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A Qualitative Study on the Causes and Consequences of Nurses' Emotional Labor Behaviors in the Covid-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 67 - 92, 18.03.2022

Öz

In this research, it is aimed to determine the factors that cause emotional labor behavior and the consequences of emotional labor behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic, by using the observations and experiences of nurses. For this purpose, phenomenology approach, one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the study. Maximum variation sampling technique, which is one of the purposeful sampling methods, was preferred in determining the participants of the study. In-depth interviews were conducted with 28 nurses total, using a semi-structured interview form to obtain the views of the participants. The interviews were coded using an interpretative phenomenological approach. As a result of the research, the factors that cause emotional labor behavior and the results of emotional labor behavior were determined by using the perceptions, evaluations and experiences of the nurses. According to the findings, it was understood that nurses, who took on important tasks during the difficult and tiring pandemic process, needed holistic support in order to work efficiently in healthier conditions. In addition, it can be stated that managers should adopt a supportive, understanding and open to communication process and nurses' emotional states should be supported so that they can display emotional labor behavior as deeply and even sincere behaviors. It can be stated that first of all, the emotional states of those who will exhibit the behavior should be supported. In addition, it is recommended that similar studies be conducted in different institutions with the participation of employees of similar qualifications who are actually working in the Covid-19 pandemic in order to understand the importance of emotional labor behaviors.

Kaynakça

  • Abbey, M., Chaboyer, W., & Mitchell, M. J. A. C. C. (2012). Understanding the work of intensive care nurses: a time and motion study. Australian Critical Care, 25(1), 13-22.
  • Adeniji, O.G., Akanni, A.A. & Ekundayo, O.O. (2015). Gender difference in emotional labour among nurses in Osun State, Nigeria. Gender & Behaviour, 13(2), 6789-6794.
  • Akalın, B., & Modanlıoğlu, A. (2021). Covid-19 sürecinde yoğun bakımda çalışan sağlık profesyonellerinin duygu-durum ve tükenmişlik düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2) 346-352.
  • Alderson, M. (2007). Lorsque l'organisation du travail en unités de soins de longue durée menace la santé mentale des infirmières: Une enquête en psychodynamique du travail. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 25(2), 105-119.
  • Arpacıoğlu, M. S., Baltacı, Z., & Ünübol, B. (2021). COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik, Covid korkusu, depresyon, mesleki doyum düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler. Çukurova Medical Journal, 46(1), 88-100.
  • Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115.
  • Bartram, T., Casimir, G., Djurkovic, N., Leggat, S. G., & Stanton, P. (2012). Do perceived high performance work systems influence the relationship between emotional labour, burnout and intention to leave? A study of Australian nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(7), 1567-1578.
  • Bell, S. A., & Brysiewicz, P. (2020). 2020 year of the nurse and midwife: Meeting new challenges. International Emergency Nursing, 49, 100848.
  • Benner, P. (2000). The roles of embodiment, emotion and lifeworld for rationality and agency in nursing practice. Nursing Philosophy, 1(1), 5-19.
  • Boakye, P. N., Peter, E., Simmonds, A., & Richter, S. (2021). An examination of the moral habitability of resource-constrained obstetrical settings. Nursing Ethics, 28(6), 1026-1040.
  • Bohlken J, Schömig F, Lemke MR, Pumberger M, & Riedel-Heller SG. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Stress experience of healthcare workers. Psychiatrische Praxis, 47(4),190-197.
  • Bolton, S C. (2005). Women’s work, dirty work: the gynaecology nurse as ‘other’. Gender, Work & Organization, 12(2), 169-186.
  • Brennan, C. W., & Daly, B. J. (2009). Patient acuity: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(5), 1114-1126.
  • Brotheridge, C. M., & Grandey, A. A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(1), 17-39.
  • Chen, H. M., Liu, C. C., Yang, S. Y., Wang, Y. R., & Hsieh, P. L. (2021). Factors related to care competence, workplace stress, and intention to stay among novice nurses during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 2122.
  • Chi, N. W., & Grandey, A. A. (2019). Emotional labor predicts service performance depending on activation and inhibition regulatory fit. Journal of Management, 45(2), 673-700.
  • Choi, J. S., & Kim, K. M. (2020). Effects of nursing organizational culture and job stress on Korean infection control nurses’ turnover intention. American Journal of Infection Control, 48, 1404-1406.
  • Chou, H. Y., Hecker, R. O. B., & Martin, A. (2012). Predicting nurses’ well-being from job demands and resources: A cross-sectional study of emotional labour. Journal of Nursing Management, 20(4), 502-511.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd Edition). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Dahl, J. (2021). Nursing Leadership in Crisis: An Autoethnographic Study. (Doctoral dissertation, University of La Verne).
  • Dalgalı, B., & Gürses, İ. (2018). Merhametin sağlık hizmetlerindeki yeri ve önemi. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 181-204.
  • Delgado, C., Upton, D., Ranse, K., Furness, T., & Foster, K. (2017). Nurses’ resilience and the emotional labour of nursing work: An integrative review of empirical literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 70, 71-88.
  • Demir, Y., Oruç, P., Baştürk, Y. A., & Özpınar, S. (2021). Hemşirelerde duygusal emek davranışı ve etkileyen faktörler: Kamu hastaneleri örneği. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 76-84.
  • Dinç L. (2010). Bakım kavramı ve ahlaki boyutu. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 74-82.
  • Doğan, N., & Taşcı, S. (2019). Hemşirelik bakımında duygusal emek kavramı. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences, 11(4), 417-426.
  • Eide, D. (2005). Emotions: from ‘‘ugly duckling’’ via ‘‘invisible asset’’ towards an ontological reframing. In: Hartel, C.
  • E., Zerbe, W. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., (Eds.) Emotions in Organizational Behavior (s. 32-62). 1st ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, Psychology Press.
  • Fields, J., Copp, M., & Kleinman, S. (2006). Symbolic interactionism, inequality, and emotions. In: Stets JE, Turner JH, eds. Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions (s. 63-83). 1st ed. Boston, MA: Springer.
  • Glesne, C. (2014). Nitel araştırmaya giriş (4. Baskı). A. Ersoy ve P. Yalçınoğlu. (Çev. Eds.). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95-110.
  • Grandey, A. A. (2003). When the show must go on: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 86-96.
  • Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2012). Forzano LAB. Research methods for the behavioral sciences. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 78, 521-535.
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 224-237.
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: felsefe, yöntem, analiz (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Harrison, J. (2004). Addressing increasing patient acuity and nursing workload. Nursing Management, 11(4), 20-26.
  • Hart, P. L., Brannan, J. D., & De Chesnay, M. (2014). Resilience in nurses: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(6), 720-734.
  • Henderson, A. (2001). Emotional labor and nursing: An under appreciated aspect of caring work. Nursing Inquiry, 8(2), 130-138.
  • Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Özgün eser 1983 tarihlidir).
  • Hoşgör, D. G., Tanyel, T. Ç., Saadet, C. İ. N., & Demirsoy, S. B. (2021). COVID-19 pandemisi döneminde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik: İstanbul ili örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 372-386.
  • Huang, L. H., Chen, C. M., Chen, S. F., & Wang, H. H. (2020) Roles of nurses and National Nurses Associations in combating COVID-19: Taiwan experience. International Nursing Review, 67, 318-322.
  • Hunter, B., & Smith, P. (2007). Emotional labour: Just another buzz word? International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44 (6), 859-861.
  • Huynh, T., Alderson, M., & Thompson, M. (2008). Emotional labour underlying caring: an evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 64(2), 195-208.
  • Jiang, L., Broome, M. E., & Ning, C. (2020). The performance and professionalism of nurses in the fight against the new outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic is laudable. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 107, 103578.
  • Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, Wang, Y., Hu, J., Lai, J., Ma, X., Chen, J., Guan, L., Wang, G., Ma, H., Liu, Z. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14.
  • Kang, T. R., & Park, J. Y. (2020). Impact of surface and deep acting emotional labor on emotional dissonance among ambulatory care nurses. Korean Journal of Health Promotion, 20(3), 108-115.
  • Karimi L., Leggat S.G., Donohue L., Farrell, G., & Couper, G.E. (2014). Emotional rescue: the role of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on well-being and job-stress among community nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(1), 176-186.
  • Kiyat, İ., Karaman, S., Ataşen, G. İ., & Kiyat, Z. E. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs (COVID-19) ile mücadelede Hemşirelik. Türk Hemşireler Derneği Dergisi, 1(1), 81-90.
  • Labrague, L. J. ve De los Santos, J. A. A. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. Journal of Nursing Management. 29, 395-403.
  • Larson, E. B., & Yao, X. (2005). Clinical empathy as emotional labor in the patient-physician relationship. Jama, 293(9), 1100-1106.
  • Lee, Y. H., Lee, S. H. B., & Chung, J. Y. (2019). Research on how emotional expressions of emotional labor workers and perception of customer feedbacks affect turnover intentions: Emphasis on moderating effects of emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2526), 1-21.
  • Li, J. H., Goa, P., Shen, X.Y., & Liu, X. (2014). A process model of emotional labor of nursing: Case study of two Chinese public hospitals. International Journal of Public Administration, 37, 695-707.
  • Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 986-1010.
  • Nia, H. S., Arslan, G. Naghavi, N. Froelicher, E. S., Kaveh O., Sharif S. P., & Rahmatpour, P. (2021). A model of nurses’ intention to care of patients with COVID-19: Mediating roles of job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30, 1684-1693.
  • Schaubroeck, J., & Jones, J. R. (2000). Antecedents of workplace emotional labor dimensions and moderators of their effects on physical symptoms. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 21(2), 163-183.
  • Smith, P., & Lorentzon, M. (2005). Is emotional labour ethical?. Nursing Ethics, 12(6), 638.
  • Terzi B, Polat Ş. (2020). Hemşirelerin algıladıkları destek düzeyleri ve etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 59-67.
  • THD (Türk Hemşireler Derneği) (2020). Covid-19 Özel Sayısı. Türk Hemşireler Derneği Bülteni, 2, 1. 18 Kasım 2021 tarihinde http://www.ndthd.org.tr/images/thdbulten2.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Watson, J. (2006). Can an ethic of caring be maintained?. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 54(3), 257-259.
  • Yağcı, P., & Avcıkurt, C. (2020). The relationship between emotional labour, burnout, organizational commitment and turnover intention: A research on animators. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 7(2), 283-296.
  • Yakut, E., Kuru, Ö., & Güngör, Y. (2020). Sağlık personelinin Covid-19 korkusu ile tükenmişliği arasındaki ilişkide aşırı iş yükü ve algılanan sosyal desteğin etkisinin yapısal eşitlik modeliyle belirlenmesi. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 83, 241-262.
  • Yüncü, V., & Yılan, Y. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisinin sağlık çalışanlarına etkilerinin incelenmesi: bir durum analizi. Iğdır University Journal of Social Sciences, Ek Sayı, 373-401.
  • Zapf, D., Vogt, C., Seifert, C., Mertini, H., & Isic, A. (1999). Emotion work as a source of stress: The concept and development of an instrument. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(3), 371-400.
  • Zhang, S. X., Chen, J., Afshar-Jahanshahi, A., Alvarez-Risco, A., Dai, H., Li, J., & Patty-Tito, R. M. (2021). Succumbing to the COVID-19 pandemic healthcare workers not satisfied and intend to leave their jobs. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-10.

Covid-19 Salgınında Hemşirelerin Duygusal Emek Davranışlarının Nedenleri ve Sonuçlarına Yönelik Nitel Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 67 - 92, 18.03.2022

Öz

Bu araştırmada, hemşirelerin gözlem ve deneyimlerinden yararlanarak Covid-19 salgın sürecinde duygusal emek davranışı sergilemeye neden olan unsurlar ve duygusal emek davranışı sergilemenin sonuçlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden fenomenoloji yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın katılımcılarını belirlemede ise amaçlı örneklem yöntemlerinden biri olan maksimum çeşitlilik örnekleme tekniği tercih edilmiştir. Katılımcıların görüşlerini elde etmek üzere yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak toplamda 28 hemşireyle derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Görüşmeler, yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik yaklaşım kullanılarak kodlanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, hemşirelerin algıları, yaptıkları değerlendirmeler ve deneyimlerinden yararlanılarak duygusal emek davranışı sergilemeye neden olan unsurlar ile duygusal emek davranışı sergilenmesinin sonuçları tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, zorlu ve yorucu salgın sürecinde önemli görevler üstlenen hemşirelerin daha sağlıklı koşullarda verimli çalışabilmeleri için bütüncül bir desteğe ihtiyaç duydukları anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, duygusal emek davranışını derinden ve hatta samimi davranışlar olarak sergileyebilmeleri için yöneticilerinin destekleyici, anlayış gösteren ve iletişime açık bir işleyiş benimsemesi ve hemşirelerin duygu durumlarının desteklenmesi gerektiği belirtilebilir. Bunun yanı sıra, duygusal emek davranışlarının öneminin kavranması maksadıyla Covid-19 salgınında fiilen çalışan benzer nitelikteki çalışanların katılımıyla farklı kurumlarda benzer araştırmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbey, M., Chaboyer, W., & Mitchell, M. J. A. C. C. (2012). Understanding the work of intensive care nurses: a time and motion study. Australian Critical Care, 25(1), 13-22.
  • Adeniji, O.G., Akanni, A.A. & Ekundayo, O.O. (2015). Gender difference in emotional labour among nurses in Osun State, Nigeria. Gender & Behaviour, 13(2), 6789-6794.
  • Akalın, B., & Modanlıoğlu, A. (2021). Covid-19 sürecinde yoğun bakımda çalışan sağlık profesyonellerinin duygu-durum ve tükenmişlik düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2) 346-352.
  • Alderson, M. (2007). Lorsque l'organisation du travail en unités de soins de longue durée menace la santé mentale des infirmières: Une enquête en psychodynamique du travail. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 25(2), 105-119.
  • Arpacıoğlu, M. S., Baltacı, Z., & Ünübol, B. (2021). COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik, Covid korkusu, depresyon, mesleki doyum düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler. Çukurova Medical Journal, 46(1), 88-100.
  • Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115.
  • Bartram, T., Casimir, G., Djurkovic, N., Leggat, S. G., & Stanton, P. (2012). Do perceived high performance work systems influence the relationship between emotional labour, burnout and intention to leave? A study of Australian nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(7), 1567-1578.
  • Bell, S. A., & Brysiewicz, P. (2020). 2020 year of the nurse and midwife: Meeting new challenges. International Emergency Nursing, 49, 100848.
  • Benner, P. (2000). The roles of embodiment, emotion and lifeworld for rationality and agency in nursing practice. Nursing Philosophy, 1(1), 5-19.
  • Boakye, P. N., Peter, E., Simmonds, A., & Richter, S. (2021). An examination of the moral habitability of resource-constrained obstetrical settings. Nursing Ethics, 28(6), 1026-1040.
  • Bohlken J, Schömig F, Lemke MR, Pumberger M, & Riedel-Heller SG. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Stress experience of healthcare workers. Psychiatrische Praxis, 47(4),190-197.
  • Bolton, S C. (2005). Women’s work, dirty work: the gynaecology nurse as ‘other’. Gender, Work & Organization, 12(2), 169-186.
  • Brennan, C. W., & Daly, B. J. (2009). Patient acuity: a concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(5), 1114-1126.
  • Brotheridge, C. M., & Grandey, A. A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(1), 17-39.
  • Chen, H. M., Liu, C. C., Yang, S. Y., Wang, Y. R., & Hsieh, P. L. (2021). Factors related to care competence, workplace stress, and intention to stay among novice nurses during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 2122.
  • Chi, N. W., & Grandey, A. A. (2019). Emotional labor predicts service performance depending on activation and inhibition regulatory fit. Journal of Management, 45(2), 673-700.
  • Choi, J. S., & Kim, K. M. (2020). Effects of nursing organizational culture and job stress on Korean infection control nurses’ turnover intention. American Journal of Infection Control, 48, 1404-1406.
  • Chou, H. Y., Hecker, R. O. B., & Martin, A. (2012). Predicting nurses’ well-being from job demands and resources: A cross-sectional study of emotional labour. Journal of Nursing Management, 20(4), 502-511.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd Edition). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Dahl, J. (2021). Nursing Leadership in Crisis: An Autoethnographic Study. (Doctoral dissertation, University of La Verne).
  • Dalgalı, B., & Gürses, İ. (2018). Merhametin sağlık hizmetlerindeki yeri ve önemi. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 181-204.
  • Delgado, C., Upton, D., Ranse, K., Furness, T., & Foster, K. (2017). Nurses’ resilience and the emotional labour of nursing work: An integrative review of empirical literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 70, 71-88.
  • Demir, Y., Oruç, P., Baştürk, Y. A., & Özpınar, S. (2021). Hemşirelerde duygusal emek davranışı ve etkileyen faktörler: Kamu hastaneleri örneği. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 76-84.
  • Dinç L. (2010). Bakım kavramı ve ahlaki boyutu. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 74-82.
  • Doğan, N., & Taşcı, S. (2019). Hemşirelik bakımında duygusal emek kavramı. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences, 11(4), 417-426.
  • Eide, D. (2005). Emotions: from ‘‘ugly duckling’’ via ‘‘invisible asset’’ towards an ontological reframing. In: Hartel, C.
  • E., Zerbe, W. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., (Eds.) Emotions in Organizational Behavior (s. 32-62). 1st ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, Psychology Press.
  • Fields, J., Copp, M., & Kleinman, S. (2006). Symbolic interactionism, inequality, and emotions. In: Stets JE, Turner JH, eds. Handbook of the Sociology of Emotions (s. 63-83). 1st ed. Boston, MA: Springer.
  • Glesne, C. (2014). Nitel araştırmaya giriş (4. Baskı). A. Ersoy ve P. Yalçınoğlu. (Çev. Eds.). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95-110.
  • Grandey, A. A. (2003). When the show must go on: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 86-96.
  • Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2012). Forzano LAB. Research methods for the behavioral sciences. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 78, 521-535.
  • Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 224-237.
  • Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: felsefe, yöntem, analiz (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Harrison, J. (2004). Addressing increasing patient acuity and nursing workload. Nursing Management, 11(4), 20-26.
  • Hart, P. L., Brannan, J. D., & De Chesnay, M. (2014). Resilience in nurses: An integrative review. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(6), 720-734.
  • Henderson, A. (2001). Emotional labor and nursing: An under appreciated aspect of caring work. Nursing Inquiry, 8(2), 130-138.
  • Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Özgün eser 1983 tarihlidir).
  • Hoşgör, D. G., Tanyel, T. Ç., Saadet, C. İ. N., & Demirsoy, S. B. (2021). COVID-19 pandemisi döneminde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik: İstanbul ili örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 372-386.
  • Huang, L. H., Chen, C. M., Chen, S. F., & Wang, H. H. (2020) Roles of nurses and National Nurses Associations in combating COVID-19: Taiwan experience. International Nursing Review, 67, 318-322.
  • Hunter, B., & Smith, P. (2007). Emotional labour: Just another buzz word? International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44 (6), 859-861.
  • Huynh, T., Alderson, M., & Thompson, M. (2008). Emotional labour underlying caring: an evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 64(2), 195-208.
  • Jiang, L., Broome, M. E., & Ning, C. (2020). The performance and professionalism of nurses in the fight against the new outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic is laudable. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 107, 103578.
  • Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, Wang, Y., Hu, J., Lai, J., Ma, X., Chen, J., Guan, L., Wang, G., Ma, H., Liu, Z. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14.
  • Kang, T. R., & Park, J. Y. (2020). Impact of surface and deep acting emotional labor on emotional dissonance among ambulatory care nurses. Korean Journal of Health Promotion, 20(3), 108-115.
  • Karimi L., Leggat S.G., Donohue L., Farrell, G., & Couper, G.E. (2014). Emotional rescue: the role of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on well-being and job-stress among community nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(1), 176-186.
  • Kiyat, İ., Karaman, S., Ataşen, G. İ., & Kiyat, Z. E. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs (COVID-19) ile mücadelede Hemşirelik. Türk Hemşireler Derneği Dergisi, 1(1), 81-90.
  • Labrague, L. J. ve De los Santos, J. A. A. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. Journal of Nursing Management. 29, 395-403.
  • Larson, E. B., & Yao, X. (2005). Clinical empathy as emotional labor in the patient-physician relationship. Jama, 293(9), 1100-1106.
  • Lee, Y. H., Lee, S. H. B., & Chung, J. Y. (2019). Research on how emotional expressions of emotional labor workers and perception of customer feedbacks affect turnover intentions: Emphasis on moderating effects of emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(2526), 1-21.
  • Li, J. H., Goa, P., Shen, X.Y., & Liu, X. (2014). A process model of emotional labor of nursing: Case study of two Chinese public hospitals. International Journal of Public Administration, 37, 695-707.
  • Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 986-1010.
  • Nia, H. S., Arslan, G. Naghavi, N. Froelicher, E. S., Kaveh O., Sharif S. P., & Rahmatpour, P. (2021). A model of nurses’ intention to care of patients with COVID-19: Mediating roles of job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30, 1684-1693.
  • Schaubroeck, J., & Jones, J. R. (2000). Antecedents of workplace emotional labor dimensions and moderators of their effects on physical symptoms. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 21(2), 163-183.
  • Smith, P., & Lorentzon, M. (2005). Is emotional labour ethical?. Nursing Ethics, 12(6), 638.
  • Terzi B, Polat Ş. (2020). Hemşirelerin algıladıkları destek düzeyleri ve etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 59-67.
  • THD (Türk Hemşireler Derneği) (2020). Covid-19 Özel Sayısı. Türk Hemşireler Derneği Bülteni, 2, 1. 18 Kasım 2021 tarihinde http://www.ndthd.org.tr/images/thdbulten2.pdf adresinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Watson, J. (2006). Can an ethic of caring be maintained?. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 54(3), 257-259.
  • Yağcı, P., & Avcıkurt, C. (2020). The relationship between emotional labour, burnout, organizational commitment and turnover intention: A research on animators. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 7(2), 283-296.
  • Yakut, E., Kuru, Ö., & Güngör, Y. (2020). Sağlık personelinin Covid-19 korkusu ile tükenmişliği arasındaki ilişkide aşırı iş yükü ve algılanan sosyal desteğin etkisinin yapısal eşitlik modeliyle belirlenmesi. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 83, 241-262.
  • Yüncü, V., & Yılan, Y. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemisinin sağlık çalışanlarına etkilerinin incelenmesi: bir durum analizi. Iğdır University Journal of Social Sciences, Ek Sayı, 373-401.
  • Zapf, D., Vogt, C., Seifert, C., Mertini, H., & Isic, A. (1999). Emotion work as a source of stress: The concept and development of an instrument. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(3), 371-400.
  • Zhang, S. X., Chen, J., Afshar-Jahanshahi, A., Alvarez-Risco, A., Dai, H., Li, J., & Patty-Tito, R. M. (2021). Succumbing to the COVID-19 pandemic healthcare workers not satisfied and intend to leave their jobs. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-10.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikolojide Davranış-Kişilik Değerlendirmesi, İşletme
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Seval Aksoy Kürü 0000-0003-1370-0287

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Mart 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aksoy Kürü, S. (2022). Covid-19 Salgınında Hemşirelerin Duygusal Emek Davranışlarının Nedenleri ve Sonuçlarına Yönelik Nitel Bir Araştırma. İşletme, 3(1), 67-92.