Research Article
Year 2018,
Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 255 - 272, 01.10.2018
Abstract
Bu
çalışmada, 1980-2016 dönemi Türkiye ekonomisi için net doğrudan yabancı yatırım
girişleri ve ticari dışa açıklık arasındaki ilişki Engle-Granger eşbütünleşme
testi ve hata düzeltme modeline dayalı nedensellik analiziyle araştırılmıştır. Yapılan
eşbütünleşme analizi sonucunda, değişkenlerin eşbütünleşik olduğu tespit
edilmiş, başka bir ifadeyle iki değişkenin uzun dönemde birlikte hareket
ettikleri sonucuna varılmıştır. Nedensellik analizi sonucunda ise, ticari dışa
açıklıktan doğrudan yabancı yatırım değişkenine doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik
ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda ticari dışa açıklığın doğrudan
yabancı yatırım girişleri açısından bir uyarıcı niteliği taşıdığı
söylenebilecektir. Özellikle ekonomik açıklar üzerindeki finansman niteliğinin
uzun vadeli olması doğrudan yabancı yatırımların gelişmekte olan ülke
ekonomileri açısından önem arz ettiğinin göstergesidir. Bu nedenle ticari dışa
açıklık derecesinin nitelikli bir şekilde arttırılması ile beraber uzun vadeli
sermaye girişlerinin hız kazanması beklenebilecektir.
References
- ADHİKARY, Bisnhu Kumar (2011), “FDI, Trade Openness, Capital Formation, and Economic Growth in Bangladesh: A Linkage Analysis”, International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), pp. 16-28.AİZENMAN, Joshua ve NOY, Ilan (2006), “FDI and Trade-Two Way Linkages”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46, pp. 317-337.ASGHAR, Ali (2016), “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness: The Case of South Asian Economies”, International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 17(2), pp. 513-521.ASİEDU, Elizabeth (2001), “On the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries: Is Africa Different? ”, World Development, 30(1), pp. 107-119.AYDEMİR, Oğuzhan ve GENÇ, Erhan (2015), “Uluslararası Sermaye Hareketlerinin Belirleyicileri, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Kapsamında Bir Analiz: Türkiye Örneği”, Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilgileri Dergisi, 2(2), ss. 17-41.BALASUBRAMANYAM, Vudayagiri N., SALİSU, Mohammed A. ve SAPSFORD, David (1996), “Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in EP and IS Countries”, The Economic Journal, 106 (434), pp. 92-105.BUSSE, Matthias ve HEFEKER, Carsten (2007), “Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment”, European Journal of Political Economy, 23, pp. 397-415.CANTAH, William Godfred, WİAFE, Emmanuel Agyapong ve ADAMS, Abass (2013), “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Policy Openness in Sub-Saharan Africa”, MPRA Paper, No: 58074, pp. 1-17.CHAKRABARTİ, Avik (2001), “The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Sensitivity Analyses of Cross-Country Regressions”, Kyklos, 54(1), pp. 89-114. COASE, Ronald H. (1937), “The Nature Of The Firm”, Econometrica, 4, pp. 386-405.DEMİRHAN, Erdal ve MASCA, Mahmut (2008), “Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Flows to Developing Countries: A Cross-Sectional Analysis”, Prague Economic Papers, 8, ss. 356-369.DİCKEY, David A. ve FULLER, Wayne A. (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, 49(4), pp. 1057-1072.DİMA, Stela (2016), “Globalisation, Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investment in Romania”, Studia Universitatis Vasila Goldis Arad, 26(4), pp. 41-53. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1055 EDWARDS, Sebastian (1990), “Capital Flows, Foreign Direct Investment, and Debt-Equity Swaps in Developing Countries”, NBER Working Papers, No: 3497, pp. 1-44.___________(1992), “Trade Orientation, Distortions and Growth in Developing Countries”, Journal of Development Economies, 39, pp. 31-57.ENDERS, Walter (1995), Applied Econometric Time Series, John WileyveSons, New York.ENGLE, Robert F. ve GRANGER, Clive W. J. (1987), “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”, Econometrica, 55(2), pp. 251-276.ENGLE, Robert F. ve YOO, Byung Sam (1987), “Forecasting and Testing in Co-integrated Systems", Journal of Econometrics, 35(1), pp. 143-159. ERDOĞAN, Ali (2015), “Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla ve Ticari Dışa Açıklık Oranı ile Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Arasındaki İlişkinin Türkiye için Ekonometrik Analizi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(14), ss. 15-38.GASTANAGA, Victor M., NUGENT, Jeffrey B. ve PASHAMOVA, Biastra (1998), “Host Country Reforms and FDI inflows: How Much Difference Do They Make? ”, World Development, 26(7), pp. 1299-1314.GOLDBERG, Linda S. ve KLEİN, Michael (1998), Managing Capital Flows and Exchange Rates: Perspectives from the Pacific Basin, In Reuven Glick (Ed), Foreign Direct Investment, Trade, and Real Exchange Rate Linkages in Developing Countries, pp. 73-100, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge. GRANGER, Clive W.J. (1988), “Some Recent Developments in a Concept of Causality”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol.39, pp. 199-211.GROSSMAN, Gene M. ve HELPMAN, Elhanan (1991), Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, MIT Press, Cambridge.GÜRİŞ, Selahattin ve GÖZGÖR, Kutay (2015), “Trade Openness and FDI Inflows in Turkey”, Applied Econometrics and International Development, 15(2), ss. 53-62.KANDİERO, Tonia ve CHİTİGA, Margaret (2006), “Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investment in Africa”, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 9(3), pp. 355-370.KARAGÖZ, Kadir (2007), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım Girişlerini Belirleyen Faktörler: 1970-2005”, Journal of Yasar University, 2(8), 927-948.KAR, Muhsin ve TATLISÖZ, Fatma (2008), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Hareketlerini Belirleyen Faktörlerin Ekonometrik Analizi”, KMU İİBF Dergisi, 10(14), ss. 1-23.LAW, Siong Hook, ve HABİBULLAH, Muzafar Shah (2009), “The Determinants of Financial Development: Institutions, Openness, and Financial Liberation”, South African Journal of Economics, 77, pp. 45-58.LİARGOVAS, Panagiotis G. ve SKANDALİS, Konstantinos S. (2012), “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness: The Case of Developing Economies”, Social Indicators Research, 106(2), pp. 323-331.LİU Xiaming, WANG, Chengang ve WEİ, Yingqi (2001), “Causal Links Between Foreign Direct Investment and Trade in China”, China Economic Review, 12(2-3), pp. 190–202.MİNA, Wasseem (2007), “The Location Determinants of FDI in GCC Countries”, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 17(4), pp. 336-348.MİŠKİNİS, Algirdas ve JUOZĖNAİTĖ, Ilma (2015), “A Comparatıve Analysıs Of Foreıgn Dırect Investment Factors”, Ekonomıka, 94(2), pp. 7-27.N'GUESSAN Bİ ZAMBE, Serge Constant ve YUE, Yaoxing (2010), “The Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Growth in Cote d’Ivoeire”, International Journal of Businness and Management, 5(7), pp. 99-107.OMİSAKİN, Olusegun , ADENİYİ, Oluwatosin ve OMOJOLAİBİ, Ayoola (2009), “Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Growth in Nigeria”, Journal of Economics Theory, 3, pp. 13–18.ONYEİWU, Steve ve SHRESTHA, Hementa (2004), “Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of Developing Societies, 20(1-2), pp. 89-106.ÖZCAN, Burcu ve ARI, Ayşe (2010), “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Belirleyicileri Üzerine Bir Analiz: OECD Örneği”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 12, ss. 65-88.RAFF, Horst (2004), “Preferential Trade Agreements and Tax Competition for Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of Public Economics, 88(12), pp. 2745–2763.SCHMİTZ, Andrew ve BİERİ, Jurg (1972), “EEC Tariffs and US Direct Investments”, European Economic Review, 3(1972), pp. 259-70.SEYOUM, Mebratu, WU, Renshui ve LİN, Jihong (2014), “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness in Sub-Saharan Economies: A Panel Data Granger Causality Analysis”, South African Journal of Economics, 82(3), pp. 402-421.SOLOW, Robert M. (1956), “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, pp. 65-94.TAMPAKOUDİS, Ioannis A., SUBENİOTİS, Demetres N., KROUSTALİS , Ionnis G. ve Skouloudakis, Manolis I. (2017), “Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Middle-Income Countries: New Middle-Income Trap Evidence”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), pp. 58-70.TANDOĞAN Dilek ve GENÇ Murat Can (2016), “Turizm ve CO2 Emisyonu Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği”, International Multidisciplinary Conference, ANTALYA, TÜRKIYE, 21-22 Nisan, ss. 795-803. http://www.imuco.org/sites/default/files/Bildiri%20Kitab%C4%B1_ imuco.pdfTARI, Recep ve BIDIRDI, Hanife (2009), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının Temel Belirleyicileri: 1990- 2006 Dönemine İlişkin Ekonometrik Analiz”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24, ss. 253-268.TERZİ, Harun ve BEKAR, Akbulut Seval (2017), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Turizm ve Dışa Açıklık Arasındaki İlişki: 1974-2014 Dönemi”, II. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, 18-20 Mayıs 2017, Alanya, ss. 99-119.TOPALLI, Nurgün (2016), “Doğrudan Sermaye Yatırımları, Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri Örneği”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(1), ss. 83-95.TSAURAİ, Kunofiwa (2015), “Trade Openness And Fdı In Zımbabwe: What Does Data Tell Us? ”, Corporate Ownership ve Control, 12(4), pp. 303-311.VİJAYAKUMAR, Narayanamoorthy, SRİDHARAN, Perumal ve RAO, Kode Chandra Sekhara (2010), “Determinants of FDI in BRICS Countries: A Panel Analysis”, International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 5, pp. 1-13.WİLLİAMSON, Oliver E. (1975), Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, The Free Press, New York.YAMAK, Rahmi ve ABDİOĞLU, Zehra (2012), “Ampirik Bağlamda Toplam ve Alt Kalemler Bazında Kamu Harcamaları ve Kamu Gelirleri Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 30(1), 173-193.YAPRAKLI, Sevda (2006), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Belirleyicileri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), ss. 23-48.
ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOREIGN DİRECT INVESTMENT AND TRADE OPENNES IN TURKEY
Abstract
In this study, the relationship between net
foreign direct investment inflows and trade openness for Turkish economy in the
period of 1980-2016 was investigated by Engle-Granger co-integration test and
causality analysis based on error correction model. According to results of the
co-integration analysis, it was found that the variables are co-integrated, in
other words, the two variables have moved together in the long run. Besides,
according to results of the causality analysis, it was found that there is a
unidirectional causality relationship from trade openness to foreign direct
investment. In this context, it can be argued that trade openness acts as a
stimulant in terms of foreign direct investment inflows. The long-term
financing, especially on economic deficits, is an indication that foreign
direct investments are important for the developing countries’ economies. For
this reason, it is expected that long-term capital inflows will accelerate as
the trade openness level is increased in a qualitative way.
References
- ADHİKARY, Bisnhu Kumar (2011), “FDI, Trade Openness, Capital Formation, and Economic Growth in Bangladesh: A Linkage Analysis”, International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), pp. 16-28.AİZENMAN, Joshua ve NOY, Ilan (2006), “FDI and Trade-Two Way Linkages”, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46, pp. 317-337.ASGHAR, Ali (2016), “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness: The Case of South Asian Economies”, International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 17(2), pp. 513-521.ASİEDU, Elizabeth (2001), “On the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries: Is Africa Different? ”, World Development, 30(1), pp. 107-119.AYDEMİR, Oğuzhan ve GENÇ, Erhan (2015), “Uluslararası Sermaye Hareketlerinin Belirleyicileri, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Kapsamında Bir Analiz: Türkiye Örneği”, Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilgileri Dergisi, 2(2), ss. 17-41.BALASUBRAMANYAM, Vudayagiri N., SALİSU, Mohammed A. ve SAPSFORD, David (1996), “Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in EP and IS Countries”, The Economic Journal, 106 (434), pp. 92-105.BUSSE, Matthias ve HEFEKER, Carsten (2007), “Political Risk, Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment”, European Journal of Political Economy, 23, pp. 397-415.CANTAH, William Godfred, WİAFE, Emmanuel Agyapong ve ADAMS, Abass (2013), “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Policy Openness in Sub-Saharan Africa”, MPRA Paper, No: 58074, pp. 1-17.CHAKRABARTİ, Avik (2001), “The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Sensitivity Analyses of Cross-Country Regressions”, Kyklos, 54(1), pp. 89-114. COASE, Ronald H. (1937), “The Nature Of The Firm”, Econometrica, 4, pp. 386-405.DEMİRHAN, Erdal ve MASCA, Mahmut (2008), “Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Flows to Developing Countries: A Cross-Sectional Analysis”, Prague Economic Papers, 8, ss. 356-369.DİCKEY, David A. ve FULLER, Wayne A. (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, 49(4), pp. 1057-1072.DİMA, Stela (2016), “Globalisation, Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investment in Romania”, Studia Universitatis Vasila Goldis Arad, 26(4), pp. 41-53. BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1055 EDWARDS, Sebastian (1990), “Capital Flows, Foreign Direct Investment, and Debt-Equity Swaps in Developing Countries”, NBER Working Papers, No: 3497, pp. 1-44.___________(1992), “Trade Orientation, Distortions and Growth in Developing Countries”, Journal of Development Economies, 39, pp. 31-57.ENDERS, Walter (1995), Applied Econometric Time Series, John WileyveSons, New York.ENGLE, Robert F. ve GRANGER, Clive W. J. (1987), “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”, Econometrica, 55(2), pp. 251-276.ENGLE, Robert F. ve YOO, Byung Sam (1987), “Forecasting and Testing in Co-integrated Systems", Journal of Econometrics, 35(1), pp. 143-159. ERDOĞAN, Ali (2015), “Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla ve Ticari Dışa Açıklık Oranı ile Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Arasındaki İlişkinin Türkiye için Ekonometrik Analizi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(14), ss. 15-38.GASTANAGA, Victor M., NUGENT, Jeffrey B. ve PASHAMOVA, Biastra (1998), “Host Country Reforms and FDI inflows: How Much Difference Do They Make? ”, World Development, 26(7), pp. 1299-1314.GOLDBERG, Linda S. ve KLEİN, Michael (1998), Managing Capital Flows and Exchange Rates: Perspectives from the Pacific Basin, In Reuven Glick (Ed), Foreign Direct Investment, Trade, and Real Exchange Rate Linkages in Developing Countries, pp. 73-100, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge. GRANGER, Clive W.J. (1988), “Some Recent Developments in a Concept of Causality”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol.39, pp. 199-211.GROSSMAN, Gene M. ve HELPMAN, Elhanan (1991), Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, MIT Press, Cambridge.GÜRİŞ, Selahattin ve GÖZGÖR, Kutay (2015), “Trade Openness and FDI Inflows in Turkey”, Applied Econometrics and International Development, 15(2), ss. 53-62.KANDİERO, Tonia ve CHİTİGA, Margaret (2006), “Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investment in Africa”, South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 9(3), pp. 355-370.KARAGÖZ, Kadir (2007), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım Girişlerini Belirleyen Faktörler: 1970-2005”, Journal of Yasar University, 2(8), 927-948.KAR, Muhsin ve TATLISÖZ, Fatma (2008), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Hareketlerini Belirleyen Faktörlerin Ekonometrik Analizi”, KMU İİBF Dergisi, 10(14), ss. 1-23.LAW, Siong Hook, ve HABİBULLAH, Muzafar Shah (2009), “The Determinants of Financial Development: Institutions, Openness, and Financial Liberation”, South African Journal of Economics, 77, pp. 45-58.LİARGOVAS, Panagiotis G. ve SKANDALİS, Konstantinos S. (2012), “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness: The Case of Developing Economies”, Social Indicators Research, 106(2), pp. 323-331.LİU Xiaming, WANG, Chengang ve WEİ, Yingqi (2001), “Causal Links Between Foreign Direct Investment and Trade in China”, China Economic Review, 12(2-3), pp. 190–202.MİNA, Wasseem (2007), “The Location Determinants of FDI in GCC Countries”, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 17(4), pp. 336-348.MİŠKİNİS, Algirdas ve JUOZĖNAİTĖ, Ilma (2015), “A Comparatıve Analysıs Of Foreıgn Dırect Investment Factors”, Ekonomıka, 94(2), pp. 7-27.N'GUESSAN Bİ ZAMBE, Serge Constant ve YUE, Yaoxing (2010), “The Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Growth in Cote d’Ivoeire”, International Journal of Businness and Management, 5(7), pp. 99-107.OMİSAKİN, Olusegun , ADENİYİ, Oluwatosin ve OMOJOLAİBİ, Ayoola (2009), “Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Growth in Nigeria”, Journal of Economics Theory, 3, pp. 13–18.ONYEİWU, Steve ve SHRESTHA, Hementa (2004), “Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of Developing Societies, 20(1-2), pp. 89-106.ÖZCAN, Burcu ve ARI, Ayşe (2010), “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Belirleyicileri Üzerine Bir Analiz: OECD Örneği”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 12, ss. 65-88.RAFF, Horst (2004), “Preferential Trade Agreements and Tax Competition for Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of Public Economics, 88(12), pp. 2745–2763.SCHMİTZ, Andrew ve BİERİ, Jurg (1972), “EEC Tariffs and US Direct Investments”, European Economic Review, 3(1972), pp. 259-70.SEYOUM, Mebratu, WU, Renshui ve LİN, Jihong (2014), “Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness in Sub-Saharan Economies: A Panel Data Granger Causality Analysis”, South African Journal of Economics, 82(3), pp. 402-421.SOLOW, Robert M. (1956), “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, pp. 65-94.TAMPAKOUDİS, Ioannis A., SUBENİOTİS, Demetres N., KROUSTALİS , Ionnis G. ve Skouloudakis, Manolis I. (2017), “Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Middle-Income Countries: New Middle-Income Trap Evidence”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), pp. 58-70.TANDOĞAN Dilek ve GENÇ Murat Can (2016), “Turizm ve CO2 Emisyonu Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği”, International Multidisciplinary Conference, ANTALYA, TÜRKIYE, 21-22 Nisan, ss. 795-803. http://www.imuco.org/sites/default/files/Bildiri%20Kitab%C4%B1_ imuco.pdfTARI, Recep ve BIDIRDI, Hanife (2009), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının Temel Belirleyicileri: 1990- 2006 Dönemine İlişkin Ekonometrik Analiz”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24, ss. 253-268.TERZİ, Harun ve BEKAR, Akbulut Seval (2017), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Turizm ve Dışa Açıklık Arasındaki İlişki: 1974-2014 Dönemi”, II. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, 18-20 Mayıs 2017, Alanya, ss. 99-119.TOPALLI, Nurgün (2016), “Doğrudan Sermaye Yatırımları, Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri Örneği”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(1), ss. 83-95.TSAURAİ, Kunofiwa (2015), “Trade Openness And Fdı In Zımbabwe: What Does Data Tell Us? ”, Corporate Ownership ve Control, 12(4), pp. 303-311.VİJAYAKUMAR, Narayanamoorthy, SRİDHARAN, Perumal ve RAO, Kode Chandra Sekhara (2010), “Determinants of FDI in BRICS Countries: A Panel Analysis”, International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 5, pp. 1-13.WİLLİAMSON, Oliver E. (1975), Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, The Free Press, New York.YAMAK, Rahmi ve ABDİOĞLU, Zehra (2012), “Ampirik Bağlamda Toplam ve Alt Kalemler Bazında Kamu Harcamaları ve Kamu Gelirleri Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 30(1), 173-193.YAPRAKLI, Sevda (2006), “Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Belirleyicileri Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), ss. 23-48.
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Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Business Administration |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | October 1, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018Volume: 8 Issue: 16 |
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