Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Year 2023, Issue: 25, 336 - 355, 30.04.2023

Hakan Akar , Lütfü Sizer

https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1206376

Abstract

Keywords

Yenilenebilir Enerji Dağıtık Enerji Üretimi Dış Borçlar ARDL. Renewable Energy Distributed Energy Generation External Debts

References

  • Ajayi, S. I. (1997). An analysis of external debt and capital flight in the severely ındebted low ıncome countries in sub-saharan africa. IMF Working Paper WP/97/68.
  • Akam, D., Owolabi, O. & Nathaniel, S. P. (2021). Linking External Debt and Renewable Energy to Environmental Sustainability in Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: New Insights from Advanced Panel Estimators. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(46), 65300-65312.
  • Akdeniz, E. (2006). Yenilenebilir kaynaklardan enerji üretiminin şebekenin enerji kalitesi ve kararlılığı üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Alanne, K. & Saari, A. (2006). Distributed energy generation and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 10, 539–558.
  • Arrud, M. (2000). External debt: Brazil and the international financial crisis. London: Pluto Press.
  • Aslan, A. & Öcal, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 953-959.
  • Aslan, M. (2022). Firmalarda büyüme ve büyüklük ilişkisinin tespitine yönelik bir analiz. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 280–288.
  • Baker, P. (2022). The UK’s august blackout: Why did it happen and what can we learn? On September 22, 2019, https://www.raponline.org/blog/uk-august-9-blackout-cause-lessons-learned/, Erişim:28.06.2022.
  • Bese, E., Friday, HS. & Özden, C. (2021).The effect of external debt on emissions: Evidence from china. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 11(1), 440.
  • British Petroleum (BP). (2021). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. London.
  • Buchanan, J. M. & Wagner, R. E. (1981). Public Debt in Democratic Society. Washington: American Enterprise Institute For Public Policy Research.
  • Bulut, U. & Muratoğlu, G. (2018). Renewable energy in Turkey: Great potential, low but increasing utilization, and an empirical analysis on renewable energy-growth nexus. Energy Policy, 123, 240-250.
  • Carpinelli, G., Celli, G., Mocci, S., Mottola, F. Pilo, F. & Proto, D. (2013). Optimal integration of distributed energy storage devices in smart grids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(2), 985-995.
  • Checherita-Westphal C. & Rother, P. (2012). The impact of high government debt on economic growth and ıts channels: An empirical ınvestigation for the euro area. European Economic Review. 56 (7), 1392–405.
  • Depuru, S., Wang, L. & Devabhaktuni, V. (2011). Electricity theft: Overview, issues, prevention and a smart meter based approach to control theft. Energy Policy 39, 1007-1015,
  • Destek, M. A. & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111, 757-763.
  • Dobbs, R., Oppenheim, J., Thompson, F., Brinkman, M. & Zornes, M. (2011). Resource Revolution: Meeting The World’s Energy, Materials, Food, and Water Needs, McKinsey Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/resource-revolution#, Erişim:05.10.2022.
  • Doğan, E. (2016). Analyzing the linkage between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth by considering structural break in time-series data. Renewable Energy, 99, 1126-1136.
  • Dugan, R.C., & Mcdermott, T.E. (2001). Operating conflicts for distributed generation on distribution systems. 2001 Rural Electric Power Conference. (Cat. No.01CH37214), A3/1-A3/6.
  • Düzgün, B. (2018). Türkiye elektrik iletim ve dağıtım şebekesinin enerji verimliliğinin değerlendirilmesi ve 2023 projeksiyonları, Politeknik Dergisi, 21(3): 621-632.
  • Evgin, T. (2000). Dünden bugüne dış borçlarımız. Ankara: T.C. Dış Ticaret Müsteşarlığı Araştırma ve İnceleme Dizisi, No: 26.
  • Farrell, D. & Remes, J. (2010). Promoting energy efficiency in the developing world. Energy Efficiency: A Compelling Global Resource, (ed). Bouton, S. vd. Chicago:McKinsey & Company.
  • Fang, Y. (2011). Economic welfare impacts from renewable energy consumption: The china experience. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 5120-5128.
  • Fichera, A., Marrasso, E., Sasso, M. & Volpe, R. (2020). Energy, environmental and economic performance of an urban community hybrid distributed energy system. Energies, 13(10), 2545, 1-19.
  • Goel, S. & Renu S. (2017). Performance evaluation of stand alone, grid connected and hybrid renewable energy systems for rural application: A comparative review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78.
  • Güneş, M. & Arslan, T.(2018). Enerji bağımlılığında avrupa birliği, rusya, türkiye üçgeni ve doğu akdeniz alanı. Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi, 4(7), 32-36.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243–1248.
  • Hashemizadeh, A., Bui, Q. & Kongbuamai, N. (2021). Unpacking the role of public debt in renewable energy consumption: new insights from the emerging countries. Energy. 224, 120187.
  • IEA Statistics (2015). Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric, OECD/IEA, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.RNWX.KH?locations=ZG&name_desc=false&type=shaded&year=2020, Erişim:28.03.2022.
  • IEA Statistics (2018), Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output), OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp, Erişim:18.7.2022.
  • Jabari Saleem M., Aga M. & Samour, A. (2022). Financial sector development, external debt, and turkey’s renewable energy consumption. PLoS ONE 17(5).
  • Katircioglu, S. & Celebi, A. (2018). Testing the role of external debt in environmental degradation: Empirical evidence from turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(9), 8843-8852.
  • Khosravi, M., Monsef, H. & Aliabadi, M. H. (2018). Loss allocation in distribution network including distributed energy resources(ders). International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 28(6), e2548.
  • Lazar, J. (2014). Teaching the duck to fly. http://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/rap-lazarteachingducktofly-2014-jan.pdf, Erişim:6.6.2022.
  • Li, C., Zhou, H., Li, J., & Dong, Z. (2020). Economic dispatching strategy of distributed energy storage for deferring substation expansion in the distribution network with distributed generation and electric vehicle. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119862.
  • Lighting Global, (2018). The 2018 global off-grid solar market trends report.
  • Lundberg, S., Petru, T. & Thiringer, T. (2000), Electrical limiting factors for wind energy installations in weak grids, Chalmers University of Technology, 12.
  • Makun, K. (2021).External debt and economic growth in pacific ısland countries: a linear and nonlinear analysis of fiji islands. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries. 23: e00197. Manasseh, C. O., Abada, F. C., Okiche, E. L., Okanya, O., Nwakoby, I. C., Offu, P., Ogbuagu, A. R., Okafor, C. O.,
  • Obidike, P. C. & Nwonye, N. G. (2022). External debt and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does governance matter? PLoS ONE 17(3):e0264082.
  • Marques, A. C., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2012). Is renewable energy effective in promoting growth?. Energy Policy, 46, 434-442.
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and renewable energy in europe: a random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Energy Economics, 33(2), 257-263.
  • Minsky, H. P. (1992).The capital development of the economy and the structure of financial ınstitutions, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute Working Paper, No:72.
  • Mohd Dauda, S.N., Ahmad, A.H. & Azman-Saini, W.N. (2013).Does external debt contribute to Malaysia economic growth? Economic research Ekonomska istrazˇivanja, 26(2), 51–68.
  • Öcal, O. & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • PWC (2021). Africa energy review. https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/assets/pdf/africa-energy-review-2021.pdf, 28.06.2022.
  • Quezada, V. M., Abbad, J. R. & Roman, T. G. S. (2006). Assessment of energy distribution losses for ıncreasing penetration of distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 21(2), 533-540.
  • Sağdıç, E.N. & Yıldız, F. (2020). Factors affecting external debt in transition economies: The case of central asia and the caucasus”, International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 16(4), 891-909.
  • Shura (2021).Yenilenebilir dağıtık enerji üretiminin şebeke ve piyasa entegrasyonu, https://www.shura.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Yenilenebilir_Dagitik_Enerji_Uretiminin_Sebeke_ve_Piyasa_Entegrasyonu.pdf.
  • Song, I. K., Jung, W. W., Kim, J. Y., Yun, S. Y., Choi, J. H. & Ahn, S. J. (2012). Operation schemes of smart distribution networks with distributed energy resources for loss reduction and service restoration. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(1), 367-374.
  • Thornton, A. & Monroy, C. R. (2011). Distributed power generation in the united states. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4809-4817.
  • Toktaş, Y., Altiner, A. & Bozkurt, E. (2019).The relationship between Turkey’s foreign debt and economic growth: An asymmetric causality analysis. Applied Economics. 51(26), 2807–2817.
  • U.S Energy information administration, ınternational energy statistics, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37153#, Erişim:12.06.2022.
  • United Nations Economic and Social Council. (2011). Economic commission for Africa.
  • Wang, J., Zhang, S. & Zhang, Q. (2021). The relationship of renewable energy consumption to financial development and economic growth in china. Renewable Energy. 170, 897–904.
  • World Bank. International Debt Statistics. Debt service on external debt, public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) (TDS, current US$).
  • World Bank. World Development Indicators: Fuel imports (% of merchandise ımports https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#, Erişim:11.06.2022 and https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN?locations=ZG, Erişim:18.8.2022.
  • World Bank. World integrated trade solution: import products- sub-saharan africa, https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/SSF/Year/1990/TradeFlow/Import/Partner/SSF/Product/All-Groups#, Erişim:11.06.2022.
  • Xu, G., Yu, W., Griffith, D., Golmie, N. & Moulema, P. (2016). Toward integrating distributed energy resources and storage devices in smart grid. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 4(1), 192-204.
  • Yaşa, M. (1981). Devlet Borçları, Has Kutulmuş Matbaası.
  • Yıldırım, E., Saraç, Ş. & Aslan, A. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth in the usa: Evidence from renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(9), 6770-6774.
  • Zaghdoudi, T. (2020). Threshold effect in the relationship between external debt and economic growth: A dynamic panel threshold specification. Journal of Quantitative Economics. 18(2), 447–56.

SAHRA ALTI AFRİKA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR (DAĞITIK) ENERJİ ÜRETİMİNİN ENERJİ VERİMLİLİĞİ VE KAMU BORÇLARI AÇISINDAN AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZİ

Year 2023, Issue: 25, 336 - 355, 30.04.2023

Hakan Akar , Lütfü Sizer

https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1206376

Abstract

Çevresel olarak kilit konumda olan yenilenebilir kaynaklarının enerji verimliliği açısından objektif bir biçimde değerlendirilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, Sahra Altı Afrika bölgesindeki elektrik enerjisi ihtiyacına değinilmiş ve yenilenebilir kaynakların dağıtık enerji üretimi yönüne vurgu yapılmıştır. Ardından dağıtık enerji üretiminin enerji kayıplarına ve enerji kayıplarının dış borç stoklarına etkisi ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiştir. Buna paralel olarak Sahra Altı Afrika örneği üzerinde analizler yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarının enerji görünümü benzer diğer ülkelere de örnek oluşturması amaçlanmıştır. Uygulama kısmında Sahra Altı Afrika’ya ait 1971-2014 dönemi için yıllık veriler kullanılarak ARDL sınır testi analizi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, uzun dönemde değişkenler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı eşbütünleşme ilişkisi bulunduğunu göstermiştir. İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlara göre, dağıtık enerji üretiminde meydana gelen artışlar elektrik kayıp-kaçak miktarını azaltmaktadır. Elektrik kayıplarında meydana gelen artışlar ise dış borç miktarını artırmaktadır.

Keywords

Yenilenebilir Enerji Dağıtık Enerji Üretimi Dış Borçlar Sahra Altı Afrika ARDL

References

  • Ajayi, S. I. (1997). An analysis of external debt and capital flight in the severely ındebted low ıncome countries in sub-saharan africa. IMF Working Paper WP/97/68.
  • Akam, D., Owolabi, O. & Nathaniel, S. P. (2021). Linking External Debt and Renewable Energy to Environmental Sustainability in Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: New Insights from Advanced Panel Estimators. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(46), 65300-65312.
  • Akdeniz, E. (2006). Yenilenebilir kaynaklardan enerji üretiminin şebekenin enerji kalitesi ve kararlılığı üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Alanne, K. & Saari, A. (2006). Distributed energy generation and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 10, 539–558.
  • Arrud, M. (2000). External debt: Brazil and the international financial crisis. London: Pluto Press.
  • Aslan, A. & Öcal, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 953-959.
  • Aslan, M. (2022). Firmalarda büyüme ve büyüklük ilişkisinin tespitine yönelik bir analiz. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 280–288.
  • Baker, P. (2022). The UK’s august blackout: Why did it happen and what can we learn? On September 22, 2019, https://www.raponline.org/blog/uk-august-9-blackout-cause-lessons-learned/, Erişim:28.06.2022.
  • Bese, E., Friday, HS. & Özden, C. (2021).The effect of external debt on emissions: Evidence from china. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 11(1), 440.
  • British Petroleum (BP). (2021). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. London.
  • Buchanan, J. M. & Wagner, R. E. (1981). Public Debt in Democratic Society. Washington: American Enterprise Institute For Public Policy Research.
  • Bulut, U. & Muratoğlu, G. (2018). Renewable energy in Turkey: Great potential, low but increasing utilization, and an empirical analysis on renewable energy-growth nexus. Energy Policy, 123, 240-250.
  • Carpinelli, G., Celli, G., Mocci, S., Mottola, F. Pilo, F. & Proto, D. (2013). Optimal integration of distributed energy storage devices in smart grids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(2), 985-995.
  • Checherita-Westphal C. & Rother, P. (2012). The impact of high government debt on economic growth and ıts channels: An empirical ınvestigation for the euro area. European Economic Review. 56 (7), 1392–405.
  • Depuru, S., Wang, L. & Devabhaktuni, V. (2011). Electricity theft: Overview, issues, prevention and a smart meter based approach to control theft. Energy Policy 39, 1007-1015,
  • Destek, M. A. & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111, 757-763.
  • Dobbs, R., Oppenheim, J., Thompson, F., Brinkman, M. & Zornes, M. (2011). Resource Revolution: Meeting The World’s Energy, Materials, Food, and Water Needs, McKinsey Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/resource-revolution#, Erişim:05.10.2022.
  • Doğan, E. (2016). Analyzing the linkage between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth by considering structural break in time-series data. Renewable Energy, 99, 1126-1136.
  • Dugan, R.C., & Mcdermott, T.E. (2001). Operating conflicts for distributed generation on distribution systems. 2001 Rural Electric Power Conference. (Cat. No.01CH37214), A3/1-A3/6.
  • Düzgün, B. (2018). Türkiye elektrik iletim ve dağıtım şebekesinin enerji verimliliğinin değerlendirilmesi ve 2023 projeksiyonları, Politeknik Dergisi, 21(3): 621-632.
  • Evgin, T. (2000). Dünden bugüne dış borçlarımız. Ankara: T.C. Dış Ticaret Müsteşarlığı Araştırma ve İnceleme Dizisi, No: 26.
  • Farrell, D. & Remes, J. (2010). Promoting energy efficiency in the developing world. Energy Efficiency: A Compelling Global Resource, (ed). Bouton, S. vd. Chicago:McKinsey & Company.
  • Fang, Y. (2011). Economic welfare impacts from renewable energy consumption: The china experience. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 5120-5128.
  • Fichera, A., Marrasso, E., Sasso, M. & Volpe, R. (2020). Energy, environmental and economic performance of an urban community hybrid distributed energy system. Energies, 13(10), 2545, 1-19.
  • Goel, S. & Renu S. (2017). Performance evaluation of stand alone, grid connected and hybrid renewable energy systems for rural application: A comparative review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78.
  • Güneş, M. & Arslan, T.(2018). Enerji bağımlılığında avrupa birliği, rusya, türkiye üçgeni ve doğu akdeniz alanı. Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi, 4(7), 32-36.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243–1248.
  • Hashemizadeh, A., Bui, Q. & Kongbuamai, N. (2021). Unpacking the role of public debt in renewable energy consumption: new insights from the emerging countries. Energy. 224, 120187.
  • IEA Statistics (2015). Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric, OECD/IEA, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.RNWX.KH?locations=ZG&name_desc=false&type=shaded&year=2020, Erişim:28.03.2022.
  • IEA Statistics (2018), Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output), OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp, Erişim:18.7.2022.
  • Jabari Saleem M., Aga M. & Samour, A. (2022). Financial sector development, external debt, and turkey’s renewable energy consumption. PLoS ONE 17(5).
  • Katircioglu, S. & Celebi, A. (2018). Testing the role of external debt in environmental degradation: Empirical evidence from turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(9), 8843-8852.
  • Khosravi, M., Monsef, H. & Aliabadi, M. H. (2018). Loss allocation in distribution network including distributed energy resources(ders). International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 28(6), e2548.
  • Lazar, J. (2014). Teaching the duck to fly. http://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/rap-lazarteachingducktofly-2014-jan.pdf, Erişim:6.6.2022.
  • Li, C., Zhou, H., Li, J., & Dong, Z. (2020). Economic dispatching strategy of distributed energy storage for deferring substation expansion in the distribution network with distributed generation and electric vehicle. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119862.
  • Lighting Global, (2018). The 2018 global off-grid solar market trends report.
  • Lundberg, S., Petru, T. & Thiringer, T. (2000), Electrical limiting factors for wind energy installations in weak grids, Chalmers University of Technology, 12.
  • Makun, K. (2021).External debt and economic growth in pacific ısland countries: a linear and nonlinear analysis of fiji islands. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries. 23: e00197. Manasseh, C. O., Abada, F. C., Okiche, E. L., Okanya, O., Nwakoby, I. C., Offu, P., Ogbuagu, A. R., Okafor, C. O.,
  • Obidike, P. C. & Nwonye, N. G. (2022). External debt and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does governance matter? PLoS ONE 17(3):e0264082.
  • Marques, A. C., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2012). Is renewable energy effective in promoting growth?. Energy Policy, 46, 434-442.
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and renewable energy in europe: a random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Energy Economics, 33(2), 257-263.
  • Minsky, H. P. (1992).The capital development of the economy and the structure of financial ınstitutions, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute Working Paper, No:72.
  • Mohd Dauda, S.N., Ahmad, A.H. & Azman-Saini, W.N. (2013).Does external debt contribute to Malaysia economic growth? Economic research Ekonomska istrazˇivanja, 26(2), 51–68.
  • Öcal, O. & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • PWC (2021). Africa energy review. https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/assets/pdf/africa-energy-review-2021.pdf, 28.06.2022.
  • Quezada, V. M., Abbad, J. R. & Roman, T. G. S. (2006). Assessment of energy distribution losses for ıncreasing penetration of distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 21(2), 533-540.
  • Sağdıç, E.N. & Yıldız, F. (2020). Factors affecting external debt in transition economies: The case of central asia and the caucasus”, International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 16(4), 891-909.
  • Shura (2021).Yenilenebilir dağıtık enerji üretiminin şebeke ve piyasa entegrasyonu, https://www.shura.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Yenilenebilir_Dagitik_Enerji_Uretiminin_Sebeke_ve_Piyasa_Entegrasyonu.pdf.
  • Song, I. K., Jung, W. W., Kim, J. Y., Yun, S. Y., Choi, J. H. & Ahn, S. J. (2012). Operation schemes of smart distribution networks with distributed energy resources for loss reduction and service restoration. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(1), 367-374.
  • Thornton, A. & Monroy, C. R. (2011). Distributed power generation in the united states. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4809-4817.
  • Toktaş, Y., Altiner, A. & Bozkurt, E. (2019).The relationship between Turkey’s foreign debt and economic growth: An asymmetric causality analysis. Applied Economics. 51(26), 2807–2817.
  • U.S Energy information administration, ınternational energy statistics, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37153#, Erişim:12.06.2022.
  • United Nations Economic and Social Council. (2011). Economic commission for Africa.
  • Wang, J., Zhang, S. & Zhang, Q. (2021). The relationship of renewable energy consumption to financial development and economic growth in china. Renewable Energy. 170, 897–904.
  • World Bank. International Debt Statistics. Debt service on external debt, public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) (TDS, current US$).
  • World Bank. World Development Indicators: Fuel imports (% of merchandise ımports https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#, Erişim:11.06.2022 and https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN?locations=ZG, Erişim:18.8.2022.
  • World Bank. World integrated trade solution: import products- sub-saharan africa, https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/SSF/Year/1990/TradeFlow/Import/Partner/SSF/Product/All-Groups#, Erişim:11.06.2022.
  • Xu, G., Yu, W., Griffith, D., Golmie, N. & Moulema, P. (2016). Toward integrating distributed energy resources and storage devices in smart grid. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 4(1), 192-204.
  • Yaşa, M. (1981). Devlet Borçları, Has Kutulmuş Matbaası.
  • Yıldırım, E., Saraç, Ş. & Aslan, A. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth in the usa: Evidence from renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(9), 6770-6774.
  • Zaghdoudi, T. (2020). Threshold effect in the relationship between external debt and economic growth: A dynamic panel threshold specification. Journal of Quantitative Economics. 18(2), 447–56.

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE (DISTRIBUTED) ENERGY PRODUCTION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND PUBLIC DEBT

Year 2023, Issue: 25, 336 - 355, 30.04.2023

Hakan Akar , Lütfü Sizer

https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1206376

Abstract

It is important to objectively evaluate renewable resources, which are in a key position environmentally with respect to energy efficiency. In this respect, the electricity energy need has been mentioned in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, and the distributed energy production aspect of renewable resources has been emphasized. Then, the effects of distributed energy generation on energy losses and the impact of losses on external debt stocks have been evaluated separately. In parallel with this, the analyzes have been made on the sub-Saharan African sample. The results of the research are aimed to set an example for other countries with a similar energy outlook. In the empirical part, ARDL boundary test analysis has been carried out using the annual data for the period of 1971-2014 belonging to Sub-Saharan Africa. The results obtained show that there is a statistically significant cointegration relationship between the variables in the long run. According to the statistically significant results, the increases in distributed energy production decrease the amount of electricity loss-leakage. Increases in electricity losses raise the amount of external debt.

Keywords

Renewable Energy Distributed Energy Generation External Debts Sub Saharan Africa ARDL

References

  • Ajayi, S. I. (1997). An analysis of external debt and capital flight in the severely ındebted low ıncome countries in sub-saharan africa. IMF Working Paper WP/97/68.
  • Akam, D., Owolabi, O. & Nathaniel, S. P. (2021). Linking External Debt and Renewable Energy to Environmental Sustainability in Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: New Insights from Advanced Panel Estimators. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(46), 65300-65312.
  • Akdeniz, E. (2006). Yenilenebilir kaynaklardan enerji üretiminin şebekenin enerji kalitesi ve kararlılığı üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Alanne, K. & Saari, A. (2006). Distributed energy generation and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 10, 539–558.
  • Arrud, M. (2000). External debt: Brazil and the international financial crisis. London: Pluto Press.
  • Aslan, A. & Öcal, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 953-959.
  • Aslan, M. (2022). Firmalarda büyüme ve büyüklük ilişkisinin tespitine yönelik bir analiz. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 280–288.
  • Baker, P. (2022). The UK’s august blackout: Why did it happen and what can we learn? On September 22, 2019, https://www.raponline.org/blog/uk-august-9-blackout-cause-lessons-learned/, Erişim:28.06.2022.
  • Bese, E., Friday, HS. & Özden, C. (2021).The effect of external debt on emissions: Evidence from china. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 11(1), 440.
  • British Petroleum (BP). (2021). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. London.
  • Buchanan, J. M. & Wagner, R. E. (1981). Public Debt in Democratic Society. Washington: American Enterprise Institute For Public Policy Research.
  • Bulut, U. & Muratoğlu, G. (2018). Renewable energy in Turkey: Great potential, low but increasing utilization, and an empirical analysis on renewable energy-growth nexus. Energy Policy, 123, 240-250.
  • Carpinelli, G., Celli, G., Mocci, S., Mottola, F. Pilo, F. & Proto, D. (2013). Optimal integration of distributed energy storage devices in smart grids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(2), 985-995.
  • Checherita-Westphal C. & Rother, P. (2012). The impact of high government debt on economic growth and ıts channels: An empirical ınvestigation for the euro area. European Economic Review. 56 (7), 1392–405.
  • Depuru, S., Wang, L. & Devabhaktuni, V. (2011). Electricity theft: Overview, issues, prevention and a smart meter based approach to control theft. Energy Policy 39, 1007-1015,
  • Destek, M. A. & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111, 757-763.
  • Dobbs, R., Oppenheim, J., Thompson, F., Brinkman, M. & Zornes, M. (2011). Resource Revolution: Meeting The World’s Energy, Materials, Food, and Water Needs, McKinsey Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/resource-revolution#, Erişim:05.10.2022.
  • Doğan, E. (2016). Analyzing the linkage between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth by considering structural break in time-series data. Renewable Energy, 99, 1126-1136.
  • Dugan, R.C., & Mcdermott, T.E. (2001). Operating conflicts for distributed generation on distribution systems. 2001 Rural Electric Power Conference. (Cat. No.01CH37214), A3/1-A3/6.
  • Düzgün, B. (2018). Türkiye elektrik iletim ve dağıtım şebekesinin enerji verimliliğinin değerlendirilmesi ve 2023 projeksiyonları, Politeknik Dergisi, 21(3): 621-632.
  • Evgin, T. (2000). Dünden bugüne dış borçlarımız. Ankara: T.C. Dış Ticaret Müsteşarlığı Araştırma ve İnceleme Dizisi, No: 26.
  • Farrell, D. & Remes, J. (2010). Promoting energy efficiency in the developing world. Energy Efficiency: A Compelling Global Resource, (ed). Bouton, S. vd. Chicago:McKinsey & Company.
  • Fang, Y. (2011). Economic welfare impacts from renewable energy consumption: The china experience. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 5120-5128.
  • Fichera, A., Marrasso, E., Sasso, M. & Volpe, R. (2020). Energy, environmental and economic performance of an urban community hybrid distributed energy system. Energies, 13(10), 2545, 1-19.
  • Goel, S. & Renu S. (2017). Performance evaluation of stand alone, grid connected and hybrid renewable energy systems for rural application: A comparative review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78.
  • Güneş, M. & Arslan, T.(2018). Enerji bağımlılığında avrupa birliği, rusya, türkiye üçgeni ve doğu akdeniz alanı. Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi, 4(7), 32-36.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243–1248.
  • Hashemizadeh, A., Bui, Q. & Kongbuamai, N. (2021). Unpacking the role of public debt in renewable energy consumption: new insights from the emerging countries. Energy. 224, 120187.
  • IEA Statistics (2015). Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric, OECD/IEA, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.RNWX.KH?locations=ZG&name_desc=false&type=shaded&year=2020, Erişim:28.03.2022.
  • IEA Statistics (2018), Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output), OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp, Erişim:18.7.2022.
  • Jabari Saleem M., Aga M. & Samour, A. (2022). Financial sector development, external debt, and turkey’s renewable energy consumption. PLoS ONE 17(5).
  • Katircioglu, S. & Celebi, A. (2018). Testing the role of external debt in environmental degradation: Empirical evidence from turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(9), 8843-8852.
  • Khosravi, M., Monsef, H. & Aliabadi, M. H. (2018). Loss allocation in distribution network including distributed energy resources(ders). International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 28(6), e2548.
  • Lazar, J. (2014). Teaching the duck to fly. http://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/rap-lazarteachingducktofly-2014-jan.pdf, Erişim:6.6.2022.
  • Li, C., Zhou, H., Li, J., & Dong, Z. (2020). Economic dispatching strategy of distributed energy storage for deferring substation expansion in the distribution network with distributed generation and electric vehicle. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119862.
  • Lighting Global, (2018). The 2018 global off-grid solar market trends report.
  • Lundberg, S., Petru, T. & Thiringer, T. (2000), Electrical limiting factors for wind energy installations in weak grids, Chalmers University of Technology, 12.
  • Makun, K. (2021).External debt and economic growth in pacific ısland countries: a linear and nonlinear analysis of fiji islands. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries. 23: e00197. Manasseh, C. O., Abada, F. C., Okiche, E. L., Okanya, O., Nwakoby, I. C., Offu, P., Ogbuagu, A. R., Okafor, C. O.,
  • Obidike, P. C. & Nwonye, N. G. (2022). External debt and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does governance matter? PLoS ONE 17(3):e0264082.
  • Marques, A. C., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2012). Is renewable energy effective in promoting growth?. Energy Policy, 46, 434-442.
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and renewable energy in europe: a random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis. Energy Economics, 33(2), 257-263.
  • Minsky, H. P. (1992).The capital development of the economy and the structure of financial ınstitutions, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute Working Paper, No:72.
  • Mohd Dauda, S.N., Ahmad, A.H. & Azman-Saini, W.N. (2013).Does external debt contribute to Malaysia economic growth? Economic research Ekonomska istrazˇivanja, 26(2), 51–68.
  • Öcal, O. & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • PWC (2021). Africa energy review. https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/assets/pdf/africa-energy-review-2021.pdf, 28.06.2022.
  • Quezada, V. M., Abbad, J. R. & Roman, T. G. S. (2006). Assessment of energy distribution losses for ıncreasing penetration of distributed generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 21(2), 533-540.
  • Sağdıç, E.N. & Yıldız, F. (2020). Factors affecting external debt in transition economies: The case of central asia and the caucasus”, International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 16(4), 891-909.
  • Shura (2021).Yenilenebilir dağıtık enerji üretiminin şebeke ve piyasa entegrasyonu, https://www.shura.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Yenilenebilir_Dagitik_Enerji_Uretiminin_Sebeke_ve_Piyasa_Entegrasyonu.pdf.
  • Song, I. K., Jung, W. W., Kim, J. Y., Yun, S. Y., Choi, J. H. & Ahn, S. J. (2012). Operation schemes of smart distribution networks with distributed energy resources for loss reduction and service restoration. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(1), 367-374.
  • Thornton, A. & Monroy, C. R. (2011). Distributed power generation in the united states. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4809-4817.
  • Toktaş, Y., Altiner, A. & Bozkurt, E. (2019).The relationship between Turkey’s foreign debt and economic growth: An asymmetric causality analysis. Applied Economics. 51(26), 2807–2817.
  • U.S Energy information administration, ınternational energy statistics, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37153#, Erişim:12.06.2022.
  • United Nations Economic and Social Council. (2011). Economic commission for Africa.
  • Wang, J., Zhang, S. & Zhang, Q. (2021). The relationship of renewable energy consumption to financial development and economic growth in china. Renewable Energy. 170, 897–904.
  • World Bank. International Debt Statistics. Debt service on external debt, public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) (TDS, current US$).
  • World Bank. World Development Indicators: Fuel imports (% of merchandise ımports https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#, Erişim:11.06.2022 and https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TM.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN?locations=ZG, Erişim:18.8.2022.
  • World Bank. World integrated trade solution: import products- sub-saharan africa, https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/SSF/Year/1990/TradeFlow/Import/Partner/SSF/Product/All-Groups#, Erişim:11.06.2022.
  • Xu, G., Yu, W., Griffith, D., Golmie, N. & Moulema, P. (2016). Toward integrating distributed energy resources and storage devices in smart grid. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 4(1), 192-204.
  • Yaşa, M. (1981). Devlet Borçları, Has Kutulmuş Matbaası.
  • Yıldırım, E., Saraç, Ş. & Aslan, A. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth in the usa: Evidence from renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(9), 6770-6774.
  • Zaghdoudi, T. (2020). Threshold effect in the relationship between external debt and economic growth: A dynamic panel threshold specification. Journal of Quantitative Economics. 18(2), 447–56.
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hakan Akar 0000-0002-2145-5894

Lütfü Sizer 0000-0002-9605-4286

Early Pub Date April 29, 2023
Publication Date April 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023Issue: 25

Cite

APA Akar, H., & Sizer, L. (2023). SAHRA ALTI AFRİKA ÜLKELERİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR (DAĞITIK) ENERJİ ÜRETİMİNİN ENERJİ VERİMLİLİĞİ VE KAMU BORÇLARI AÇISINDAN AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZİ. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(25), 336-355. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1206376
Creative Commons Lisansı