordsworth.Edition
- FANON, Fanon (1952), Peau Noire, Masques Blancs. Paris: Seuil
- ________ 2009. Siyah Deri Beyaz Maske.(Çev.: Cahit Koytak), İstanbul: Versus.
- FOUCAULT, Michel (1990), The use of pleasure. New York: Vintage Books.
- FOX, Michael (1975), Language and Development: A Retrospective Survey of Ford Foundation Language Projects, 1952-1974. New York Ford Foundation.
- GRAMSCI, Antonio (1971), Selections From Prison Notebooks. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
- ---------------------- 2011. Hapishane Defterleri, Çev.: Ekrem Ekici, İstanbul: Kalkedon
- IVES, Peter (2009), Global English, Hegemony and Education: Lessons from Gramsci, Educational Philosophy and Theory, Vol. 41, No. 6.
- KACHRU, B.Braj (1986), The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions and Models of Non- native Englishes. Oxford: Pergamon
- MERQUIR, J. G. (1986), Foucault. (Çev.: Nurettin Elhüseyni), İstanbul: AFA Yayıncılık
- PENNYCOOK, Alastair (2003), “Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and Performativity” , Journal
- of Sociolinguistics • November 2003
- __________ (1994), The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. Harlow, Essex: Longman.
- PETRAS, James, VELTMEYER, Henry (2001), Globalization Unmasked: Imperialism in the 21st Century. London: ZED Press.
- PHILLIPSON, Robert (1992), Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- POLITI, J. 1985. Comment in Quirk and Widdowson (eds.) 1985.
- SAID, Edward. W (1978), Orientalism. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
- SEKAR, J.John, Are We Decolonizing or Recolonizing English Education Policy? ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue ISBN: 978-81-930411-2-3)
- SKUTNABB-KANGAS, Tove. and P. LEPORANTO-MORLEY (1986), “Migrant women and education” (ed.) S. Lie Scandinavian Journal for Development Alternatives. SPENCER, John. 1971a. “Colonial Language Policies and Their Legacies. 1984. Bilingualism or not-The Education of of Minorities. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
- SPENCER, John (1971b), “Colonial Language Policies and Their Legacies” (ed.) Sebeok
- THIONG’O, Ngugi Wa. (1986), Decolonizing The Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. London: James Currey
- WILLIAMS, R.aymond (1977), Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Ayrıntılar
| Konular | Sanat ve Edebiyat |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 4 Kasım 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 |
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