Abstract
Karşı aktarım tanımı, literatürde geniş yelpazeye sahiptir. Bu durum uygulamada da kendini göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla uygulamada karşı aktarımın kullanımına dair belirsizlik bulunmaktadır. Kavramın tarihsel sürecine bakıldığında bu belirsizlik anlaşılmaktadır. Freud'la başlayan bu kavramın tarihsel süreci öncelikle olumsuz olarak ele alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla Freud'a göre karşı aktarım baş edilmesi gereken bir durum olarak ele alınmıştır. Sonrasında ise kavramın olumsuz intibaı farklılaşarak olumluya dönüşmüştür. Ortaya çıktığı ilk dönemlerde olumsuz ve terapi sürecinde terapistin baş etmesi gereken bir kavram iken günümüze doğru gelindiğinde olumlu ve iyileştirici tarafına vurgu yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de yetişkinlerle çalışan terapistlerin bu kavramı nasıl ele aldığı ve uygulamada nasıl çalışıldığını incelemektir. Bu bağlamda aktif olarak yetişkin danışan alan 16 terapistle görüşülmüştür. Bu görüşme sonucunda beş ana tema oluşturulmuştur. Bu temalar “karşı aktarımının tanımı”, “karşı aktarımının tetikleyicileri”, “karşı aktarımının terapide yansımaları”, “hangi kategori” ve “terapistlerin önerileri” şeklinde oluşturulmuştur. Bu verilerin sonucunda terapistlerin karşı aktarımı geniş yelpazede kullandığına ulaşılmıştır. Ancak katılımcıların ekseriyetinin karşı aktarımı tanımlarken çağdaş yaklaşımı esas aldıkları; uygulamada ise klasik yaklaşımı önceledikleri sonucuna varılmıştır.
References
- Alger, B., & Gushwa, M. (2021). Managing Countertransference in Therapeutic Interactions with Traumatized Youth: Creating a Pathway to Making Discomfort Comfortable. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 91(3), 234-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377317.2021.1928585
- Arndt-Caddigan, M. (2013). Imagined conversations and negative countertransference. Journal of psychotherapy integration, 23(2), 146- 157.
- Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. Sage.
- Cabaniss, D. L., Cherry, S., Douglas, C. J., & Schwartz, A. (2011). Psychodynamic psychotherapy: A clinical manual. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Carsky, M. (2021). Managing countertransference in the treatment of personality disorders. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 49(2), 339-360. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2021.49.2.339
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
- Creswell, J. W. (2013). Nitel araştirma yöntemleri. M. Bütün & SB Demir, Trans.(Eds.). İstanbul: Siyasal Kitapevi.
- Epstein, L., & Feiner, A. H. (1988). Countertransference: The therapist's contribution to treatment: An overview. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 15(4), 489-513.
- Fatter, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2013). What facilitates countertransference management? The roles of therapist meditation, mindfulness, and self-differentiation. Psychotherapy Research, 23(5), 502-513. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.797124
- Fauth, J. (2006). Toward more (and better) countertransference research. Psychotherapy, 43, 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.43.1.16
- Freud, S. (1959). Future prospects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. In J. Stachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 20, pp. 87-172). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1910).
- Gelso, C. (2014). A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship: Theory, research, and practice. Psychotherapy research, 24(2), 117-131.
- Gelso, C. J. (2003). Countertransference and its management in brief dynamic therapy. In Core processes in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy (pp. 247-266). Routledge.
- Gelso, C. J. (2011). The real relationship in psychotherapy: The hidden foundation of change. American Psychological Association.
- Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. (2007). Countertransference and the therapist's inner experience: Perils and possibilities. Routledge.
- Geltner, P. (2012). Emotional communication: Countertransference analysis and the use of feeling in psychoanalytic technique. Routledge.
- Goldstein, W. N. (2000). The transference in psychotherapy: The old vs. the new, analytic vs. dynamic. American journal of psychotherapy, 54(2), 167-171.
- Gorkin, M. (1987). The uses of countertransference. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
- Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., Goldberg, S., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2018). Countertransference management and effective psychotherapy: Meta-analytic findings. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 496. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000189
- Hayes, J. A., McCracken, J. E., McClanahan, M. K., Hill, C. E., Harp, J. S., & Carozzoni, P. (1998). Therapist perspectives on countertransference: Qualitative data in search of a theory. Journal of counseling psychology, 45(4), 468.
- Kachele, H., Erhardt, I., Seybert, C., & Buccholz, M.B. (2015). Countertransference as object of empirical research. International forum of psychoanalysis, 24(2), 96-108.
- Machado, D. de, Teche, S. P., Lapolli, C., Tavares, B. F., Almeida, L. S., Silva, G. B., Magalhães, P. V., & Eizirik, C. L. (2015). Countertransference and Therapeutic Alliance in the early stage of adult psychodynamic psychotherapy. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 37(3), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0061.
- Mitchell, S. A. (1994). Recent developments in psychoanalytic theorizing. Journal of psychotherapy integration, 4(2), 93-104.
- Prasko, J., Diveky, T., Grambal, A., Kamaradova, D., Mozny, P., Sigmundova, Z., Slepecky, N. & Vyskocilova, J. (2010). Transference and countertransference in cognitive behavioral therapy. Biomedical Papers, 154(3), 189-197.
- Prasko, J., Ociskova, M., Vanek, J., Burkauskas, J., Slepecky, M., Bite, I., Krone, I., Sollar, T., & Juskiene, A. (2022). Managing Transference and Countertransference in Cognitive Behavioral Supervision: Theoretical Framework and Clinical Application. Psychology research and behavior management, 15, 2129–2155. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S369294
- Stefana, A. (2017). History of countertransference: From Freud to the British object relations school. Taylor & Francis.
- Vyskocilova, J., Prasko, J., Slepecky, M., & Kotianova, A. (2015). Transference and countertransference in CBT and schematherapy of personality disorders. European Psychiatry, 30(S1), 1-1.
Abstract
The definition of countertransference is widely used in the literature, which is also reflected in practice, leading to uncertainty regarding its use. This ambiguity can be understood when examining the historical process of the concept. The historical process of this concept, which started with Freud, has primarily been handled negatively. Therefore, according to Freud, countertransference was considered a situation to be dealt with. Over time, the negative perception of the concept evolved into a more positive one, emphasising its healing potential. While initially considered a challenge in therapy, today, countertransference is seen in a more positive light. This study aims to examine how therapists working with adults in Turkey perceive and utilise in practice. In this context, 16 therapists actively receiving adult clients were interviewed, resulting in the identification of five main themes: "definition of countertransference", "triggers of countertransference", "reflections of countertransference in therapy", " the category", and "therapists' suggestions". As a result of these data, it was found that therapists use countertransference in a wide range. However, it was concluded that most participants used the contemporary approach when defining countertransference and prioritised the classical approach in practice.
Keywords
References
- Alger, B., & Gushwa, M. (2021). Managing Countertransference in Therapeutic Interactions with Traumatized Youth: Creating a Pathway to Making Discomfort Comfortable. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 91(3), 234-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377317.2021.1928585
- Arndt-Caddigan, M. (2013). Imagined conversations and negative countertransference. Journal of psychotherapy integration, 23(2), 146- 157.
- Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. Sage.
- Cabaniss, D. L., Cherry, S., Douglas, C. J., & Schwartz, A. (2011). Psychodynamic psychotherapy: A clinical manual. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Carsky, M. (2021). Managing countertransference in the treatment of personality disorders. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 49(2), 339-360. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2021.49.2.339
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
- Creswell, J. W. (2013). Nitel araştirma yöntemleri. M. Bütün & SB Demir, Trans.(Eds.). İstanbul: Siyasal Kitapevi.
- Epstein, L., & Feiner, A. H. (1988). Countertransference: The therapist's contribution to treatment: An overview. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 15(4), 489-513.
- Fatter, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2013). What facilitates countertransference management? The roles of therapist meditation, mindfulness, and self-differentiation. Psychotherapy Research, 23(5), 502-513. DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.797124
- Fauth, J. (2006). Toward more (and better) countertransference research. Psychotherapy, 43, 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.43.1.16
- Freud, S. (1959). Future prospects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. In J. Stachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 20, pp. 87-172). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1910).
- Gelso, C. (2014). A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship: Theory, research, and practice. Psychotherapy research, 24(2), 117-131.
- Gelso, C. J. (2003). Countertransference and its management in brief dynamic therapy. In Core processes in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy (pp. 247-266). Routledge.
- Gelso, C. J. (2011). The real relationship in psychotherapy: The hidden foundation of change. American Psychological Association.
- Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. (2007). Countertransference and the therapist's inner experience: Perils and possibilities. Routledge.
- Geltner, P. (2012). Emotional communication: Countertransference analysis and the use of feeling in psychoanalytic technique. Routledge.
- Goldstein, W. N. (2000). The transference in psychotherapy: The old vs. the new, analytic vs. dynamic. American journal of psychotherapy, 54(2), 167-171.
- Gorkin, M. (1987). The uses of countertransference. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
- Hayes, J. A., Gelso, C. J., Goldberg, S., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2018). Countertransference management and effective psychotherapy: Meta-analytic findings. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 496. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000189
- Hayes, J. A., McCracken, J. E., McClanahan, M. K., Hill, C. E., Harp, J. S., & Carozzoni, P. (1998). Therapist perspectives on countertransference: Qualitative data in search of a theory. Journal of counseling psychology, 45(4), 468.
- Kachele, H., Erhardt, I., Seybert, C., & Buccholz, M.B. (2015). Countertransference as object of empirical research. International forum of psychoanalysis, 24(2), 96-108.
- Machado, D. de, Teche, S. P., Lapolli, C., Tavares, B. F., Almeida, L. S., Silva, G. B., Magalhães, P. V., & Eizirik, C. L. (2015). Countertransference and Therapeutic Alliance in the early stage of adult psychodynamic psychotherapy. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 37(3), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0061.
- Mitchell, S. A. (1994). Recent developments in psychoanalytic theorizing. Journal of psychotherapy integration, 4(2), 93-104.
- Prasko, J., Diveky, T., Grambal, A., Kamaradova, D., Mozny, P., Sigmundova, Z., Slepecky, N. & Vyskocilova, J. (2010). Transference and countertransference in cognitive behavioral therapy. Biomedical Papers, 154(3), 189-197.
- Prasko, J., Ociskova, M., Vanek, J., Burkauskas, J., Slepecky, M., Bite, I., Krone, I., Sollar, T., & Juskiene, A. (2022). Managing Transference and Countertransference in Cognitive Behavioral Supervision: Theoretical Framework and Clinical Application. Psychology research and behavior management, 15, 2129–2155. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S369294
- Stefana, A. (2017). History of countertransference: From Freud to the British object relations school. Taylor & Francis.
- Vyskocilova, J., Prasko, J., Slepecky, M., & Kotianova, A. (2015). Transference and countertransference in CBT and schematherapy of personality disorders. European Psychiatry, 30(S1), 1-1.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Clinical Social Work Practice |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 29, 2024 |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2024 |
| Submission Date | November 21, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | March 27, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024Issue: 27 |
