Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

ÜNİLİG’de Yarışan Sporcuların Müsabaka Öncesi Zihinsel Hazır Oluş ve Duygu İfadelerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 113 - 121, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1168674

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Üniversiteler Spor Liginde farklı branşlarda yarışan sporcularının müsabaka öncesi zihinsel hazır oluş ve duygu ifadelerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesidir. Nicel araştırma modeline göz önüne alınarak tasarlanan bu çalışmaya 238 erkek, 197 kadın katılımcı olmak üzere toplam 435 sporcu katılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan veri toplama araçları üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde katılımcıların demografik özellikleri belirlemek için “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, ikinci bölümde “Zihinsel Hazır Oluş Ölçeği”, üçüncü bölümde ise “Spor Duygu Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, frekans analizi, t-testi ve korelasyon analizi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Cinsiyete göre kadın sporcuların zihinsel hazır oluş durumlarının odaklanma ve motivasyon alt boyutlarında, erkek sporcuların ise ilgi alt boyu-tunda anlamlı derecede farka rastlanmıştır. Milli sporcu durumu değişkenine göre, zihinsel hazır olma durumunun milli sporcuların, milli olmayan sporculara göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca spor türü değişkenine göre, zihinsel hazır oluş durumlarının, odaklanma ve motivasyon alt boyutlarında takım sporu yapanların bireysel spor yapanlara göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Her ne kadar ilişkisel bir sonuç olduğu için nedensel bir çıkarım yapılamasa da mevcut araştırmadaki sporcularda müsabaka öncesi zihinsel hazır oluş düzeyi arttıkça kaygı, keyifsizlik ve öfke azalırken; mutluluk ve coşku artmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Arnold, R. ve Fletcher, D. (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis of the sport emotion questionnaire in organisational environments. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(2), 169-179.
  • 2. Boone E. M. ve Leadbeater B. J. (2006) Game on: diminishing risks for depressive symptoms in early adolescence through positive involvement in team sports. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(1), 79-90.
  • 3. Brandt, R., Bevilacqua, G. G. ve Andrade, A. (2017). Perceived sleep quality, mood states, and their relationship with performance among Brazilian elite athletes during a competitive period. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(4), 1033-1039.
  • 4. Brantelid, I. E., Nilvér, H. Ve Alehagen, S. (2014). Menstruation during a lifespan: a qualitative study of women's experiences. Health Care for Women International, 35(6), 600-616.
  • 5. Bozkurt, S. (2010). Sportif performansa psikolojik bakış. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 28-37.
  • 6. Büyüköztürk Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E. ve Akgün Ö. E. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • 7. Chang, C., Putukian, M., Aerni, G., Diamond, A., Hong, G., Ingram, Y. ve Wolanin, A. (2020). Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: Detection, management, effect on performance and prevention: American medical society for sports medicine position statement—executive summary. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(4), 216-220.
  • 8. Cherry, M. (2019). The interplay between resentment, motivation, and performance. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 46(2), 147-161.
  • 9. Cosma, G., Chiracu, A., Stepan, R., Cosma, A., Nanu, C. ve Pǎunescu, C. (2020). Impact of coping strategies on sport performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(3), 1380-1385.
  • 10. Cucui, I. A. ve Cucui, G. G. (2014). Motivation and its implications in sports performance (Note I). Palestrica of the Third Millennium Civilization & Sport, 15(1), 67-71.
  • 11. Dahlin, E., Neely, A. S., Larsson, A., Bäckman, L. ve Nyberg, L. (2008). Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum. Science, 320, 1510–1512.
  • 12. Đurović, D., Veljković, A. A. ve Petrović, T. (2020). Psychological aspects of motivation in sport achievement. Facta Universitatis. Series: Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 465-474.
  • 13. Eime R. M., Young J. A., Harvey J. T., Charity M. J. ve Payne W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International J. of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98.
  • 14. Englert, C. ve Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 580-599.
  • 15. Erbaş, M. (2000). Türkiye Basketbol II. Ligindeki oyuncuların bazı kişisel değişkenlerinin durumluk kaygı üzerine etkileri ve durumluk kaygının takım içi ilişkilerine etkisinin araştırılması [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Trakya Üniversitesi, Edirne.
  • 16. Ercis, S. (2018). Comparison of mental skills of elite and non-elite athletes. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(n4a), 72-75.
  • 17. Frijda, N.H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43(5), 349-358.
  • 18. Fry, M. D. ve Moore, E. W. G. (2019). Motivation in sport: Theory and application. In APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology, volume 1: Sport psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 273-299). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • 19. Gee, C. J. (2010). How does sport psychology actually improve athletic performance? A framework to facilitate athletes’ and coaches’ understanding. Behavior Modification, 34(5), 386-402.
  • 20. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 551-573.
  • 21. Hagerty, B. M., Williams, R. A., Coyne, J. C. ve Early, M. R. (1996). Sense of belonging and indicators of social and psychological functioning. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(4), 235-244.
  • 22. Hazler, R. J. ve Mellin, E. A. (2004). The developmental origins and treatment needs of female adolescents with depression. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(1), 18-24.
  • 23. Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I. ve Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 58–65.
  • 24. Huang, H. C., Lee, P. Y., Lo, Y. C., Chen, I. S. ve Hsu, C. H. (2021). A study on the perceived positive coaching leadership, sports enthusiasm, and happiness of boxing athletes. Sustainability, 13(13), 7199.
  • 25. Izard, C. E. (2010). The many meanings/aspects of emotion: Definitions, functions, activation, and regulation. Emotion Review, 2(4), 363-370.
  • 26. Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J. ve Perrig, W. J. (2008). Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 6829–6833.
  • 27. Janelle, C. M., Fawver, B. J. ve Beatty, G. F. (2020). Emotion and sport performance. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (1st ed., pp. 254–298). Wiley.
  • 28. Jones, M. V., Lane, A. M., Bray, S. R., Uphill, M. ve Catlin, J. (2005). Development and validation of the sport emotion questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 407-431.
  • 29. Kajbafnezhad, H., Ahadi, H., Heidarie, A. R., Askari, P. ve Enayati, M. (2011). Difference between team and individual sports with respect to psychological skills, overall emotional intelligence and athletic success motivation in Shiraz city athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 11(3), 249.
  • 30. Karabulut, E. O. ve Sevde, M. V. (2019). Taekwondocuların durumluk ve sürekli kaygılarının müsabaka performansı ve yaralanma durumu ile ilişkisi. Türk Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 47-54.
  • 31. Karakaya, İ. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma. A. Tanrıöğen (Ed.), Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri içinde (s. 57-84). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • 32. Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (14. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın ve Dağıtım.
  • 33. Kingston, K. M., Horrocks, C. S. ve Hanton, S. (2006). Do multidimensional intrinsic and extrinsic motivation profiles discriminate between athlete scholarship status and gender?. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(01), 53-63.
  • 34. Krane, V. (1994). The mental readiness form as a measure of competitive state anxiety. The Sport Psychologist, 8(2), 189-202.
  • 35. McCarthy, P. J. (2011). Positive emotion in sport performance: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 50-69.
  • 36. Miller K. E., Barnes G. M., Melnick M. J., Sabo D. F. ve Farrell M. P. (2002) Gender and racial/ethnic differences in predicting adolescent sexual risk: Athletic participation versus exercise. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(4), 436.
  • 37. Miller K. E. ve Hoffman J. H. (2009) Mental well-being and sport-related identities in college students. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(2), 335-356.
  • 38. Monazami, M., Hedayatikatooli, A., Neshati, A. ve Beiki, Y. (2012). A comparison of the motivation of male and female competitive athletes in Golestan, Iran. Ann Biol Res, 3(1), 31-35.
  • 39. Mouelhi-Guizani, S., Guinoubi, S., Chtara, M. ve Crespo, M. (2022). Relationships between flow state and motivation in junior elite tennis players: Differences by gender. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Erken Görünüm.
  • 40. Morgan, K. (2011). The three new pathways leading to Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 37(4), 353-357.
  • 41. Osman, U. ve Aşçı, F. H. (2019). Spor Duygu Ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(4), 42-55.
  • 42. Özgüngör, S. (2018). Duygular. Ş. Işık (Ed.), Psikolojiye Giriş (ss. 155-217) içinde. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • 43. Pedersen M. T., Vorup J., Nistrup A., Wikman J. M., Alstrøm J. M., Melcher P. S., Pfister G. U. ve Bangsbo J. (2017) Effect of team sports and resistance training on physical function, quality of life, and motivation in older adults. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(8), 852-864.
  • 44. Perkins, D. N. ve Salomon, G. (1989). Are cognitive skills context bound. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 16–25.
  • 45. Pluhar, E., McCracken, C., Griffith, K. L., Christino, M. A., Sugimoto, D. ve Meehan III, W. P. (2019). Team sport athletes may be less likely to suffer anxiety or depression than individual sport athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 18(3), 490.
  • 46. Prapavessis, H. (2008). The POMS and sports performance: A review. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(1), 34-48.
  • 47. Ring, C., Kavussanu, M., Al-Yaaribi, A., Tenenbaum, G. ve Stanger, N. (2019). Effects of antisocial behaviour on opponent's anger, attention, and performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(8), 871-877.
  • 48. Sabiston C. M., Jewett R., Ashdown-Franks G., Belanger M., Brunet J., O’Loughlin E. ve O’Loughlin J. (2016) Number of years of team and individual sport participation during adolescence and depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(1), 105-110.
  • 49. Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L. ve Cury, F. (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21‐month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(3), 395-418.
  • 50. Soyer, F., Can, Y., Güven, H., Hergüner, G., Bayansalduz, M. ve Tetik, B. (2010). Sporculardaki başarı motivasyonu ile takım birlikteliği arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 225-239.
  • 51. Stoeber, J. (2011). The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: Relationships with emotion, motivation, and performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(2), 128-145.
  • 52. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. ve Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • 53. Taylor, M. K., Gould, D. ve Rolo, C. (2008). Performance strategies of US Olympians in practice and competition. High Ability Studies, 19(1), 19-36.
  • 54. Thomas, J. R. ve Nelson, J. K. (1996). Research methods in physical activity (3rd Ed.). Champing, IL: Human Kinetics. Canada, USA.
  • 55. Uphill, M. A., Lane, A. M. ve Jones, M. V. (2012). Emotion regulation questionnaire for use with athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 761-770.
  • 56. Vella S., Cliff D., Magee C. ve Okely A. (2015) Associations between sports participation and psychological difficulties during childhood: A two-year follow up. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(3), 304-309.
  • 57. Voelcker-Rehage, C., Godde, B. ve Staudinger, U. M. (2011). Cardiovascular and coordination training differentially improve cognitive performance and neural processing in older adults. Fronties in Human Neuroscience, 5, 26.
  • 58. Voss, M. W., Kramer, A. F., Basak, C., Prakash, R. S. ve Roberts, B. (2010). Are expert athletes ‘expert’ in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 812–826.
  • 59. Yanar, Ş., Kırandı, Ö. ve Çimen, K. (2017). Tenisçilerde başarı motivasyonu ile optimal performans duygu durumu ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 1(1), 69-75.
  • 60. Willis, S. L., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J. ve Koepke, K. M. (2006). Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. JAMA, 296, 2805–2814.
  • 61. Zhang, S., Woodman, T. ve Roberts, R. (2018). Anxiety and fear in sport and performance. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology.
  • 62. Zekioğlu, A., Tatar, A., Bahadır, E. ve Afacan, E. (2017). Zihinsel hazır oluşun ölçülmesi: Ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 57-64.
  • 63. Zeng, H. Z. ve Meng, W. Y. (2017). A study of youth volleyball Players’ participation motivation and relate elements. J. Soc. Sci. Res, 11, 2424-2435.

Investigation of Pre-Competition Mental Readiness and Emotional Status of Athletes Competing in the University League in Terms of Various Variables

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 113 - 121, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1168674

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the mental readiness and emotional states of the athletes competing in various branches in the Universities Sports League in terms of various variables. A total of 435 athletes, 238 men and 197 women, participated in the study, in which the quantitative research model was used. The data collection tools used in the research consisted of three parts. In the first part, "Background questionnaire" was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants, "Mental Readiness Scale" in the second part, and "Sports Emotion Scale" in the third part. The data obtained in the research were analysed by frequency analysis, test, t-test and correlation analysis. According to gender, a significant difference was found in the focus and motivation subdimensions of the mental readiness of female athletes and in the interest subdimension of male athletes. According to the national athlete status variable, it was seen that the mental readiness of national athletes was significantly higher than that of nonnational athletes. In addition, according to the type of sport variable, it was found that the mental readiness of team athletes was significantly higher than individual athletes in the subdimensions of focus and motivation. Although a causal inference cannot be made because it is a correlational result, as the level of precompetition mental readiness increased in the athletes in the current study, anxiety, malaise and anger decreased, while happiness and enthusiasm increased

Kaynakça

  • 1. Arnold, R. ve Fletcher, D. (2014). Confirmatory factor analysis of the sport emotion questionnaire in organisational environments. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(2), 169-179.
  • 2. Boone E. M. ve Leadbeater B. J. (2006) Game on: diminishing risks for depressive symptoms in early adolescence through positive involvement in team sports. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(1), 79-90.
  • 3. Brandt, R., Bevilacqua, G. G. ve Andrade, A. (2017). Perceived sleep quality, mood states, and their relationship with performance among Brazilian elite athletes during a competitive period. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(4), 1033-1039.
  • 4. Brantelid, I. E., Nilvér, H. Ve Alehagen, S. (2014). Menstruation during a lifespan: a qualitative study of women's experiences. Health Care for Women International, 35(6), 600-616.
  • 5. Bozkurt, S. (2010). Sportif performansa psikolojik bakış. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 28-37.
  • 6. Büyüköztürk Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E. ve Akgün Ö. E. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • 7. Chang, C., Putukian, M., Aerni, G., Diamond, A., Hong, G., Ingram, Y. ve Wolanin, A. (2020). Mental health issues and psychological factors in athletes: Detection, management, effect on performance and prevention: American medical society for sports medicine position statement—executive summary. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(4), 216-220.
  • 8. Cherry, M. (2019). The interplay between resentment, motivation, and performance. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 46(2), 147-161.
  • 9. Cosma, G., Chiracu, A., Stepan, R., Cosma, A., Nanu, C. ve Pǎunescu, C. (2020). Impact of coping strategies on sport performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(3), 1380-1385.
  • 10. Cucui, I. A. ve Cucui, G. G. (2014). Motivation and its implications in sports performance (Note I). Palestrica of the Third Millennium Civilization & Sport, 15(1), 67-71.
  • 11. Dahlin, E., Neely, A. S., Larsson, A., Bäckman, L. ve Nyberg, L. (2008). Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum. Science, 320, 1510–1512.
  • 12. Đurović, D., Veljković, A. A. ve Petrović, T. (2020). Psychological aspects of motivation in sport achievement. Facta Universitatis. Series: Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 465-474.
  • 13. Eime R. M., Young J. A., Harvey J. T., Charity M. J. ve Payne W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International J. of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98.
  • 14. Englert, C. ve Bertrams, A. (2012). Anxiety, ego depletion, and sports performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(5), 580-599.
  • 15. Erbaş, M. (2000). Türkiye Basketbol II. Ligindeki oyuncuların bazı kişisel değişkenlerinin durumluk kaygı üzerine etkileri ve durumluk kaygının takım içi ilişkilerine etkisinin araştırılması [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Trakya Üniversitesi, Edirne.
  • 16. Ercis, S. (2018). Comparison of mental skills of elite and non-elite athletes. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(n4a), 72-75.
  • 17. Frijda, N.H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43(5), 349-358.
  • 18. Fry, M. D. ve Moore, E. W. G. (2019). Motivation in sport: Theory and application. In APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology, volume 1: Sport psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 273-299). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • 19. Gee, C. J. (2010). How does sport psychology actually improve athletic performance? A framework to facilitate athletes’ and coaches’ understanding. Behavior Modification, 34(5), 386-402.
  • 20. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 551-573.
  • 21. Hagerty, B. M., Williams, R. A., Coyne, J. C. ve Early, M. R. (1996). Sense of belonging and indicators of social and psychological functioning. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(4), 235-244.
  • 22. Hazler, R. J. ve Mellin, E. A. (2004). The developmental origins and treatment needs of female adolescents with depression. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(1), 18-24.
  • 23. Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I. ve Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 58–65.
  • 24. Huang, H. C., Lee, P. Y., Lo, Y. C., Chen, I. S. ve Hsu, C. H. (2021). A study on the perceived positive coaching leadership, sports enthusiasm, and happiness of boxing athletes. Sustainability, 13(13), 7199.
  • 25. Izard, C. E. (2010). The many meanings/aspects of emotion: Definitions, functions, activation, and regulation. Emotion Review, 2(4), 363-370.
  • 26. Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J. ve Perrig, W. J. (2008). Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 6829–6833.
  • 27. Janelle, C. M., Fawver, B. J. ve Beatty, G. F. (2020). Emotion and sport performance. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (1st ed., pp. 254–298). Wiley.
  • 28. Jones, M. V., Lane, A. M., Bray, S. R., Uphill, M. ve Catlin, J. (2005). Development and validation of the sport emotion questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 407-431.
  • 29. Kajbafnezhad, H., Ahadi, H., Heidarie, A. R., Askari, P. ve Enayati, M. (2011). Difference between team and individual sports with respect to psychological skills, overall emotional intelligence and athletic success motivation in Shiraz city athletes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 11(3), 249.
  • 30. Karabulut, E. O. ve Sevde, M. V. (2019). Taekwondocuların durumluk ve sürekli kaygılarının müsabaka performansı ve yaralanma durumu ile ilişkisi. Türk Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 47-54.
  • 31. Karakaya, İ. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma. A. Tanrıöğen (Ed.), Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri içinde (s. 57-84). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • 32. Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (14. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayın ve Dağıtım.
  • 33. Kingston, K. M., Horrocks, C. S. ve Hanton, S. (2006). Do multidimensional intrinsic and extrinsic motivation profiles discriminate between athlete scholarship status and gender?. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(01), 53-63.
  • 34. Krane, V. (1994). The mental readiness form as a measure of competitive state anxiety. The Sport Psychologist, 8(2), 189-202.
  • 35. McCarthy, P. J. (2011). Positive emotion in sport performance: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 50-69.
  • 36. Miller K. E., Barnes G. M., Melnick M. J., Sabo D. F. ve Farrell M. P. (2002) Gender and racial/ethnic differences in predicting adolescent sexual risk: Athletic participation versus exercise. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(4), 436.
  • 37. Miller K. E. ve Hoffman J. H. (2009) Mental well-being and sport-related identities in college students. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(2), 335-356.
  • 38. Monazami, M., Hedayatikatooli, A., Neshati, A. ve Beiki, Y. (2012). A comparison of the motivation of male and female competitive athletes in Golestan, Iran. Ann Biol Res, 3(1), 31-35.
  • 39. Mouelhi-Guizani, S., Guinoubi, S., Chtara, M. ve Crespo, M. (2022). Relationships between flow state and motivation in junior elite tennis players: Differences by gender. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, Erken Görünüm.
  • 40. Morgan, K. (2011). The three new pathways leading to Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 37(4), 353-357.
  • 41. Osman, U. ve Aşçı, F. H. (2019). Spor Duygu Ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(4), 42-55.
  • 42. Özgüngör, S. (2018). Duygular. Ş. Işık (Ed.), Psikolojiye Giriş (ss. 155-217) içinde. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • 43. Pedersen M. T., Vorup J., Nistrup A., Wikman J. M., Alstrøm J. M., Melcher P. S., Pfister G. U. ve Bangsbo J. (2017) Effect of team sports and resistance training on physical function, quality of life, and motivation in older adults. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(8), 852-864.
  • 44. Perkins, D. N. ve Salomon, G. (1989). Are cognitive skills context bound. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 16–25.
  • 45. Pluhar, E., McCracken, C., Griffith, K. L., Christino, M. A., Sugimoto, D. ve Meehan III, W. P. (2019). Team sport athletes may be less likely to suffer anxiety or depression than individual sport athletes. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 18(3), 490.
  • 46. Prapavessis, H. (2008). The POMS and sports performance: A review. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(1), 34-48.
  • 47. Ring, C., Kavussanu, M., Al-Yaaribi, A., Tenenbaum, G. ve Stanger, N. (2019). Effects of antisocial behaviour on opponent's anger, attention, and performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(8), 871-877.
  • 48. Sabiston C. M., Jewett R., Ashdown-Franks G., Belanger M., Brunet J., O’Loughlin E. ve O’Loughlin J. (2016) Number of years of team and individual sport participation during adolescence and depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(1), 105-110.
  • 49. Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L. ve Cury, F. (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21‐month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(3), 395-418.
  • 50. Soyer, F., Can, Y., Güven, H., Hergüner, G., Bayansalduz, M. ve Tetik, B. (2010). Sporculardaki başarı motivasyonu ile takım birlikteliği arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 225-239.
  • 51. Stoeber, J. (2011). The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: Relationships with emotion, motivation, and performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(2), 128-145.
  • 52. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. ve Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • 53. Taylor, M. K., Gould, D. ve Rolo, C. (2008). Performance strategies of US Olympians in practice and competition. High Ability Studies, 19(1), 19-36.
  • 54. Thomas, J. R. ve Nelson, J. K. (1996). Research methods in physical activity (3rd Ed.). Champing, IL: Human Kinetics. Canada, USA.
  • 55. Uphill, M. A., Lane, A. M. ve Jones, M. V. (2012). Emotion regulation questionnaire for use with athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 761-770.
  • 56. Vella S., Cliff D., Magee C. ve Okely A. (2015) Associations between sports participation and psychological difficulties during childhood: A two-year follow up. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(3), 304-309.
  • 57. Voelcker-Rehage, C., Godde, B. ve Staudinger, U. M. (2011). Cardiovascular and coordination training differentially improve cognitive performance and neural processing in older adults. Fronties in Human Neuroscience, 5, 26.
  • 58. Voss, M. W., Kramer, A. F., Basak, C., Prakash, R. S. ve Roberts, B. (2010). Are expert athletes ‘expert’ in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 812–826.
  • 59. Yanar, Ş., Kırandı, Ö. ve Çimen, K. (2017). Tenisçilerde başarı motivasyonu ile optimal performans duygu durumu ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 1(1), 69-75.
  • 60. Willis, S. L., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J. ve Koepke, K. M. (2006). Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. JAMA, 296, 2805–2814.
  • 61. Zhang, S., Woodman, T. ve Roberts, R. (2018). Anxiety and fear in sport and performance. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology.
  • 62. Zekioğlu, A., Tatar, A., Bahadır, E. ve Afacan, E. (2017). Zihinsel hazır oluşun ölçülmesi: Ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 57-64.
  • 63. Zeng, H. Z. ve Meng, W. Y. (2017). A study of youth volleyball Players’ participation motivation and relate elements. J. Soc. Sci. Res, 11, 2424-2435.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Turan 0000-0002-3865-7134

Deniz Bedir 0000-0002-5926-3433

Sevinç Namlı 0000-0003-0958-6792

Mehmet Salih Özlük 0000-0003-2688-8485

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2022
Kabul Tarihi 16 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Turan, M., Bedir, D., Namlı, S., Özlük, M. S. (2023). ÜNİLİG’de Yarışan Sporcuların Müsabaka Öncesi Zihinsel Hazır Oluş ve Duygu İfadelerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(2), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.53434/gbesbd.1168674

Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi yılda dört kez yayımlanan bilimsel ve hakemli bir dergidir.


Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences is a scientific and peer-reviewed journal published quarterly.